second language teaching and learning: a bibliography on
TRANSCRIPT
Second language teaching and learning:
A bibliography on research design Phil Benson, English Department, Hong Kong Institute of Education
This bibliography has been compiled to help research students explore the literature on their
chosen approaches to research. There is an emphasis on qualitative research, but quantitative
approaches are also covered. There is also selective reading list on qualitative research
outside the field of second language teaching and learning at the end of the bibliography.
Most sections include a short list of example studies. These are selected mainly for their clear
descriptions of data collection and analysis methods.
CTRL + Click to follow links Second language teaching and learning research
Overviews # Research manuals # Surveys of research tends # Discussion and debate #
Research and teaching # Research areas
Quantitative research
Overviews and research manuals # Experimental research # Surveys and
questionnaires # Statistics
Qualitative research
Overviews and research manuals # Discussion and debate # Ethnography # Narrative
and life history research # Introspective diary study # Interviewing # Observation
Research synthesis
Case study
Longitudinal research
Think aloud and stimulated recall
Programme evaluation
Text-based research
Discourse analysis # Conversation analysis # Corpus research
Classroom research
Teacher research
Action research # Reflective practice # Exploratory practice
Mixed methods
Complex Systems / Dynamic Systems theory
Qualitative Research in education, the humanities and social sciences
Overviews # Paradigms # Research Writing
Action research # Biography, Life history, Narrative inquiry # Case Study #
Ethnography # Content analysis # Grounded Theory # Interviewing # Phenomenology #
Research synthesis
Mixed methods
Second language teaching and learning research
Overviews Brown, J. D. (2005). Research Methods for Applied Linguistics: Scope, Characteristics, and
Standards. In A. Davies & C. Elder (Eds.) The Handbook of Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Duff, P. A. (2002). Research approaches in applied linguistics. In R. Kaplan (Ed.), The
Oxford handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 13-23). Oxford University Press.
Nunan, D. (2000). Research methods. In M. Byram (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of
language teaching and learning (pp. 501-505). London: Routledge. Research manuals Allison, D. (2002). Approaching English language research. Singapore: Singapore
University Press. Ellis, R., & Barkhuizen, G. (2005). Analyzing learner language. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. Brown, J. D., & Rodgers, T. S. (2002). Doing second language research. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics : quantitative, qualitative, and
mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gass, S. M., & Mackey, A. (2007). Data elicitation for second and foreign language
research. Mahwah: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Johnson, D. M. (1992). Approaches to research in second language learning. New York:
Longman. McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1997). Research methods for English language
teachers. London: Arnold. Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2005). Second language research: Methodology and design.
Mahwah: NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Mackey, A., & Gass, S. M. (2012). Research methods in second language acquisition : a
practical guide. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. Nunan, D. (1992). Research methods in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. Paltridge, B., & Phakti, A. (Eds.) (2010). Continuum companion to research methods in
Applied Linguistics. London: Continuum. Perry, F. L. (2005). Research in applied linguistics: Becoming a discerning consumer.
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
See also Burns (1999) # McKay (2006) # Porte (2002) # Richards (2003) # Seliger &
Shohamy (1989) # Wallace (1998)
Research trends Benson, P., Chik, A., Gao, X., Huang, P., and Wang, W. (2009). Qualititative research in 10
language teaching and learning journals, 1997-2006. The Modern Language Journal, 93:1, 79-90.
Catford, J. C. (1998). Language Learning and applied linguistics: A historical sketch.
Language Learning, 48(4), 465-496. Gao, Y. H., Li, L. C., & Lü, J. (2001). Trends in research methods in applied linguistics:
China and the West. English for Specific Purposes, 20, 1-14. Lazaraton, A. (2000). Current trends in research methodology and statistics in applied
linguistics. TESOL Quarterly, 34(1), 175-181. Lazaraton, A. (2005). Quantitative research methods. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of
research in second language learning (pp. 209-224). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Nunan, D. (1991). Methods in second language classroom-oriented research: A critical
review. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 249-274. Richards, K. (2009). Trends in qualitative research in language teaching since 2000.
Language Teaching, 42(2), 147-180.
Discussion and debate Beretta, A. (1991). Theory construction in SLA: Complementarity and opposition. Studies
in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 493-511. Block, D. (1996). Not so fast: Some thoughts on theory culling, relativism, accepted
findings and the heart and soul of SLA. Applied Linguistics, 17(1), 63-83. Block, D. (2003). The social turn in second language acquisition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press. Canagarajah, A. S. (1996). From critical research practice to critical research reporting.
TESOL Quarterly, 30(3), 321-330. Corson, D. (1997). Critical realism: An emancipatory philosophy for applied linguistics?
Applied Linguistics, 18, 166-168. Duff, P. A., & Bailey, K. M. (Eds.). (2001). Identifying research priorities: Themes and
directions for the TESOL International Research Foundation. TESOL Quarterly, 35(4), 595-616.
Firth, A., & Wagner, J. (1997). On discourse, communication and some fundamental
concepts in SLA research. Modern Language Journal, 81 (3), 285-300. Firth, A., & Wagner, J. (1998). SLA property: no trespassing! Modern Language Journal,
82, 91-94. Frowley, W., & Lantolf, J. P. (1984). Speaking and self-order: A critique of orthodox L2
research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 6(2), 143-159. Gass, S. M. (1998). Apples and oranges: Or, why apples are not oranges and don’t need to
be. Modern Language Journal, 82, 83-90. Kasper, G. (1997). “A” stands for acquisition: A response to Firth and Wagner. Modern
Language Journal, 81(3), 307-31.
Lantolf, J. P. (1996). Second language acquisition theory-building: ‘Letting all the flowers
bloom!’ Language Learning, 46(4), 713-749. Larsen-Freeman, D., & Cameron, L. (2008) Research methodology on language
development from a complex systems perspective. The Modern Language Journal,
92(2), 200-213. Lee, E., & Simon-Maeda, A. (2006). Racialized research identities in ESL/EFL research.
TESOL Quarterly, 40(3),573-594. Long, M. (1990). The least a second language acquisition theory needs to explain. TESOL
Quarterly, 24(4), 649-666. Long, M. H. (1997). Construct validity in SLA research: A response to Firth and Wagner.
Modern Language Journal, 81(3), 318-323. Low, M. (1999). Exploring cross-cultural inscriptions and difference: The effects of
researchers’ positionalities on inquiry practices. TESOL Quarterly, 33, 292-298. Ortega, L. (2005). Methodology, epistemology, and ethics in instructed SLA research: An
introduction. Modern Language Journal, 89(3), 317-327. Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical applied linguistics: A critical introduction. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Rampton, B. (1997). Returning in applied linguistics. International Journal of Applied
Linguistics, 7, 3–25. Sealey, A., & Carter, B. (2004). Applied linguistics as social science. London: Continuum. Tarone, E. E., Gass, S. M., & Cohen, A. D. (Eds.) (1994). Research methodology in second-
language acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Van Geert, P. (2008). The dynamic sytems approach in the study of L1 and L2 acquisition:
An introduction. The Modern Language Journal, 92(2), 179-199. van Lier, L. (1994). Forks and hope: Pursuing understanding in different ways. Applied
Linguistics, 15(3), 328-346. van Lier, L. (1997). Apply within, apply without? International Journal of Applied
Linguistics, 7, 95–105.
Zuengler, J. & Miller, E. R. (2006). Cognitive and sociocultural perspectives: Two parallel
SLA worlds? TESL Quarterly, 40(1), 35-58.
Research and teaching Crookes, G. (1997). What influences what and how second and foreign language teachers
teach? Modern Language Journal, 81(1), 67–79. Goldstein, T. (1997). Language research methods and critical pedagogy. In N. H.
Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 67-78). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Johnson, K. E. (1996). The role of theory in L2 teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 30(4),
765-771.
Markee, N. (1997). Second language acquisition research: A resource for changing teachers'
professional cultures? Modern Language Journal, 81(1), 80-93.
McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1990). What's the use of research? ELT Journal, 44(2),
102-109. Stewart, T. (2006). Teacher-researcher collaboration or teachers’ research? TESOL
Quarterly, 40(2), 421-430.
Toohey, K. (1995). Qualitative research and teacher education: from the ethnography of communication to critical ethnography in ESL teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 29(3), 576-581.
Yoshida, T., et al. (Eds.) (2009). Researching language teaching and learning: An
integration of practice and theory. Oxford: Peter Lang.
Research areas Burns, A., and Richards, J. (2009). The Cambridge guide to second language teacher
education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burns, A., and Richards, J. (2012). The Cambridge guide to pedagogy and practice in
second language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Byram, M. (Ed.). (2000). Routledge encyclopedia of language teaching and learning.
London: Routledge. Carter, R., & Nunan. D. (Eds.). (2001). The Cambridge guide to teaching English to
speakers of other languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapelle, C. (2013). The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Corson, D. (Ed.). (1997). Encyclopedia of language and education. 8 volumes. Amsterdam:
Kluwer. Cummins, J., & Davison, C. (Eds.). (2007) The international handbook of English language
teaching. 2 volumes. Norwell , MA : Springer. Davies, A., & Elder, C. (Eds.). (2004). The handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford:
Blackwell. Doughty, C. J., & Long, M. H. (Eds.). (2003). The handbook of second language
acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell. Groom, N., & Littlemore, J. (2011). Doing Applied Linguistics: A guide for students.
London: Routledge. Hall, C. J., Smith, P. H., & Wicaksono, R. (2011). Mapping Applied Linguistics: A guide
for students and practitioners. London: Routledge. Hinkel, E. (Ed.). (2011). Handbook of research in second language learning. Second
edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Kaplan, R. (Ed.). (2002). The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. Paltridge, B., & Phakti, A. (2010). Continuum companion to research methods in Applied
Linguistics. London: Continuum.
Richards, K., Ross, S. J., and Seedhouse, P. (2011). Research methods for applied language
studies. London: Routledge.
Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D., & Hamilton, H. (Eds.). (2001). The handbook of discourse
analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.
Quantitative research Overviews and research manuals Brown, J. D. (1988). Understanding research in second language learning. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Brown, J. D. (2004). Resources on quantitative/statistical research for applied linguists.
Second Language Research, 20(4), 372-393. Henning, G. (1986). Quantitative methods in language acquisition research. TESOL
Quarterly, 20, 701-708. Phakti, A. (2010). Analysing quantitative data. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.),
Continuum companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 39-49). London: Continuum.
Porte, G. K. (2002). Appraising research in second language learning: A practical approach
to critical analysis of quantitative research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Seliger, H. W., & Shohamy, R. (1989). Second language research methods. Oxford
University Press. See also, Second language teaching and research manuals Experimental research Blom, E., & Unsworth, S. (Eds.) (2010). Experimental methods in language acquisition
research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Gass, S. (2010). Experimental research. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum
companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 7-21). London: Continuum.
Verhoeven, L. (1997). Experimental methods in researching language and education. In N.
H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 79-88). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 10) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 2) # Surveys and questionnaires Baker, C. (1997). Survey methods in researching language and education. In N. H.
Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 35-46). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Block, D. (1998). Exploring interpretations of questionnaire items. System, 26(3), 403-425. Brown, J. D. (2001). Using surveys in language programmes. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. Brown, J. D. (2009). Open-response in questionnaires. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.),
Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 200-219). Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan. Dörnyei, Z. (2003). Questionnaires in second language research: Construction,
administration, and processing. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Low, G. (1999). What respondents do with questionnaires: Accounting for incongruity and
fluidity. Applied Linguistics, 20(4), 503-533. Wagner, E. (2010). Survey research. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum
companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 22-38). London: Continuum.
McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 11) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 7) Wallace, 1998
(Chapter 7) Statistics Brown, J. D. (1991). Statistics as a foreign language – Part 1: What to look for in reading
statistical language studies. TESOL Quarterly, 25(4), 569-585. Brown, J. D. (1992). Statistics as a foreign language – Part 2: More things to consider in
reading statistical language studies. TESOL Quarterly, 26(4), 629-664. Hatch, E. (1991). The research manual: Design and statistics for applied linguistics. Boston,
Mass.: Heinle & Heinle. Woods, A., Fletcher, P., & Hughes, A. (1986). Statistics in language studies. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Qualitative research
Overviews and research manuals Benson, P., Chik, A, Gao, X., Huang, J. and Wang, W. (2009). Qualititative research in 10
language teaching and learning journals, 1997-2006. Modern Language Journal, 93:1, 79-90.
Croker, R. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research. In J. Heigham & R. Croker
(Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 3-24). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Freeman, D. (2009). What makes research “Qualitative”? In J. Heigham & R. Croker
(Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 25-44). Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Heigham, J., & Croker, R. (Eds.) (2009). Qualitative research in applied linguistics.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Holliday, A. (2002). Doing and writing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Holliday, A. (2010). Analysing qualitative data. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.),
Continuum companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 98-110).
London: Continuum. Matsuda, T. K., & Silva, T. (Eds.) (2005) Second language writing research : perspectives
on the process of knowledge construction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Rallis, S. F., & Rossman, G. B. (2009). Ethics and trustworthiness. . In J. Heigham & R.
Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 263-287). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Richards, K. (2003). Qualitative inquiry in TESOL. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Richards, K. (2009). Trends in qualitative research in language teaching since 2000.
Language Teaching, 42(2), 147-180.
Talmy, S. (2010). Analysing qualitative data. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum
companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 127-142). London: Continuum.
See also, Second language teaching and research manuals
Discussion and debate Blot, R. K. (1991). The role of hypothesis testing in qualitative research: A second
researcher comments. TESOL Quarterly, 25(1), 202-205. Cumming, A. (1994). Alternatives in TESOL research: Descriptive, interpretive, and
ideological orientations. TESOL Quarterly, 28(4), 673-583. Davis, K. A. (1992). Validity and reliability in qualitative research: Another researcher
comments. TESOL Quarterly, 26(3), 605-608. Davis, K. A. (1995). Qualitative theory and methods in applied linguistics research. TESOL
Quarterly, 29(3), 427-453. Edge, J., & Richards, K. (1998). May I see your warrant, please? justifying outcomes in
qualitative research. Applied Linguistics, 19(3), 334-356. Freeman, D. (1991). Asking “good” questions: Perspectives from qualitative research on
practice, knowledge, and understanding in teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 29(3),
Grotjahn, R. (1991). The research programme subjective theories: A new approach in
second language research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 187-214. Holliday, A. (2004). Issues of validity in progressive paradigms of qualitative research.
TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 731-734. Johnson, D. M., & Saville-Troike, M. (1992). Validity and reliability in qualitative
research: Two researchers comment. TESOL Quarterly, 26(3), 602-605.
Lazaraton, A. (1995). Qualitative research in applied linguistics: A progress report. TESOL
Quarterly, 29(3), 455-472.
Lazaraton, A. (2003). Evaluative criteria for qualitative research in applied linguistics:
Whose criteria and whose research? Modern Language Journal, 87(1), 1-12. Norton Pierce, B. (1995). The theory of methodology in qualitative research. TESOL
Quarterly, 29(3), 569-576.
Ulichny, P. (1991). The role of hypothesis testing in qualitative research: A researcher
comments. TESOL Quarterly, 25(1), 200-202.
Ethnography Garcez, P. M. (1997). Microethnography. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.),
Research methods in language and education (pp. 187-198). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Harklau, L. (2005). Ethnography and ethnographic research on second language teaching
and learning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language learning (pp. 179-194). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Heigham, J., & Sakui, K. (2009). Ethnography. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.),
Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 91-111). Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan. Holliday, A. (1996). Developing a sociological imagination: Expanding ethnography in
international English language education. Applied Linguistics, 17(2), 234-255.
Holliday, A. (2004). The value of reconstruction in revealing hidden or counter cultures.
Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 275-294. May, S. A. (1997). Critical ethnography. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.),
Research methods in language and education (pp. 197-206). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Ramanathan, V., & Atkinson, D. (1999). Ethnographic approaches and methods in L2
writing research. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 44-70. Starfield, S. (2010). Ethnographies. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum
companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 50-65). London: Continuum.
Tusting, J., & Maybin, J. (2007). Linguistic ethnography: Links, problems and possibilities.
Special issue of Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11 (5). Watson-Gegeo, K. A. (1988). Ethnography in ESL: Defining the essentials. TESOL
Quarterly 22(4), 575-592. Watson-Gegeo, K. A. (1997). Classroom ethnography. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson
(Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp.135-144). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 3)
Example studies Breen, M.P., Hird, B., Milton, M., Oliver, R., & Thwaite, A. (2001). Making sense of
language teaching: Teachers’ principles and classroom practices. Applied Linguistics, 22(4), 470-501.
Canagarajah, A. S. (1993). Critical ethnography of a Sri Lankan classroom: Ambiguities in
student opposition to reproduction through ESOL. TESOL Quarterly, 27(4), 601-
626. Duff, P.A. (2002). The discursive co-construction of knowledge, identity, and difference: an
ethnography of communication in the high school mainstream. Applied Linguistics, 23(3), 289-322.
Goldstein, T. (1997). Two languages at work: Bilingual life on the production floor. New
York: Mouton de Gruyter. Harklau, L. (2000). From the “good kids” to the “worst”: Representations of English
language learners across educational settings. TESOL Quarterly, 34(1), 35-67. Lam, W. S. E. (2000). L2 literacy and the design of the self: A case study of a teenager
writing on the Internet. TESOL Quarterly, 34(3), 457-482. McKay, S., & Wong, S. L. (1996). Multiple discourses, multiple identities: Investment and
agency in second-language learning among Chinese adolescent immigrant students. Harvard Educational Review, 66(3), 577-608. Norton, B. (2000). Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational
change. London: Longman. Shaw, P. (1996). Voices for improved learning: the ethnographer as co-agent of pedagogic
change. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 318-337). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Toohey, K. (2000). Learning English at school: Identity, social relations and classroom practice. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Willett, J. (1995). Becoming first graders in an L2: An ethnographic study of L2
socialization. TESOL Quarterly, 29(3), 473-504.
Narrative and life history research Bell, J. S. (2002). Narrative inquiry: More than just telling stories. TESOL Quarterly, 36,
207-218. Benson, P. (2004). (Auto)biography and learner diversity. In P. Benson & D. Nunan (Eds.),
Learners’ stories: Difference and diversity in language learning (pp. 4-21). Cambridge University Press.
Cameron, D. (2000). Difficult subjects. Critical Quarterly, 42(4), 89-94. Johnston, B. (1997). Do EFL teachers have careers? TOFEL Quarterly, 31(4), 681-712. Kouritzin, S. (2000). Bringing life to research: Life history research and ESL. TESL
Canada Journal, 17(2), 1-35. Murray, G. (2009). Narrative inquiry. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative
research in applied linguistics (pp. 45-65). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Pavlenko, A. (2001). Language learning memoirs as a gendered genre. Applied Linguistics,
22(2), 213-240. Pavlenko, A. (2002). Narrative study: Whose story is it, anyway? TESOL Quarterly, 36,
213-218.
Example studies Benson, P., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (2002). The experience of language learning. Special issue
of the Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2). Benson, P., & Nunan, D. (Eds.). (2004). Learners’ stories: Difference and diversity in
language learning. Cambridge University Press. Casanave, C. P., & Schecter, S. R. (Eds.). (1997). On becoming a language educator:
Personal essays on professional development. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Evans, C. (1988). Language people: The experience of teaching and learning modern
languages in British universities. Milton Keynes: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press.
Johnston, B. (1997). Do EFL teachers have careers? TESOL Quarterly, 31(4), 681-712. Kanno, Y. (2000). Bilingualism and identity: The stories of Japanese returnees.
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 31, 1-18. Kouritzin, S. (2000). Immigration mothers redefine access to ESL classes: Contradiction
and ambivalence. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 21(1), 14-19.
Marx, N. (2002). Never quite a ‘native speaker’: accent and identity in the L2 - and the L1.
Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(2), 264-281. Pavlenko, A. (2001). Language learning memoirs as a gendered genre. Applied Linguistics,
22(2), 213-240. Shedivy, S.L. (2004). Factors that lead some students to continue the study of foreign
language past the usual 2 years in high school. System, 32(1), 103-119.
Takeuchi, O. (2003). What can we learn from good foreign language learners? A qualitative
study in the Japanese foreign language context. System, 31(3), 385-392.
Tse, L. (2000). Student perceptions of foreign language study: A qualitative analysis of
foreign language autobiographies. The Modern Language Journal, 84(1), 69-84.
Introspective diary study Bailey, K. M. (1991). Diary studies of classroom language learning: The doubting game
and the believing game. In E. Sadtono (Ed.), Language acquisition and the second/foreign language classroom (pp. 60-102). RELC Anthology Series 28, Singapore: RELC.
Bailey, K. M., & Ochsner, R. (1983). A methodological review of the diary studies:
Windmill tilting or social science? In K. M. Bailey, M. H. Long & S. Peck (Eds.), Second language acquisition studies (pp. 188-198) Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Grotjahn, R. (1987). On the methodological basis of introspective methods. In C. Faerch &
G. Kasper (Eds.), Introspection in second language research (pp. 54-81). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 8) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 6)
Example studies Bailey, K. M. (1980). An introspective analysis of an individual’s language learning
experience. In R. C. Scarcella & S. D. Krashen (Eds.), Research in second language acquisition (pp. 58-65). Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Block, D. (1996). A window on the classroom: classroom events viewed from different
angles. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 168-194). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, C., Sagers, S.L., & LaPorte, C. (1999). Incidental vocabulary acquisition from oral
and written dialogue journals. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21(2), 259-283.
Campbell, C. (1996). Socializing with the teachers and prior language learning experience:
A diary study. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.), Voices from the language classroom. (pp. 201-223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carson, J.G., & Longhini, A. (2002). Focusing on learning styles and strategies: A diary
study in an immersion setting. Language Learning, 52(2), 401-438. Halbach, A. (2000). Finding out about students’ learning strategies by looking at their
diaries: A case study. System, 28(1), 85-96. Jones, F. R. (1994). The lone language learner: A diary study. System, 22, 441-454. Lally, C.G. (2000). Language teaching and learning diaries: French conversation from two
different perspectives. Foreign Language Annals, 33(2), 224-228. Peck, S. (1996). Language learning diaries as mirrors of students’ cultural sensitivity. In K.
M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 236-247).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schmidt, R., & Frota, S. (1986). Developing basic conversational ability in a second
language: A case study of an adult learner of Portuguese. In R. Day (Ed.), Talking to learn (pp. 237-326). Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Schumann, F. M., & Schumann J. H. (1977). Diary of a language learner: An introspective
study of second language learning. In H. D. Brown, C. A. Yorio & R. Crymes (Eds.), On TESOL ’77 teaching and learning English as a second language: Trends in research and practice (pp. 241-249). Washington, DC: TESOL.
Interviewing Block, D. (1995). Social constraints on interviews. Prospect, 10(3), 35-48.
Block, D. (2000). Problematizing interview data: Voices in the mind's machine? TESOL
Quarterly, 34, 757-763. Goldstein, T. (1995). Interviewing in multicultural/multilingual settings. TESOL Quarterly,
29(3), 587-593. Richards, K. (2009). Interviews. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in
applied linguistics (pp. 182-199). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Rubio, O. (1997). Ethnographic interview methods in researching language and education.
In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 153-164). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 11) # Richards, 2003 (Chapter 2) Wallace,
1998 (Chapter 7)
Example studies
Flowerdew, J. (2001). Attitudes of journal editors to nonnative speaker contributions.
TESOL Quarterly, 35(1), 121-150.
Observation
Allwright, D. (1988). Observation in the language classroom. London: Longman. Bailey, K. M. (2001). Observation. In R. Carter & D. Nunan (eds.) The Cambridge Guide to
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge University Press, pp. 114-119.
Cowie, N. (2009). Observation. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in
applied linguistics (pp. 165-181). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Wajnryb, R. (1993). Classroom observation tasks: A resource book for language teachers
and trainers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burns, 1999 (Chapter 4), McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 7)
Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 5) # Richards, 2003 (Chapter 3) # Wallace, 1998 (Chapter 6). Example studies Basturkmen, H., Loewen, S., & Ellis, R. (2004). Teachers’ stated beliefs about incidental
focus on form and their classroom practices. Applied Linguistics, 25(2), 243-272. Borg, S. (1998). Teachers’ pedagogical systems and grammar teaching: A qualitative study.
TESOL Quarterly, 32(1), 9-38. Clair, N. (1998). Teacher study groups: Persistent questions in a promising approach.
TESOL Quarterly, 32(3), 465-492. Hyland, F. (2000). Teacher management of writing workshops: Two case studies. Canadian
Modern Language Review, 57(2), 272-294. Johnston, B., & Goettsch, K. (2000). In search of the knowledge base of language teaching:
Explanations by experienced teachers. Canadian Modern Language Review, 56(3), 437-468.
Mori, R. (2004). Staying-in-English rule revisited. System, 32(2), 225-236. Panova, I., & Lyster, R. (2002). Patterns of corrective feedback and uptake in an adult ESL
classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 36(4), 573-595. Porto, M. (2003). Stereotyping in the representation of narrative texts through visual
reformulations. Foreign Language Annals, 36(3), 347-369.
Turnbull, M. (1999). Multidimensional project-based second language teaching:
Observations of four Grade 9 core French teachers. Canadian Modern Language
Review, 56(1), 7-30.
Research synthesis
Overviews Ortega, L. (2010). Research synthesis. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum
companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 111-126). London: Continuum.
Case study
Overviews Casanave, C. P. (2010). Case studies. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum
companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 66-79). London: Continuum.
Duff, P. (2008). Case study methods in applied linguistics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Faltis, C. (1997). Case study methods in researching language and education. In N. H.
Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 145-153). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Hood, M. (2009). Case study. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in
applied linguistics (pp. 66-90). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. van Lier, L. (2005). Case study. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second
language learning (pp. 195-208). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. See also McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 13), Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 4),
Wallace, 1998 (Chapter 6). Example studies Cabaroglu, N., & Roberts, J. (2000). Development in student teachers’ pre-existing beliefs
during a 1-year PGCE programme. System, 28(3), 387-402. Carless, D. (1998). A case study of curriculum implementation in Hong Kong. System, 26(3),
353-368. Coupland, N. (1997). Language, ageing and ageism: A project for applied linguistics?
International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(1), 26-48. Dushku, S. (1998). ELT in Albania: Project evaluation and change. System, 26(3), 369-388. Hilleson, M. (1996) “I want to talk with them but I don’t want them to hear”: an introspective
study of second language anxiety in an English-medium school. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 248-275). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Ioup, G., Boustagi, E., El Tigi, M., & Moselle, M. (1995). Reexamining the critical period
hypothesis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16, 73-98. Katz, A. (1996). Teaching style: A way to understand instruction in language classrooms. In
K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 57-87). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sarroub,G.J. (2001). A collective case study of the implementation process of the Nebraska
Foreign Language Frameworks by six teachers. The Modern Language Journal, 85(4), 499-511.
Shamim, F. (1996). In or out of the action zone: location as a feature of interaction in large
ESL classes in Pakistan. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 123-144). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
van Lier, L., & Matsuo, N. (2000). Varieties of conversational experience: Looking for
learning opportunities. Applied Language Learning, 11(2), 265-287.
Longitudinal research
Overviews Ortega, L., & Iberri-Shea, G. (2005). Longitudinal research in second language acquisition:
Recent trends and future directions. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 25, 26-45. Brown & Rodgers, 2002 (Chapter 4) Example studies Belz, J.A., & Kinginger, C. (2002). The cross-linguistic development of address form use in
telecollaborative language learning: Two case studies. Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(2), 189-214.
Huebner, T. (1983). A longitudinal analysis of the acquisition of English. Ann Arbor, MI:
Karoma. Kim, D., & Hall, J. K. (2002). The role of an interactive book reading prorogram in the
development of second language pragmatic competence. The Modern Language Journal, 86, 332-348.
Klapper, J., & Rees, J. (2003). Reviewing the case for explicit grammar instruction in the
university foreign language learning context. Language Teaching Research, 7, 385-314.
Kobayashi, M. (2003). The role of peer support in ESL students’ accomplishment of oral
academic tasks. Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(3), 337-368. Lightbown, P., Halter, R., White, J., & Horst, M. (2002). Comprehension-based learning: The
limits of ‘do-it-yourself’. Canadian Modern Language Review, 58, 427-464. McCafferty, S.G. (2002). Gesture and creating zones of proximal development for second
language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 86(2), 192-203. Sato, C. (1990) The syntax of conversation in interlanguage development. Tübingen: Gunter
Narr. Tomiyama, M. (2000). Child second language attrition: A longitudinal case study. Applied
Linguistics, 21(3), 304-332. Varrus, F. (2002). Postcoloniality and English: Exploring language policy and the politics of
development in Tanzania. TESOL Quarterly, 36(3), 373-397.
Think aloud and stimulated recall
Overviews Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1993). Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gass, S. M. (2001). Innovations in second language research methods. Annual Review of
Applied Linguistics, 21, 221-232. Gass, S. M., & Mackey, A. (2000). Stimulated recall methodology in second language
research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. McKay, S. L. (2009). Introspective techniques. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.),
Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 220-241). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Brown & Rogers, 2002 (Chapter 3) # McDonough & McDonough, 1997 (Chapter 12) #
Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 6) Example studies Bengeleil, N.F., & Paribakht, T.S. (2004). L2 reading proficiency and lexical inferencing by
university EFL learners. Canadian Modern Language Review, 61(2), 225-249. Gatbonton, E. (1999). Investigating experienced ESL teachers’ pedagogical knowledge. The
Modern Language Journal, 83(1), 35-50. Gregersen, T., & Horwitz, E.K. (2002). Language learning and perfectionism: Anxious and
non-anxious language learners’ reactions to their own oral performance. The Modern Language Journal, 86(4), 562-570.
Hanauer, D. I. (2001). The task of poetry reading and second language learning. Applied
Linguistics, 22(3), 295-323. Leow, R.P. (2000). A study of the role of awareness in foreign language behavior: Aware
versus unaware learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(4), 557-584. Lumley, T. (2002). Assessment criteria in a large-scale writing test: What do they really
mean to the raters? Language Testing, 19(3), 246-276. Mackey, A., Gass, S., & McDonough, K. (2000). How do learners perceive interactional
feedback? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22(4), 471-497. Paribakht T.S., & Wesche, M. (1999). Reading and “incidental” L2 vocabulary acquisition: An introspective study of lexical inferencing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 21(2),
195-224. Qi, D.S. (1998). An inquiry into language-switching in second language composing processes.
Canadian Modern Language Review, 54(3), 413-435. Vandergrift, L. (2003). Orchestrating strategy use: Toward a model of the skilled second
language listener. Language Learning, 53(3), 463-496.
Programme evaluation
Overviews Lynch, B. K. (1996). Language programme evaluation: theory and practice. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Brown & Rogers, 2002 (Chapter 8), Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 9) Example studies Allen, L.Q. (2004). Implementing a culture portfolio project within a constructivist paradigm.
Foreign Language Annals, 37(2), 232-239. Fang, X., & Warschauer, M. (2004). Technology and curricular reform in China: A case
study. TESOL Quarterly, 38(2), 301-323. Hertel, T.J. (2003). Using an e-mail exchange to promote cultural learning. Foreign
Language Annals, 36(3), 386-396. Pawan, F. & Thomolla, T.G. (2005). Making the invisible visible: a responsive evaluation
study of ESL and Spanish language services for immigrants in a small rural county in Indiana. TESOL Quarterly, 39(4), 683-705.
Rea-Dickins, P., & Gardner, S. (2000). Snares and silver bullets: Disentangling the construct
of formative assessment. Language Testing, 17(2), 215-243. Rosenbusch, H.M. (2002). The impact of national and state policy on elementary school
foreign language programs: The Iowa case study. Foreign Language Annals, 35(5), 507-517.
Schwarzer, D. (2003). A qualitative assessment of a foreign language whole language class.
Foreign Language Annals, 36(1), 77-85. Takahashi, E. (1998). Language development in social interaction: A longitudinal study of a
Japanese FLES program from a Vygotskyan approach. Foreign Language Annals, 31(3), 392-406.
Wilhelm, K.H. (1997). Sometimes kicking and screaming: Language teachers-in-training
react to a collaborative learning model. The Modern Language Journal, 81(4), 527-543.
Text-based research
Discourse analysis Cameron, D. (2001). Working with spoken discourse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cazden, C.B. (2001). Classroom discourse: The language of teaching and learning.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Cazden, C.B., & Beck, S.W. (2003). Classroom Discourse. In A.C. Graesser, M.A.
Gernsbacher, S. Goldman (Eds.), Handbook of discourse processes (p. 165-198). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Celce-Murcia, M., & Olshtain, E. (2000). Discourse and context in language teaching: A
guide for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Christie, F. (2002). Classroom discourse analysis: A functional perspective. London: Continuum.
Davis, K. A., & Henze, R. C. (1998). Applying ethnographic perspectives to issues in cross-
cultural pragmatics. Journal of Pragmatics, 30, 399-419. Gee, J.P. (2005). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. New York :
Routledge, 2005. Gibbons, P. (2006). Bridging discourses in the ESL classroom: Students, teachers and
researchers. London: Continuum. Green, J. L., & Nixon, C. N. (2002). Exploring differences in perspectives on microanalysis
of classroom discourse: Contributions and concerns. Applied Linguistics, 23, 393-406.
Hammersley, M. (1990). Classroom ethnography: Empirical and methodological essays.
Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Heap, J. L. (1997). Conversation analysis methods in researching language and education.
In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.), Research methods in language and education (pp. 217-226). Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (1999). Critical classroom discourse analysis. TESOL Quarterly, 33(3),
453-484. Kumpulainen, K., & Wray, D. (Eds.). (2002). Classroom interaction and social learning:
From theory to practice. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Lazaraton, A. (2002). Quantitative and qualitative approaches to discourse analysis. Annual
Review of Applied Linguistics, 22, 32-51. Lazaraton, A. (2009). Discourse analysis. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative
research in applied linguistics (pp. 242-262). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Norton, B. (1997). Critical discourse research. In N. H. Hornberger & D. Corson (Eds.),
Research methods in language and education (pp. 207-216). Encyclopedia of
Language and Education, Volume 8. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Rampton, B., Roberts, C., Leung, C., & Harris, R. (2002). Methodology in the analysis of
classroom discourse. Applied Linguistics, 23(3) , 373-392. Riggenbach, H. (1999). Discourse analysis in the language classroom. Volume 1: The
spoken language. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Rogers, R. (Ed.). (2004). An introduction to critical discourse analysis in education.
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Walsh, S. (2006). Investigating classroom discourse. New York : Routledge. Nunan, 1992
(Chapter 8) # Richards, 2003 (Chapter 3)
Example studies Borg, S. (1999). The use of grammatical terminology in the second language classroom: A
qualitative study of teachers’ practices and cognitions. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 95-126.
Cameron, R., & Williams, J. (1997). Sentence to ten cents: A case study of relevance and
communicative success in nonnative-native speaker interaction in a medical setting.
Applied Linguistics, 18(4), 415-445. Foster, P. (1998). A classroom perspective on the negotiation of meaning. Applied
Linguistics, 19(1), 1-23. Jenkins, S., & Parra, I. (2003). Multiple layers of meaning in an oral proficiency test: The
complementary roles of nonverbal, paralinguistic, and verbal behaviors in assessment decisions. The Modern Language Journal, 87(1), 90-107.
Marco, M.J.L. (1999). Procedural vocabulary: Lexical signaling of conceptual relations in
discourse. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 1-21. Villamil, O.S., & De Guerrero, M.C.M. (1998). Assessing the impact of peer revision on L2
writing. Applied Linguistics, 19(4), 491-514.
Conversation analysis Markee, N. (2000). Conversation analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Markee, N., & Kasper, G. (2004). Classroom talks: An Introduction. Modern Language
Journal, 88(4), 491-500. Seedhouse, P. (2005). Conversation analysis and language learning. Language Teaching,
38(4) , 165-187.
Example studies Angélil-Carter, S. (1997). Second language acquisition of spoken and written English:
Acquiring the skeptron, TESOL Quarterly, 31(2), 263-287. Brown, A. (2003). Interviewer variation and the co-construction of speaking proficiency.
Language Testing, 20(1), 1-25. Gardner, R. (1998). Between speaking and listening: The vocalization of understandings.
Applied Linguistics, 19(2), 204-224. Liebscher, G., & Dailey-O’Cain, J. (2004). Learner code-switching in the content-based
foreign language classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review, 60(4), 501-524. Markee, N., & Kasper, G. (2004). Special issue on conversation analysis and SLA in
classroom contexts, Modern Language Journal 88(4). Mori, J. (2002). Task design, plan, and development of talk-in-interaction: An analysis of a
small group activity in a Japanese language classroom. Applied Linguistics, 23(3), 323-347.
Richards, K., & Seedhouse, P. (Eds.) (2005). Applying conversation analysis. Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan. Seedhouse, P. (2004). The interactional architecture of the language classroom: A
conversation analysis perspective. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Waring, H.Z. (2005). Peer tutoring in a graduate writing centre: identity, expertise, and
advice resisting. Applied Linguistics, 26(2), 141-168.
Wilkinson, S. (2002). The omnipresent classroom during summer study abroad: American
students in conversation with their French hosts. The Modern Language Journal, 86(2), 157-173.
Wong, J. (2002). “Applying” conversation analysis in applied linguistics: Evaluating
dialogue in English as a second language textbooks. IRAL, 40(1), 37-60.
Corpus research
Baker, P. (2006). Using corpora in discourse analysis. London: Continuum. Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2001). Quantitative corpus-based research: much more than bean
counting. TESOL Quarterly, 35(2), 331-336. Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (1998). Corpus linguistics: Investigating language
structure and use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kennedy, G. (1998). An introduction to corpus linguistics. London: Longman. McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (2001). Size isn’t everything: Spoken English, corpus, and the
classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 35(2), 337-340.
Example studies Beeching, K. (1997). French for specific purpose: The case for spoken corpora. Applied
Linguistics, 18(3), 374-394. Cheng, W., & Warren, M. (1999). Inexplicitness: What is it and should we be teaching it?
Applied Linguistics, 20(3), 293-315. Harwood, N. (2005). ‘We do not seem to have a theory…the theory I present here attempts
to fill this gap’: Inclusive and exclusive pronouns in academic writing. Applied Linguistics, 26(4), 343-375
Howarth, P. (1998). Phraseology and second language proficiency. Applied Linguistics,
19(1), 24-44.
Classroom research
Overviews Allwright, D., & Bailey, K. M. (1991). Focus on the language classroom: An introduction to
classroom research for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McKay, S. L. (2006). Researching second language classrooms. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum. Tsui, A. (2001). Classroom interaction. In R. Carter & D. Nunan (eds.) The Cambridge Guide
to Teaching English to Speakers of other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown & Rogers, 2002 (Chapter 4) # Nunan, 1992 (Chapter 5)
Example studies Bailey, K. M. (1996). The best laid plans: teachers’ in-class decisions to depart from their
lesson plans. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 15-40). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hall, J.K., & Verplaetse, L.S. (Eds.) (2000). Second and foreign language learning through
classroom interaction. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Nunan, D. (1996). Hidden voices: Insiders’ perspectives on classroom interaction. In K. M.
Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.) Voices from the language classroom (pp. 41-56). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zuengler, J., & Mori, J. (Eds.) (2002) Special issue on microanalyses of classroom discourse.
Applied Linguistics, 23(3).
Teacher research
Action research
Overviews Burns, A. (1999). Collaborative action research for English language teachers. Cambridge
University Press. Burns, A. (2009). Action research. In J. Heigham and R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative
research in applied linguistics (pp. 112-134). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Burns, A. (2010). Action research. In B. Paltridge & A. Phakti (Eds.), Continuum
companion to research methods in Applied Linguistics (pp. 80-97). London: Continuum.
Crookes, G. (1993). Action research for second language teachers: Going beyond teacher
research. Applied Linguistics, 14(2), 130-144. Edge, J. (Ed.). (2001). Action research. Alexandria, VA: TESOL Inc. Freeman, D. (1998). Doing teacher-research: From inquiry to understanding. Pacific
Grove, CA: Heinle & Heinle. Wallace, M. J. (1998). Action research for language teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Example studies Bilash, S.E.O. (2002). The challenges and successes of developing a literacy community in
a minority language in western Canada: An action research study. Foreign Language Annals, 35(3), 307-319.
Block, D. (1997). Learning by listening to language learners. System, 25(3), 347-360. Jogan, M.K., Ana, H.H., & Gladys, A.M. (2001). Cross-cultural e-mail: Providing cultural
input for the advanced foreign language student. Foreign Language Annals, 34(4), 341-346.
Snow, M. A., Hyland, J., Kami-Stein, L. & Yu, J. H. (1996). U.S. language minority
students: voices from the junior high classroom. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.)
Voices from the language classroom (pp. 304-317). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Yamada, Y., & Moeller, A.J. (2001). Weaving curricular standards into the language
classroom: An action research study. Foreign Language Annals, 34(1), 26-34.
Reflective practice Farrell, T. S. C. (1999b). Reflective practice in an EFL teacher development group. System,
27(2), 157-172.
Exploratory practice
Allwright, D. (2005). Developing principles for practitioner research: The case of
exploratory practice. Modern Language Journal, 89(3), 353-356.
Mixed methods research
Overviews Ivankova. N.,& Creswell, J. (2009). Mixed methods. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 135-164). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Complex Systems / Dynamic Systems theory
Verspoor, M. H., De Bot, K., & Lowie, W. (Eds.) (2011). A dynamic approach to second
language development: methods and techniques. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Qualitative research in education, the humanities & social sciences
Overviews Alvesson, M., & Skoldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative
research. London: Sage. Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research for education. An introduction
to theory and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary
research strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cresswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five
traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cresswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches. Third edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2005). The SAGE Handbook of qualitative
research. Third edition (First published 1994) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Erickson, F. (2004). Demistifying data construction and analysis. Anthropology and
Education Quarterly, 35(4), 486-493. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded
sourcebook. 2nd
ed. London: Sage. Richards, L., & Morse, J. M. (2007). Readme first for a user’s guide to qualitative methods.
Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (2003). Learning in the field; An introduction to qualitative
research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schwandt, T. A. (2007). The Sage dictionary of qualitative inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Silverman, D. (1993). Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and
interaction. Newbury Park: Sage. Silverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research: A practical handbook. London: Sage.
Stebbins, R. (2001). Exploratory research in the social sciences. London: Sage.
Paradigms Benton, T., & Craib, I. (2001). Philosophy of social science: The philosophical foundations
of social thought. London: Palgrave. Bryman, A. (2006). Paradigm peace and the implications for quality. International Journal
of Social Research Methodology, 9 (2), 111-126. Bryman, A. (2007). The research question in social research: What is its role? International
Journal of Social Research Methodology, 10 (2), 5-20. Guba, E. G. (Ed.). (1990). The paradigm dialog. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N.
K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117). 2
nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wright, K. H. (Ed.) (2006) Special issue on paradigm proliferation in educational research.
International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19 (1).
Qualitative research writing Casanave, C. P. (2009). Writing up your research. In J. Heigham & R. Croker (Eds.),
Qualitative research in applied linguistics (pp. 288-305). Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan. Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (Eds.) (1994). The handbook of research synthesis. New York:
Russell Sage Foundation. Golden-Biddle, K., & Locke, K. (1997). Composing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage. Light, R., & Pillemer, D. (1984). Summing up: The Science of research synthesis.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Locke, K., and Golden-Biddle, K. (1997). Constructing opportunities for contribution:
Structuring intertextual coherence and ‘problematizing’ in organizational studies.
Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1023-1062. Wolcott, H. F. (2001). Writing up qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Action Research Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of action research. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Narrative inquiry Atkinson, R. (1998). The life story interview. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Bertaux, D. (Ed.). (1981). Biography and society: The life history approach in the social
sciences. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage. Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 8, 1-21. Chamberlayne, P., Bornat, J., & Wengraf, T. (Eds.). (2000). The turn to biographical
methods in social science: Comparative issues and examples. London: Routledge. Cortazzi, M. (1993). Narrative analysis. London: Falmer Press. Denzin, N. K. (1989). Interpretive biography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Goodley, D., Lawthorm, R., Clough, P., & Moore, M. (2004). Researching life stories:
Method, theory, and analyses in a biographical age. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Goodson, I., & Sikes, P. 2001. Life history research in educational settings: Learning from
lives. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Josselson, R., & Lieblich, A. (Eds.). (1993). The narrative study of lives. Newbury Park,
CA: Sage. Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading,
analysis and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Polkinghorne, D. E. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany, NY: State
University of New York Press. Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Roberts, B. (2002). Biographical research. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Rustin, M. (2000). Reflections on the biographical turn in social science. In P.
Chamberlayne, J. Bornat & T. Wengraf (Eds.), The turn to biographical methods in
social science: Comparative issues and examples (pp. 33-52). London: Routledge.
Example studies Goodson, I. (Ed.). (1992). Studying teachers’ lives. London: Routledge. McEwan, H., & Egan, K. (Eds.) (1995). Narrative in teaching, learning and research. New
York: Teachers College Press.
Case study Bassey, M. (1999). Case study research in educational settings. Buckingham: Open
University Press. Flyvberg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry,
12 (2), 219-245. Gomm, R., Hammersley, M., & Foster, P. (Eds.). (2000). Case study method. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage. Merriam, S.B. (1998). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. San
Francisco: Jossey Bass. Ragin, C. C., and Becker, H. S. (Eds.) (1992). What is a case? Exploring the foundations of
social inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Stake, R. E. (2000). Case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln. (Eds.), Handbook of
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ed.) (pp. 435-454) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Stake, R. E. (2006). Multiple case study analysis. New York, NY: Guildford Press. Yin, R.
(1994). Case study research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ethnography Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J., & Lofland, L. (Eds.) Handbook of
ethnography. London: Sage.
Brewer, J. D. (2000) Ethnography. Buckingham: Open University Press. Fetterman, David
M. (1989). Ethnography step by step. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography: Principles in practice. London:
Routledge. Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Content analysis Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Grounded theory Corbin, J., & A. L. Strauss (2008). Basics of qualitative research. Third edition. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Dey, I. (1993). Grounding Grounded Theory. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press. Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for
qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded Theory methodology. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S.
Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research, (1st ed.) (pp. 273-85). Thousand
Oaks, CA.: Sage. Example studies Glaser, B. G. (Ed.). (1993). Examples of Grounded Theory: A reader. Mill Valley, CA:
Sociology Press.
Interviewing Corden, A., & Sainsbury, R. (2006). Exploring ‘quality’: Research participants’
perspectives on verbatim quotations. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 9 (2), 97-110.
Kvale, S., and Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research
interviewing. London: Sage.
Lapadat, J. (2000). Problematizing transcription: purpose, paradigm and quality.
International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 3(3), 203-219. Mishler, E. G. (1986). Research interviewing: Context and narrative. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press. Spradley, J. P. (1979). The ethnographic interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Wengraf, P. (2001). Qualitative research interviewing: Biographic narrative and semi-
structured methods. London: Sage.
Phenomenology Grotjahn, R. (1991). The research programme subjective theories: A new approach in
second language research. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 187-214. Maso, I. (2001). Phenomenology and ethnography. In P. Atkinson, et al. (Eds.), Handbook
of ethnography (pp. 136-144). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Marton, F. (1981). Phenomenography - Describing conceptions of the world around us.
Instructional Science, 10, 177-200. Moustakas, K. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pollo, H. R., Henley, T. B., & Thompson, C. J. (1997). The phenomenology of everyday life.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Roberts, J. (1999). Personal construct psychology as a framework for research into teacher
and learner thinking. Language Teaching Research, 3(2), 117-144. Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action
sensitive pedagogy. New York: State University of New York Press.
Research synthesis Torgerson, C. (2003). Systematic reviews. London: Continuum.
Mixed Methods Research
Creswell, J. W., and Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods
research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Johnson, R. B., and Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research
paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26. Teddlie, C., and Tashakkori, A. (2009). Mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative
and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioural sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.