sect 6 translation

8/11/2019 Sect 6 Translation

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Gene Expression: Translation


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Reminder

Genes that encode proteins are transcribed and the transcript isprocessed to make mRNA.

Next the base sequence in the mRNA must be translated into aminoacid sequences in a polypeptide.Once polypeptides are formed, they fold up and combine with othermolecules, but this is the realm of biochemistry, not genetics.

Review structure of polypeptides; a protein consists of one or morepolypeptides.


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The 20 Amino AcidsImportantfeatures: Differ only inside chains Each has three-letter and one-letterabbreviations

You shouldunderstand thatthe sequence ofamino acids in apolypeptide(protein) can be

written twoways:Arg Thr Ser SerR T S S

Polypeptideshave an N- and aC-terminal AA

You dont have to memorize these but youdo have to know there are 20 and recognize

amino acid sequences.


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The Genetic CodeThe code is:

Written in RNA becauseit is the mRNA sequencethat is read.

Universal (almost)Exceptions (small):Vertebrate mitochondriaInvertebrate mitochondriaChloroplastsCiliate nuclear

Mycoplasma nuclear

Candida nuclearetc.

Triplet Nonoverlapping Commaless Degenerate


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The Genetic CodeThe code is:

Universal (almost) Triplet Degenerate Nonoverlapping Commaless

CACCAUGGUGCACCUGACUCCUGAGCACUAAGCU

Quadruplet: AUGGUGCACCUGACUC

Comma: AUGCCGUGCCCACCCUGG

Overlaping: AUGGUGCACCUGACUC


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The Genetic Code


Met Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu . His StopStart

UAA, UAG, and UGA arenonsense codons; they do notcode for any amino acid andhence are stop ortermination codons.

All the rest are sense codons.

AUG is the start codon andcodes for methionine (Met,M).(only one to memorize)


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Open Reading Frames



An open reading frame (ORF ) is a string of sense codonsstarting with the start codon ATG and flanked at the 3 endby a stop codon.

All genes that code for proteins must have an ORF.


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Using Open ReadingFrames to Find Genes



A computer program can search a sequence of bases for open readingframes. These are candidates for genes encoding proteins.

Problems:


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Using Open Reading Frames to Find Genes

A computer program can search a sequence of bases for open readingframes. These are candidates for genes encoding proteins.

Problems:

A gene can be on either strand, but the sequence is only written for one strand.Solution: search both complementary sequences.

A random sequence of bases can have an ORF. Partial solutions: look for longORFs starting with ATG.

Introns can interrupt ORFs. The introns are spliced out of the mRNA leavingonly the exons which form a continuous ORF; but DNA sequences will still havethe introns. Partial solution: look for sequences that often flank introns.

Designing computer programs to seach complete genome sequences is a majorproblem in bioinformatics.


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The Mechanics of Translation1. Translation requires:

Small ribosomal subunit = SSUrRNA + ribosomal proteins Large ribosomal subunit = LSUrRNA + ribosomal proteins +5SrRNA (eukaryotes)

(Small and large subunits also have S names: 16S, 18S, 23S, etc. Sis for Svedberg units describing how fast something moves in acentrifugal field.)

Aminoacyl tRNAs = transfer RNAs + amino acids Accessory proteins that promote various steps2. mRNA is translated 5 to 33. Polypeptide is made N-terminal to C-terminal


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Cellular Sites of Transcription Translation

After eukaryotic nuclear genes aretranscribed and processed, themRNA must be moved to thecytoplasm for translation.

Prokaryotic genes, and those in the

chloroplasts and mitochondria, arenot separated from the sites ofprotein synthesis. Transcriptionand translation proceedsimultaneously.

mitochondria

genes

mRNAprotein mRNA

chloroplast


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Making Aminoacyl tRNAs

Each tRNA has a specific basesequence, including an anticodonthat can base pair with a codon.


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A A A A A U

U U U U U A

AsnLys

A A A A A U

U U U U U A

AsnLys

A A A A A U

U U U

Asn

Lys

Asn

U U A

U U A An aminoacyl tRNA synthase recognizes atRNA and its corresponding amino acid and

joins them.

The anticodon on the aminoacyl tRNA base-pairs with its codon on the mRNA.

A new peptide bond is formed to join theamino acids.


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Wobble

There are 61 sense codons.However, organisms may not have 61 different tRNAs.

1st (5) base in anticodon can sometimes pair with 2 or 3 bases :

pairs with 3 rd (3) base in codon5 anticodon base E. coli S. cerevisiae

A U -C G GU A or G AG C or U C or U

Inosine A, C, or U C or U

Dont need to memorize these; just know basic principle .


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Translation in More Detail than You Wanted or Need to Know(see text Figure 10.17 for a better diagram)

$$

ribosomesmallsubunit


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Ribosome Binding, Translation Initiation, andTermination Signals on mRNAs

Prokaryotes: a special sequence (the Shine-Delgarno sequence) isthe ribosome binding site.

Eukaryotes: the 5 end of the mRNA is modified to form the 5 capthat initiates ribosome binding.

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes: the AUG start codon is the signal toinitiate translation; the nonsense stop codon binds no tRNA and thisstops translation.


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5 UTR 3 UTR


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Unique Features of Translation in ProkaryotesOne mRNA can encode more than one polypeptide.

! 2


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Unique Features of Translation in Prokaryotes

Translation of an mRNA can begin before transcription iscomplete, because these processes are not separated by anuclear membrane.


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sect 6 translation

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