sec 2 unit 7 types of agriculture
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Sec 2 Geography Unit 7 AgricultureTRANSCRIPT
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Unit 7: Agricultural types
Chong Boon Secondary SchoolHumanities Department Geography Unit Sec 2
Geography
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By the end of this topic you will be able to :◦Identify and explain the inputs, processes and outputs of the 4 key agricultural types Shifting Cultivation Wet Rice Cultivation Plantation Agriculture High Tech farming
Objectives
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Also known as “Slash and Burn Farming”
Used by traditional tribes
Small plots of land usedSubsistence agriculture
Shifting Cultivation (Key Characteristics) COP
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1. Tribe Elder selects plot of land2. Slash and burn applied to wild vegetation 3. Small area cleared (only areas used are
cleared)4. Simple tools used in seeding (dibble
stick)5. Cultivation carried out on cleared areas6. Minimal weeding done on crops7. After repeated harvests (when fertility is
reduced), the land is abandoned (fallow period)
8. New plot selected and process is repeated.
Shifting cultivation process COP
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Amazon Basin (South America)
Indonesia (South East Asia)
Congo Basin (Africa)
Where can we find Shifting Cultivation
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Kalimantan IndonesiaKey crops cultivated include Rice, root crops, vegetables, banana, maize, pumpkin, etc.
Soil able to sustain for 3-4 years Fallow period usually up to 10 years before plot is reused again.
The Kantu tribe in Indonesia
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Complete the exercise provided.
You may use your notes to help you.
You have a total of 15 minutes!
Good luck!
Let’s take a look at the exercises
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Wet Rice Cultivation
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Tropical regions (monsoon lands)◦South Asia, South-East Asia and South China
Growing of padi (Wet Rice)◦Requirement for flooding for cultivation
Highly intensive cultivation
Wet Rice Cultivation
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1. Flat land2. Large amount of sunlight3. Heavy rainfall during
growing season4. Fertile alluvial soil
Key Physical inputs
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Draught animals for ploughingFertilizers
◦Natural Fertilizers (Animal Waste)◦Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrates)
Irrigation◦Lack of rainwater during growing
Relief modification◦Absence of flat land
Key Human inputs
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1. Ploughing, planting in nursery and fertilising
2. Transplanting to fields3. Irrigation (maintain flooding)4. Breaking bunds and allow for
ripening5. Harvesting6. Threshing and Winnowing
Wet Rice Cultivation Process
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Terracing method used Lack of natural flat lands Modification of hills into terraces Mud walls (bunds) are built at edge of steps to retain water (flooding)
When crops are mature, bunds are broken and rice will ripen
Harvesting done by hand.
Wet Rice Cultivation Thailand
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Terracing methodCOP
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Complete the exercise provided.
You may use your notes to help you.
You have a total of 15 minutes!
Good luck!
Let’s take a look at the exercises
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Plantation Agriculture
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Dominant in countries with◦High temperature, humidity and heavy
rainfall Former colonies
◦Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Brazil and Colombia
Typical cash crops◦Rubber, cacao, oil palm, coconut,
pineapple, tea, sugar cane.
Plantation Agriculture
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Climatic conditions◦High humidity◦High temperature◦High rainfall
Large arable land area
Physical Inputs
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Cheap labour Management team High Capital Modern machinery Processing facilities Fertilisers and Pesticides Transport infrastructure Research and Development facility
Human Inputs
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Cultivation and processing of the crops
Processes
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Semi-processed / Processed products.
Profit ($)
Outputs
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World’s top producer of Palm Oil
Started cultivation in 1917Small private estates and Large MNC (Multi-national Corporation) estates ◦E.g. Sime Darby
Oil Palm Plantation COPY
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Pre-nursery stage◦ Good seeds soaked in water and germinated for 80 days
between 39°C to 40°C. Transplanted to nursery for one year Second transplanting into fields at start of rainy
season Cover crops grown in between oil palm trees
◦ Provide shelter from heavy rains◦ Extra income for farmers
Chemical fertilisers added. Harvesting starts after 3 years and fruits are sent
for processing.
Cultivation Process
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Harvested fruits are loaded onto containers and sent for processing within 24 hours
Fruits are sterilised by steam Fruits are stripped and mesocarp is
separated from the kernel Mesocarp is cooked further and pressed to
extract oil that is sent to a refinery Kernel also pressed and high quality kernel
oil is extracted.
Processing Stage
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Read Pg 56 of
your Textbook!
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As a filler ingredient◦Ice Cream, Soap, Plastics, Biscuits, Chocolates, Sweets
As a consumable oil◦Cooking oil (Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil)
Products from Palm Oil
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10 Seconds !
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Advent of green revolutionGreen Revolution – the use of technology to increase crop yield
Helps maximise profits and minimise costs
High Tech Farming
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Agro-ChemicalsIrrigationFarm MachineryComputerised ControlHigh Yield Variety (HYV) Seeds
Tools of High-tech farming
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Chemicals added for nutrients (nitrates)
Chemicals added as pesticides ◦Kills pests (locusts, grasshoppers)
Chemicals added as herbicides ◦Kills weeds
Agro-Chemicals
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Provision of water supply during dry season.
No limitation of 1 growing season per year.
Double / multiple harvests in a year ◦Double cropping◦Multiple cropping
Re-cropping arid areas
Irrigation
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Raise the efficiency of farming processes
Increase production and replace human labour.◦Harvesting crops◦Milking cows
Refrigerated trucks ◦Help keep perishables fresh from farm to
market/factory
Farm Machinery
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Use of computers to calculate nutrition needs
Increases the efficiency and quality of produce
Computerised Control
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Genetic engineering selects best characteristics of the crop
More produce per plantMore resistant to disease and hazards◦Super rice (Wind and Drought resistant rice)
HYV (High Yield Variety) Seeds
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Little land used in Singapore for farming. Land scarcity – high demand for urban
land. Presence of agro-tech parks in Singapore
◦ Help in food stability ◦ Aquaculture◦ Egg farms
Non-food farms◦ Ornamental fish◦ Orchid farms
High-Tech Farming in Singapore
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Food and non-food productsHigh investment in machinesUse of highly specialised workforce
Engaged in Research and Development (R&D)
Characteristics of High Tech Farming in Singapore
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Physical inputs◦Sunshine / shade◦Land
Human inputs◦Capital◦Seedlings◦Nutrient solution◦Chemical fertilisers◦Specialised equipment and labour◦R&D
IPO of a high-tech farm
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Germination in dark room Transplanting to growing troughs Adding nutrient solutions / spraying nutrients on roots
Monitoring plant growth with computers
Manual harvesting Packaging and refrigerated transport
Processes COPY
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Local leafy vegetables◦Caixin, KangKong
Temperate and subtropical vegetables◦Butterhead lettuce, HongKong kai lan
Dwarf cabbage
Outputs
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Let’s look at the exercise Complete the exercise in 20 minutes
Exercise