secondary 1 science · (stunt:m) (slum't :m3) csi unit: kg)) @ =l-13cm i measured imeasured i...
TRANSCRIPT
* HOWto read from the vernier calipers * f hardness
flexibility affectchoiceof
72.1cm 1- melting point length Volume mass density{ 2.1cm-10.03cm (stunt:m) (slum't :m3) CSI unit : kg) )
@ =L-13cm
I measured Imeasured I measured V* → 0.03cm by by by = mass
measuringtape measuring cylinder beam balance, tour When thejaws are closed, the zeromarkonthe Vernier vernier campers and/or electronic balance cslunitikglm)
.
Zero error - negative zero error
Terms totakenote parallax error : when the eyeshot positioned
above the reading £ b.
Zenon -the vernier ⇒ whentakinga reading, our eye must be
scakistothe left of the positioned vertically above it. zeroonthe vernier scales
totherightoethemain scale . mamscak. meniscus : curved surfaceof the liquidin a
Zlrocomection should be I container.
I raaeenm -menacing .
- t - "
• changes oriosso habitat Classificationof living thingsgsitimpertant I includes ( dueto# Biodiversity
the Variety of"te animals plants prokaryotes fungi protists on earth
vertebrates naveefowers 'doriot lsuchas I
Istana?%Yy"emanating!'m, o⇒enfxfffF & cwitnieajbniiesifanwinwaierhowers bacteria microscopic
a Inver (waterlily ) organisms that are ( without a backbone) AR microorganisms
dichotomous keymim4assi organism ate .
. L spores
multicellular '
bodytemperature is \
body temperature produce their donut produce doesn't hate haka is not regulated own food their own food a nucleus nucleus regulated - \ # t Thar moist
haka doesn't hate hate skin without - amphibians
cell wall aah wall hate hate hair scales scales ( frog ) l l feathers I 1
fungi animals 1 mammals breatheusing breathe usingwith backbone twtthout
birds(chicken) (chimpanzee) backbone lungs scales
=/ l l
( chameloh) ( piranha)
EIemehts.com/soUhds,MixtUR# matter
a pure substance that cannot
be broken down into any dean Iis made upof simpler substances by MelemontsE-lzearigde.ie -[metalschemical methods .
non-metals
• different physicals chemical i. similar physicals chemical solubility rate of
properties from the elements properties astheelementslcompeunds ) whichdepends dissolving
p.uqnzstam.in:Fm. .im:i::e:÷a÷÷÷:÷÷÷::i.ie:1 in:i:I:::i: .am .la::O:*"
g fixed proportion of theekmehts
chemically joined together
T€ - raterstirring characteristics rlmixtutes
Characteristics Hammonds terms oroperties
1- separation
amixtuhecanke easily separated substances (elements Stor
separation compounds can only be broken into its components by physical compounds)which are notdowhihto its elements or into
simpler substances by chemical methods monas titrations joined together chemically distillation
processes leg electrolysis, thermalwww./.Fnei7m::-nem....... mmi¥¥÷aof a compound are different from constituent elements
those of its constituent elements .
#
*atamianwhen energy change mrenetgy change takes place . No heat
a compound is formed-( usually light energy is taken .in/gihenout there is an energy change - heat
light taken in or gills out) #
t
composition the substances in a mixture can be mixed composition the elements in a compound are always
combined infixed proportion . Many proportion
demertssperiodictauassity.mg elements
- bytheir state (solid, liquid orgas) ' as metals s non - metals
groups are the vertical column of the Table
lvnumbaed using Roman numerals . Using the periodic table
properties of metal properties of non-metal -
centre blocklbetueengroupllsgrowplll :transition elements) -
period meta's
\
} Things to note ( some examples) #
- Elements that existasagas '
- elements that exist as liquids
non -metal : Bromine ' Elements(non - metals)
metal : mercury carbon, hydrogen, - elements that exist as a solid oxygen, helium , metal : sodium
→ protonnluatmbm' non -metal : carbon
bromine , chlorine
numberof neutrons)
e÷::÷::i:naim;::*r Impurities affect the melting points boiling point of addict
fixed melting point * bcauemeh.mg/boilingtotakeplaceoiera range of temperatures# fixed boiling point pure substances
'II'T:*: canbe separated separation dissohed solids which
miUsing techniques atoeatnmeVaperatI depending on a solution
gfpbpehn.es#eperate, dissoued solids which
Eiama÷igsa-f:.msta""f I
Iresuitshownin 7igd7¥79oana chromatogram
boiling point will vaperise first .
a
vapour condensesto a pure liquid separate mixtures of miscible liquids with different boiling points. Used to obtaina pure Solent from a solution of a solute -
completely soluble in each other evaporation
temperature 1°C ^
Figl : how a solution
s water is fractionally
distilled obtaina soluble solid from a solution by heating thesolution until all the water has boiled off
X solid obtained by evaporation to dryness is not always pure Yany soluble impurities will be left together with the solid after heating .
Filtration leetto cool , ←
t insolublesolid
separating funnel The disabled solute needs to hate different solubility'es inthe salientat different
. separates a mixture of solid , one of which sublimes temperatures . this will allow it to remain as a solution when it is hot , S
. substance changes directly from solid to vapour on heating , CrystalHse when the solution is cooled .
} immiscible liquids : without going through the liquid state . paper chromatography * more soluble→
liquidsthat donot mix in - on cooling , vapourchanges back to solid directly abletotrawl a furtherdistancefrom
each other the starting line .
eg : iodine , solid carbon dioxide
magnetic attraction
- - -
Unicellular concern multicellular(more than one cell) - - control cell activities including Rpairofwomout parts
(such as # nucleus - keep the cell alive Scentaihthe genetic material called chromosomes
" ÷÷i÷÷÷÷÷:::÷÷÷÷÷:f÷i÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:i÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷: through
- thin membrane surrounding the cell
.tt#e-iUVragesac-singeayeenmacuoe - acts as store of Various in the cytoplasmVacuole substances (water, nutrients ..)
. contains cells ( waters - isolates the waste products of dissohed materials - sugars S
mthkttmnemsas
" wa. . f÷÷÷.ee#en:e::::i::::..-maFughsubsanu-uuose - contains the green pigment (chlorophyll )
chloroplast X which absorbs energy from the sun to make food through photosynthesis .
TheparHculaletheoryoma##
Temperature of substance changes during heating Temperature A DE : substance is in liquids gaseous state
beige:L. - - - - - - - - -
I described using stimecmin)
packed very / Properties of
- definite volume
TheparHculaletheoryoma##
Temperature of substance changes during heating Temperature A DE : substance is in liquids gaseous state
beige:L. - - - - - - - - -
I described using stimecmin)
packed very / Properties of
- definite volume
flexibility affectchoiceof
72.1cm 1- melting point length Volume mass density{ 2.1cm-10.03cm (stunt:m) (slum't :m3) CSI unit : kg) )
@ =L-13cm
I measured Imeasured I measured V* → 0.03cm by by by = mass
measuringtape measuring cylinder beam balance, tour When thejaws are closed, the zeromarkonthe Vernier vernier campers and/or electronic balance cslunitikglm)
.
Zero error - negative zero error
Terms totakenote parallax error : when the eyeshot positioned
above the reading £ b.
Zenon -the vernier ⇒ whentakinga reading, our eye must be
scakistothe left of the positioned vertically above it. zeroonthe vernier scales
totherightoethemain scale . mamscak. meniscus : curved surfaceof the liquidin a
Zlrocomection should be I container.
I raaeenm -menacing .
- t - "
• changes oriosso habitat Classificationof living thingsgsitimpertant I includes ( dueto# Biodiversity
the Variety of"te animals plants prokaryotes fungi protists on earth
vertebrates naveefowers 'doriot lsuchas I
Istana?%Yy"emanating!'m, o⇒enfxfffF & cwitnieajbniiesifanwinwaierhowers bacteria microscopic
a Inver (waterlily ) organisms that are ( without a backbone) AR microorganisms
dichotomous keymim4assi organism ate .
. L spores
multicellular '
bodytemperature is \
body temperature produce their donut produce doesn't hate haka is not regulated own food their own food a nucleus nucleus regulated - \ # t Thar moist
haka doesn't hate hate skin without - amphibians
cell wall aah wall hate hate hair scales scales ( frog ) l l feathers I 1
fungi animals 1 mammals breatheusing breathe usingwith backbone twtthout
birds(chicken) (chimpanzee) backbone lungs scales
=/ l l
( chameloh) ( piranha)
EIemehts.com/soUhds,MixtUR# matter
a pure substance that cannot
be broken down into any dean Iis made upof simpler substances by MelemontsE-lzearigde.ie -[metalschemical methods .
non-metals
• different physicals chemical i. similar physicals chemical solubility rate of
properties from the elements properties astheelementslcompeunds ) whichdepends dissolving
p.uqnzstam.in:Fm. .im:i::e:÷a÷÷÷:÷÷÷::i.ie:1 in:i:I:::i: .am .la::O:*"
g fixed proportion of theekmehts
chemically joined together
T€ - raterstirring characteristics rlmixtutes
Characteristics Hammonds terms oroperties
1- separation
amixtuhecanke easily separated substances (elements Stor
separation compounds can only be broken into its components by physical compounds)which are notdowhihto its elements or into
simpler substances by chemical methods monas titrations joined together chemically distillation
processes leg electrolysis, thermalwww./.Fnei7m::-nem....... mmi¥¥÷aof a compound are different from constituent elements
those of its constituent elements .
#
*atamianwhen energy change mrenetgy change takes place . No heat
a compound is formed-( usually light energy is taken .in/gihenout there is an energy change - heat
light taken in or gills out) #
t
composition the substances in a mixture can be mixed composition the elements in a compound are always
combined infixed proportion . Many proportion
demertssperiodictauassity.mg elements
- bytheir state (solid, liquid orgas) ' as metals s non - metals
groups are the vertical column of the Table
lvnumbaed using Roman numerals . Using the periodic table
properties of metal properties of non-metal -
centre blocklbetueengroupllsgrowplll :transition elements) -
period meta's
\
} Things to note ( some examples) #
- Elements that existasagas '
- elements that exist as liquids
non -metal : Bromine ' Elements(non - metals)
metal : mercury carbon, hydrogen, - elements that exist as a solid oxygen, helium , metal : sodium
→ protonnluatmbm' non -metal : carbon
bromine , chlorine
numberof neutrons)
e÷::÷::i:naim;::*r Impurities affect the melting points boiling point of addict
fixed melting point * bcauemeh.mg/boilingtotakeplaceoiera range of temperatures# fixed boiling point pure substances
'II'T:*: canbe separated separation dissohed solids which
miUsing techniques atoeatnmeVaperatI depending on a solution
gfpbpehn.es#eperate, dissoued solids which
Eiama÷igsa-f:.msta""f I
Iresuitshownin 7igd7¥79oana chromatogram
boiling point will vaperise first .
a
vapour condensesto a pure liquid separate mixtures of miscible liquids with different boiling points. Used to obtaina pure Solent from a solution of a solute -
completely soluble in each other evaporation
temperature 1°C ^
Figl : how a solution
s water is fractionally
distilled obtaina soluble solid from a solution by heating thesolution until all the water has boiled off
X solid obtained by evaporation to dryness is not always pure Yany soluble impurities will be left together with the solid after heating .
Filtration leetto cool , ←
t insolublesolid
separating funnel The disabled solute needs to hate different solubility'es inthe salientat different
. separates a mixture of solid , one of which sublimes temperatures . this will allow it to remain as a solution when it is hot , S
. substance changes directly from solid to vapour on heating , CrystalHse when the solution is cooled .
} immiscible liquids : without going through the liquid state . paper chromatography * more soluble→
liquidsthat donot mix in - on cooling , vapourchanges back to solid directly abletotrawl a furtherdistancefrom
each other the starting line .
eg : iodine , solid carbon dioxide
magnetic attraction
- - -
Unicellular concern multicellular(more than one cell) - - control cell activities including Rpairofwomout parts
(such as # nucleus - keep the cell alive Scentaihthe genetic material called chromosomes
" ÷÷i÷÷÷÷÷:::÷÷÷÷÷:f÷i÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:i÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷: through
- thin membrane surrounding the cell
.tt#e-iUVragesac-singeayeenmacuoe - acts as store of Various in the cytoplasmVacuole substances (water, nutrients ..)
. contains cells ( waters - isolates the waste products of dissohed materials - sugars S
mthkttmnemsas
" wa. . f÷÷÷.ee#en:e::::i::::..-maFughsubsanu-uuose - contains the green pigment (chlorophyll )
chloroplast X which absorbs energy from the sun to make food through photosynthesis .
TheparHculaletheoryoma##
Temperature of substance changes during heating Temperature A DE : substance is in liquids gaseous state
beige:L. - - - - - - - - -
I described using stimecmin)
packed very / Properties of
- definite volume
TheparHculaletheoryoma##
Temperature of substance changes during heating Temperature A DE : substance is in liquids gaseous state
beige:L. - - - - - - - - -
I described using stimecmin)
packed very / Properties of
- definite volume