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Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of Edinburgh [email protected] www.see.ed.ac.uk/~shs [email protected] .uk [email protected] .uk

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Page 1: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013

Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong?

Stephen Salter

Institute for Energy Systems

University of Edinburgh

[email protected]

www.see.ed.ac.uk/~shs

[email protected]@ed.ac.uk

Page 2: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

No names, no pack [email protected]

Page 3: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

. . . just like wind turbines but under water.

Pmax1

2 A U

316

27

Frederick Lanchester 1868-1946 Albert Betz 1885-1968

Page 4: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Unswept flow passage ≡ leaky pipes

≡ Vortex wake pollution

≡ Ignorance of flow angles

Page 5: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

O’Doherty DM. Mason-Jones A, Morris C, O’DohertyT, Bryne C, Pricket PW, Grosvenor RI.

Interaction of marine turbines in close proximity.

EWTEC 2011

Page 6: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

2.75

3.35

3

0.55

O’Doherty DM. Mason-Jones, Morris, O’DohertyT, Bryne, Pricket, Grosvenor. Interaction of Marine Turbines in Close Proximity. EWTEC 2011

Page 7: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

R.A. McAdam, G.T. Houlsby, M.L.G Oldfield. Structural and Hydrodynamic Model Testing of the Transverse Horizontal Axis Water Turbine. EWTEC 2011

Page 8: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

R.A. McAdam , G.T. Houlsby , M.L.G. OldfieldStructural and Hydrodynamic Model Testing of the Transverse

Horizontal Axis Water Turbine EWTEC 2011

Page 9: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Pow1

2 A U

316

27 Pow g A H U

.296 U3 g H U

Open flow field Duct

Page 10: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 11: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Bending moment atblade root

http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Tidal+stream+turbine+Alstom&hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=u

niv&sa=X&ei=BOBOUbPSJY6o0wXh2ICIBw&ved=0CEIQsAQ&biw=1042&bih=1505

Page 12: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

GOOGLE IMAGES

Page 13: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 14: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

NASA

Page 15: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Edinburgh vertical-axis, variable-pitch with rim power take off.

EWTEC Patras 1998

Page 16: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 17: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Pitch variation gives control of rotor forces

Contra-rotation cancels cross force and torque reaction in wake

Page 18: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2Downstream force on a 140 diameter rotor as a fraction of ideal

1.2

0

fdsi 4

FDSi 4

DR

2

DR2

Xi

Page 19: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 20: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 21: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 22: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Work goes through restricted passage to congested generation space

Page 23: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 24: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 25: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 26: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 27: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 28: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 29: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 30: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 31: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013

Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong?

Stephen Salter

Institute for Energy Systems

University of Edinburgh

[email protected]

www.see.ed.ac.uk/~shs

Page 32: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Google images

Page 33: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Speed up x 30Range up x 6000

Payload up x 20,000Cost per ton-mile down ÷ 100

Google images

Page 34: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Something for the simpletons

Page 35: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Laminaria Hyperborea (kelp) are found along the

edges of the Pentland Firth at depths up to 30 m.

Length can reach 3.5 metres.

Cf = ?

Google images.

Page 36: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Pentland bed stills. P Hayes. Fisheries Research Aberdeen 2006-8

68 mm bob

Page 37: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Friction coefficients for Fshear = 0.5 ρ U2 Cf

6.165 TW x 0.04 = 247 GW

Page 38: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 39: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

Edinburgh vertical-axis, variable-pitch with rim power take off.

EWTEC Patras 1998

Page 40: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of
Page 41: Second Oxford Tidal stream Workshop 2013 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter Institute for Energy Systems University of

In the wake of a tidal stream turbine

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