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IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES

Aims and Objectives: To develop theoretical and algorithmic principles behind theacquisition, display, manipulation and processing of digital images. To explore the

methods used to digitize, transfer, display, organize, process and compare digital images

and image sequences. To analyze technique in image compression

Prerequisites: Design and Analysis of Algorithms, C or C++ programming languages

and object oriented design, Matrix Algebra, Fourier Transforms

Course Outcome: Will get knowledge on Image Transform, Image Enhancement and

Image segmentation techniques, color image processing and image compression.

Unit I: Image Formation and Display Digital Image Structure, cameras and eyes, Television video signals, other image

acquisition and display, brightness and contrast adjustments, grayscale transforms.

Warping.

Unit II: Linear Image processing Convolution, 3x3 edge modification Analysis, FFT Convolution.

Unit III: Special Imaging Techniques Techniques

Spatial Resolution, sample spacing and sampling aperture, signal to noise ratio,morphological image processing, computed tomography.

Unit IV: Data compression

Data Compression Strategies, Run length Coding, Huffman Encoding, Delta Encoding,LZW Compression, JPEG (Transform Compression), MPEG. Applications and Techniques

of Image processing in Remote Sensing, Bio medical, Forensic and Security.

Text Books:Reference Books:

1. Steven W. Smith, “Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Guide for Engineers and

Scientists”, Elsevier, 2003

2. Anil.K.Jain, “Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing” PHI, 1995.

3. R.C.Gonzalez and R.E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing”, PHI, 2002.

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RF AND MICROWAVE CIRCUIT DESIGN

Aims and Objectives: This course aims to provide students with the essential

techniques for designing analog electronic circuits at intermediate frequency and

radio frequency stages.Pre-requisite: Microwave engineering

Course Outcome: Able to design RF and Microwave circuit.

Unit-I: Wave Propagation in NetworksIntroduction to RF/Microwave Concepts and applications; RF Electronics Concepts;

Fundamental Concepts in Wave Propagation; Circuit Representations of two port RF/MW

networks.

Unit-II: Microwave Passive components: Isolators, circulators, Directional couplers,Duplexers’ Matching circuits for Antenna elements

Unit-III: Passive Circuit Design

The Smith Chart, Application of the Smith Chart in Distributed and lumped element

circuit applications, Design of Matching networks.S- Parameters and Microwave

Transistor Definitions and use of S Parameters with passive and active devices - Noise

analysis in linear two port networks - Modeling of microwave bipolar transistor -

Microwave FET-DC biasing- Impedance matching - S-parameter matrix and properties ofS-parameters.

Unit-IV: Amplifier Design Unilateral and non-unilateral design - One stage and multistage design - Low-noise

amplifiers - High-power amplifiers - Balanced amplifiers - Feedback - Design examples -

Small-signal distributed amplifiers. RF/MW Amplifiers Small Signal Design, Large SignalDesign, RF/MW Oscillator Design, RF/MW Frequency Conversion Rectifier and Detector

Design, Mixer Design, RF/MW Control Circuit Design, RF/MW Integrated circuit design.

Unit-V: Oscillator Design

Resonators – Dielectric resonators – YIG resonators – Varactor resonators – Resonator measurements – Two-port oscillator design – Noise Lesson’s oscillator model –

Low-noise design. Non-linear oscillator model

Unit-VI: Mixer Design

Diode mixer theory - Single diode mixers - Single-balanced mixers - Double

balanced mixers - FET mixer theory - Balanced FET Mixers - Spectral mixer circuits -Image rejection mixer - single side band modulator performance - Simple sub

harmonically pumped mixer circuit configuration.

Microwave and RF measurements: Power, Standing wave ratio, frequency, SpectrumAnalyzer, Vector Network Analyzer.

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Reference Books:1.. Reinhold Ludwig and PavelBretchko, “RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications,”

Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2004.

2. Matthew M. Radmanesh, “Radio Frequency and Microwave Electronics Illustrated,"

Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2004.3. Websites of AGILENT, Anritsu Electric, W & G.



EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

Aim and Objectives: To provide the detailed understanding of the embedded system

design methodology and the applications in communication systemsPrerequisites:Computer architecture, Digital system design and mathematical

foundations like graph theory and set theory

Course Outcome: Will prepare the students to learn Embedded systems which will

prepare them for industry jobs.

Introduction to Embedded System: An embedded system, processor, hardware unit,

software embedded into a system, Example of an embedded system, OS services,

Embedded Design life cycle; Modeling embedded systems

Processor and Memory Organization: Structural unit in as processor, processor selection

for an embedded systems. Memory devices, memory selection for an embedded system,

allocation of memory to program statements and blocks and memory map of a system.

Direct memory accesses.

Devices and Buses for Device Networks: I/O devices, serial communication using FC,

CAN devices, device drivers, parallel port device driver in a system, serial port device

driver in a system, device driver for internal programmable timing devices, interruptservicing mechanism, V context and periods for switching networked I/O devices using

ISA, PCI deadline and interrupt latency and advanced buses.

Programming Concepts and embedded programming in C:Languages, Firmware development environment, Startup code or Boot loader, Abstraction

Layers, Application Layer, build download debug process of firmware.

Program Modeling Concepts in Single and Multiprocessor Systems: software

development process, modeling process for software analysis before software

implementation, programming model for the event controlled or response time constrained

real time programs, modeling of multiprocessor system.

Inter-Process Communication and Synchronization of Processors Tasks: and threads;

multiple process in an application, problems of sharing data by multiple tasks and routines,

inter process communications. RTOS task scheduling models interrupt literacy and response

times, performance metric in scheduling models, standardization of RTOS, list of basic

functions, synchronization.

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Text Book:1. Raj Kamal, “Embedded systems Architecture, Programming and design”, Second

Edition, 2008.

2. Frank Vahid, Tony Givargis,” Embedded System Design: A Unified Harware

/Software Approach, John Wiley, 2002.

Reference Books:1. Steve Heath , “Embedded Systems Design”, EDN Series , 2003.

2. Wayne Wolf “Computers as components: Principles of Embedded Computing

System Design”, The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Architecture and

Design, 2008

3. Jane W. S., Liu, “Real time systems”, Pearson Education, 2000.

4. David E simon,” An Embedded Software Primer”, 1st

edition, Addison Wesley 1999.



COMMUNICATION ICs AND DESIGN APPLICATIONS

Aim and Objectives: To learn integrated circuit design techniques,

transceiver architectures and to deal with telecommunication ICs.

Prerequisites: Circuits, RF circuits & systems, Digital integrated

circuits, Analog integrated circuits

Course Outcome: Students will be knowing about design issues of communication ICsand their applications

Introduction to RF IC designGain, decibels, impedance, levels. Nonlinearities and harmonic distortions.

Intermodulation, dynamic range.

Introduction to random processes and noises

Review of thermal noise. Noise models and circuit noise calculations.

Introduction to low-noise amplifiers, Low-noise RF amplifiers structure. Relationship between power consumption, gain, linearity and noise figure.

Nonlinear Elements Nonlinear elements, their characteristics and approximation methods. Harmonics

analysis of the current in the nonlinear elements. Nonlinear resonant amplifiers and

frequency multipliers. RF mixers: Up and down conversion mixers, single and double

balanced mixers.

OscillatorsTypes of oscillators. Feedback oscillator topologies. Resonant oscillators. Crystal

oscillators. Small signal analysis of an oscillator. Short introduction to Voltage

Controlled Oscillators(VCOs).

TransceiversTransceivers architectures. Transceivers functions and characteristics. Direct

conversion and super heterodyne receivers. Phase-locked loops: Phase-locked loops and

frequency synthesis. Basic building blocks of the PLL. PLL synthesizers for radio

applications.

Telecommunication ICsPCM, CVSD codec, filters MODEMS, LAN chip sets, ISDN Codecs, Telephone

subscriber circuits, line interface, switched capacitor, DSP chips. High

Speed decision circuits. MIC and MMIC. High speed DSP Chips. Fiber optic chips.

Reference Books

1. D.M. Pozar. Microwave Engineering. 3rd

Ed., N.Y., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

2. Leon W. Couch. Digital and Analog Communication Systems . 6th

Ed, Prentice Hall

PTR, New Jersey, 2001.

3. B.Sklar. Digital Communications. Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd

Ed., PrenticeHall PTR, New Jersey, 2001.

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HIGH PERFORMANCE NETWORKS

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Aims and Objectives: This course teaches the networking principles, various type of

switching network and wireless Network.Prerequisites: Basic knowledge about the networks

Outcome: Know the different type of wireless network existing and the use of high

speed networks and use those networks in real time applications.

Unit I : Basics of NetworksTelephone, computer, Cable television and Wireless network, networking principles,

Digitalization Service and layered architecture, traffic characterization and QOS, networks

services network elements and network mechanisms

Unit II : Packet Switched NetworksOSI and IP models Ethernet (IEEE 802.3); token ring (IEEE 802.5), FDDI, DQDB, frame

relay, SMDS, Internet working with SMDS.

Unit III: Internet and TCP/IP Networks

Overview, internet protocol, TCP and UDP, Performance of TCP/IP networks circuitsswitched networks SONET DWDM, VPN and MPLS , VoIP and TVoIP.

Unit IV: ATM and Wireless NetworksMain features addressing, signaling and routing ATM header structure-adaptation layer,

management and control, BISDN, Inter working with ATM, Wireless channel, link level

design channel access Network design and wireless networks

Unit V: Optical Networks and SwitchingOptical links – WDM systems, cross-connects optical LAN’s optical paths and networks

TDS and SDS modular switch designs- Packet switching, shared, input and output buffers

Text Books:

1. Jean walrand and PravinVaraiya, “High Performance Communication Networks”,2nd edition, Harcourt and Morgan Kanffman, London, 2000

Reference Books:

1. Leon Garcia, Widjaja, “Communication networks”, 2nd

edition, Tata McGraw Hill, NewDelhi, 2003

2. LumitKasera,PankajSethi, “ATM Networks”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi,2000

3. Behrouz.a. Forouzan, “Data Communication and Networking”, Tata McGraw Hill,

New Delhi, 2000. Proceedings



WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKS

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Aim and Objective: To know about the various spectrum allocation standards and BW

allocation, to initiate into the world of Mobile Communication System and to keepabreast of the future of mobile communication.

Prerequisites: Modulation Theory

Course Outcome: Will train the students on various generation of Wireless networks.

Unit I: Wireless transmission:Introduction to Wireless mobile networks and its applications;

Frequencies for radio transmission-Signals-Antennas-Signal propagation-multiplexing-

Modulation-Spread spectrum-Cellular systems

Unit II: Medium access control:Motivation for a specialized MAC-SDMA-FDMA-TDMA-CDMA-Comparison of

S/T/F/CDMA IS-95, CDMA2000 1X/3X-WCDMA (3G)

Unit III: Telecommunications systems:

GSM-Mobile services-system architecture, radio interface, protocols, localization andcalling, Handover, Security, New data services- GPRS,EDGE (2.5G),UMTS and IMT-

2000 (3G).

Unit IV: Mobile Network layer:

Mobile IP-Goals and requirements, entities and terminology, IP packet delivery, Agent

discovery, Registration, Tunneling and encapsulation, optimizations, IPV6 343, IPmicro-mobility support; Dynamic host configuration protocol; Mobile ad-hoc networks.

Unit V: Mobile Transport layer:Traditional TCP- Congestion control, Slow start, Fast retransmit/fast recovery,

Implications of mobility; Classical TCP improvements-Indirect TCP 375, SnoopingTCP 378, Mobile TCP 380, Fast retransmit/fast recovery 382, Transmission/time-out

freezing 383, selective retransmission 383, Transaction-oriented TCP 384, TCP over2.5/3G wireless networks, Performance enhancing proxies.

Text Book:

1. Mobile Communication, JochenSchiller , Second Edition, PEARSONEducation,2003

Reference Books:

1. Wireless Communications principles and practice, Theodore S.Rappaport, secondedition, Prentice Hall of India, 2006

2. Wireless Information Networks ,K. Pahlavan and A. Levesque ,John Wiley and Sons,

second edition, 2005 .

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