section 1: a new industrial revolution standard 8.12.1 trace patterns of agricultural and industrial...

Section 1: A New Industrial Revolution

Standard 8.12.1 Trace patterns of agricultural and industrial development as they relate to climate, use of natural resources, markets, and trade and locate such developments on a map.

Standard 8.12.3 Explain how states and the federal government encouraged business expansion through tariffs, banking, land grants, and subsidies.

Standard 8.12.9 Name the significant inventors and their inventions and identify how they improved the quality of life (e.g., Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, Orville and Wilbur Wright).

Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)

Why Industry BoomedAbundant resources, new technology, government aid to business, and a railroad boom all contributed to industrial growth.

•Beginning in the mid-1800s, large deposits of coal, iron, lead, and copper were being mined.•Government supported industrial growth through land grants, subsidies, and high tariffs on foreign imports.•In the 1850s, inventors developed the Bessemer process, a method to make stronger steel at a low cost.•Steel replaced iron as the basic building material of cities and industry.



•Pittsburgh became the nation’s steel-making capital due to its proximity to coal mines and railroads.

•The nation’s first oil strike occurred in 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania.

•Oil was soon refined into lubricants for machines and, later, into gasoline to power engines and automobiles.

•Oil was soon referred to as “black gold.”



•Railroads continued to expand, which improved the transport of goods to the West and raw materials to eastern factories.•Some railroad companies consolidated, or combined.•They bought up smaller lines or forced them out of business.•Monopolistic practices by the railroads led to control of grain traffic in the West and South.•Many farmers joined the Granger and Populist movements to fight back.


Inventors and InventionsThomas Edison and other inventors created hundreds of devices that made life easier.

•In the late 1800s, Americans created many new inventions.•In 1876, Thomas Edison set up a research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey.•Edison and other scientists produced the light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and hundreds of useful devices.•In 1882, Edison opened the nation’s first power plant in New York.•Electric engines soon replaced steam engines in factories.


Inventors and InventionsThomas Edison and other inventors created hundreds of devices that made life easier.

•The telegraph was first used in 1844, but it did not allow communication with Europe until 1866, when Cyrus Field had the first underwater cable laid.•In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.•By 1885, telephones were in use throughout the country.•In 1868, Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter.•In 1888, George Eastman invented the first inexpensive camera.


A Transportation RevolutionThe automobile and the airplane launched an age of fast transportation.

•The automobile was developed in Europe in the late 1800s.•In 1913, Henry Ford introduced the assembly line, a manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a belt.•The assembly line reduced the price of cars dramatically.•By 1917, more than 4.5 million Americans owned cars.


A Transportation RevolutionThe automobile and the airplane launched an age of fast transportation.

•In 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright tested a gas-powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.•People did not see the practical use of airplanes until World War I (1914-1918).•By the 1930s, the airplane was in widespread use around the world.


Section 2: Big Business and Organized Labor

Standard 8.12.4 Discuss entrepreneurs, industrialists, and bankers in politics, commerce, and industry (e.g., Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Leland Stanford).

Standard 8.12.6 Discuss child labor, working conditions, and laissez-faire policies toward big business and examine the labor movement, including its leaders (e.g., Samuel Gompers), its demand for collective bargaining, and its strikes and protests over labor conditions.


New Ways of Doing BusinessBusiness leaders developed new ways to raise money needed for expansion.

•Many businesses became corporations, businesses owned by many investors.•Corporations raise money by selling stock, or shares of the business.•In return, stockholders receive a share of the profits and choose the directors of the corporation.•Stockholders risk only the money they invest in the business; business owners could lose their homes, savings, and other property if the business failed.


New Ways of Doing BusinessBusiness leaders developed new ways to raise money needed for expansion.

One banker, J. Pierpont Morgan, made himself the most powerful force in the American economy.Morgan gained control of the railroads and steel production.He and his friends bought troubled companies and then ran them in a way that eliminated competition.


Growth of Big BusinessBy the late 1800s, many major industries were dominated by a few giant companies.

The government took a laissez-faire, or leave alone, approach to business.Entrepreneurs, people who set up new businesses to make a profit, formed giant corporations and monopolies.A monopoly is a company that controls most or all business in a particular industry.



•Andrew Carnegie, a poor Scottish immigrant, worked his way up in the railroad industry.•He entered the growing steel industry and, eventually he gained control of every step in making steel.•His companies owned iron mines, steel mills, railroads, and shipping lines.•In 1892, Carnegie combined his businesses into the Carnegie Steel Company.



•Carnegie donated hundreds of millions of dollars to build libraries and support numerous charities. •Another business giant, John D. Rockefeller, gained his wealth in the oil industry.•In 1882, Rockefeller ended competition in the oil industry by forming the Standard Oil Trust.•A trust is a group of corporations run by a single board of directors.•By 1900, trusts dominated many of the nation’s key industries.



Critics saw trusts as a threat to free enterprise, the system in which privately owned businesses compete freely.Carnegie and Rockefeller were called “Robber Barons” by critics.To others, they were known as “Captains of Industry.”Big business used the term Social Darwinism, survival of the fittest business, to justify their tactics in eliminating competition.


Changes in the WorkplaceAs industry grew, working conditions often got worse.

oIn some industries, the majority of the workers were women.oWomen worked in textile mills in New England, tobacco factories in the South, and the garment sweatshops of New York.oA sweatshop is a manufacturing workshop where workers toil long hours under poor conditions for low pay.


Changes in the WorkplaceAs industry grew, working conditions often got worse.

Children worked in textile mills, tobacco factories, coal mines, and garment industries.Most child laborers did not go to school.Factory work conditions could be dangerous.Textile workers and miners came down with lung diseases.Doors were often locked in order to keep workers at their jobs.In one case, nearly 150 people were killed in a fire.


Workers Organize

Despite many obstacles, organized labor began to grow in the late 1800s.

Early attempts to organize unions were met harshly by business.Labor unions wanted safer working conditions, higher wages, and shorter hours.The Knights of Labor formed in 1869.The union was small at first, but grew into the largest union when women and minorities were included.In 1886, when striking workers rallied in Chicago at Haymarket Square and violence broke out, public opinion turned against unions.


Workers Organize


oIn 1886, Samuel Gompers formed a new union in Columbus, Ohio called the American Federation of Labor, or AFL.oThe union admitted only skilled workers.oThe AFL used collective bargaining, negotiation with management for workers as a group, to win improvements.


Workers Organize


By 1904, the AFL had more than a million members.Since the union did not admit African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled workers, it included a small fraction of American workers.Mary Harris Jones called attention to the hard lives of children in textile mills and mines.She became known as Mother Jones because of her work with children.


Workers Organize


In 1893, the nation experienced a severe economic depression.As jobs were cut and pay dropped, violent strikes swept the country.One of the worst strikes, the Pullman railroad car strike, caused rail lines to shut down from coast to coast.President Grover Cleveland sent troops to Chicago to end the strike.The public generally sided with the owners, and by 1900 only about 3 percent of American workers belonged to a union.


Section 3: Cities Grow and Change

Standard 8.12.5 Examine the location and effects of urbanization, renewed immigration, and industrialization (e.g., the effects on social fabric of cities, wealth and economic opportunity, the conservation movement).


Rapid Growth of Cities

Industrialization, migration, and technology all contributed to the growth of American cities.

oAfter the Civil War, America experienced a dramatic rise in urbanization, the rapid growth of city populations.oBy 1890, one-third of the people lived in a city.oIndustries were attracted to cities with waterways for easy transport of goods.oThese cities provided jobs and excitement.




oThe first electric streetcar system opened in Richmond, Virginia in 1887.oThe first subway system opened in Boston in 1897.oPublic transportation allowed people to live in the suburbs, living areas on the outskirts of a city.oSteel bridges connected cities to suburbs.oThe Brooklyn Bridge connected Manhattan to Brooklyn in 1883.




oIn 1885, architects constructed the first 10-story “skyscraper” in Chicago.oElectric elevators were soon carrying workers to the top of steel-framed, 30-story buildings by 1900.oPoor families typically lived in the city’s oldest sections at the city’s center.oMiddle-class families lived farther out in row houses or apartments.oThe rich lived in the suburbs.


Problems of Urban Life

As cities grew, they faced a variety of problems, especially in the poorest neighborhoods.

oThe Chicago Fire of 1871 leveled 3 square miles of downtown, killed 300 people, and left 18,000 homeless.oThe poor crowded into tenements, buildings divided into many tiny apartments.oOften, 10 people might live in a single room.oSeveral families shared a single bathroom.oThese conditions led to frequent outbreaks of diseases like cholera.




oBy the 1880s, cities began to improve urban life.oStreetlights were installed; they set up fire, sanitation, and police departments.oReligious groups started organizations to help the poor, such as the Salvation Army.oReformers like Jane Addams, opened settlement houses, centers offering help to the urban poor.




oSettlement houses offered English instruction to immigrants, music and sports for young people, and provided nurseries for children of working mothers.oAddams and other leaders pressured state legislatures to outlaw child labor.


The Excitement of City Life

Cities lured newcomers with a wide variety of attractions and leisure activities.

oDepartment stores developed in downtown shopping areas.oPeople who had shopped at different stores for particular items could now find those items in one store.oCities provided entertainment.oMuseums, theatres, parks, zoos, and other forms of entertainment allowed people to enjoy time away from work.




oAfter the Civil War, professional sports teams began to spring up in cities.oThe first professional baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, appeared in 1869.oSeven years later, eight teams organized the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs.oAfrican American players, banned from the league in the 1880s, formed their own league.




oIn 1891, James Naismith invented basketball when he nailed two peach baskets to the wall of a gym in Springfield, Massachusetts.oFootball was also popular, but it was brutal and dangerous.oPlayers wore no helmets.oIn one season, 44 college players died of injuries.


Section 4: The New Immigrants

Standard 8.12.7 Identify the new sources of large-scale immigration and the contributions of immigrants to the building of cities and the economy; explain the ways in which new social and economic patterns encouraged assimilation of newcomers into the mainstream amidst growing cultural diversity; and discuss the new wave of nativism.


A Fresh Start

In the late 1800s, a new wave of immigrants came to the United States for economic and political reasons.

Between 1865 and 1915, some 25 million immigrants entered the U.S.

Europeans immigrated as farmhands were replaced by machinery.

In the 1880s, Jews came from Russia as they became targets of pogroms, or violent attacks against Jews.

Armenian Christians faced similar treatment in Turkey.


A Fresh Start

In the late 1800s, a new wave of immigrants came to the United States for economic and political reasons.

A revolution in Mexico in 1910 forced tens of thousands to flee to America.

The new wave of immigrants were primarily Catholic or Jewish.

Few of the new immigrants understood English or had experience living in a democracy or in a city.


Starting a New Life

Immigrants faced many challenges to settle in the United States.

Immigrants were crammed below decks of boats in steerage, large compartments that usually held cattle.

They experienced sea sickness and widespread disease. Most people coming from Europe passed through Ellis

Island, New York. Asian immigrants passed through Angel Island in San

Francisco Bay.


Starting a New Life

Immigrants faced many challenges to settle in the United States.

About two-thirds of immigrants settled in cities, near other people from the same country.

Ethnic neighborhoods helped people feel less isolated in their new country.


Becoming American

For many immigrants, the goal was to become part of American life and culture.

Most newcomers clung to traditional modes of worship, family life, and community relations.

They worked hard to assimilate, or become part of another culture.

Children of immigrants assimilated more rapidly than their parents.

They learned English quickly and dressed like native-born Americans.


Becoming American

For many immigrants, the goal was to become part of American life and culture.

Immigrant labor was essential to the new American economy. Immigrants worked in steel mills, meatpacking plants, mines,

and garment sweatshops. They helped build subways, skyscrapers, bridges, and railroads. Many opened small businesses in ethnic neighborhoods. Some, like Jewish immigrants Samuel Goldwyn and Louis

Mayer made major contributions to new industries.


A New Wave of Nativism

Many Americans distrusted immigrants and called for limits on immigration.

Nativists argued that immigrants would not assimilate because their languages, religions, and customs were too different.

They complained Immigrants would take American jobs. Nativists associated immigrants with violence, crime, and anarchy. In 1882, Congress passed a law to exclude Chinese laborers from the

U.S. In 1917, Congress passed a law that denied entry to illiterate

immigrants.


Section 5: Education and Culture

Standard 8.12.7 Identify the new sources of large-scale immigration and the contributions of immigrants to the building of cities and the economy; explain the ways in which new social and economic patterns encouraged assimilation of newcomers into the mainstream amidst growing cultural diversity; and discuss the new wave of nativism.


Educating Americans

States took steps to expand education, including requiring children to attend school.

Before 1870, fewer than half of American children went to school. In 1852, Massachusetts passed the first compulsory education

law. Other states in the North, Midwest, and West followed. In the South, the Freedmen’s Bureau built grade schools for both

white and black students. By 1918, every state required children to attend school.


Educating Americans

States took steps to expand education, including requiring children to attend school.

Still, not until 1950 did the majority of Americans of high school age graduate.

Elementary students attended school typically from 8 to 4.

Wealthy individuals such as Andrew Carnegie gave money to towns and cities to build public libraries.


New American Writers

A new generation of American writers tried to describe real life as it was.

Americans started to read more books and magazines. The realists, writers who try to show life as it is, often emphasized the

harsh side of life. Stephen Crane wrote about the hardships of slum life. Jack London wrote about miners and sailors and their backbreaking

jobs. Mark Twain made his novels realistic by using the speech patterns of

southerners along the Mississippi River.


A Newspaper Boom

Education contributed to a rapid growth in American newspapers.

By 1900, half the newspapers in the world were printed in the U.S. A Hungarian immigrant, Joseph Pulitzer, created the first modern,

mass-circulation newspaper. Pulitzer added features like color comics to increase circulation. His New York World became known for sensational headlines Critics gave this sensationalistic technique the name yellow

journalism to describe the sensational reporting style.


section 1: a new industrial revolution standard 8.12.1 trace patterns of agricultural and industrial...

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