Chapter 2 - Chemistry

Chapter 6 - BiochemistrySection 1: Atoms, Elements and Compounds 1ElementsElements pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically

There are 4 main elements that make up 90% of the mass of living things:Carbon COxygen OHydrogen HNitrogen - N2Elements Cont.Each element has a chemical symbol

3AtomsAtoms are the simplest particle of an element.

The properties of atoms determine the properties of the matter they compose

Atomic Structure:Nucleus: the central region of an atomMade of protons (+) and neutrons (neutral)The number of protons in an element = the atomic numberElectrons: have a negative charge that balances the protonsFound in energy levels around the nucleus4Picture of Atomic Structure

NucleusEnergy LevelNeutronProtonElectron5CompoundsCompounds are pure substances made of two or more elementsShown in chemical formulasEx: H2O always 2H for 1OThe goal of making compounds is to make atoms stable6Compounds Cont.Compounds are held together by bondsCovalent bonds: share electrons

Ionic Bonds: electrons are transferredResults in ions atoms with a full positive or negative charge7Formation of a Covalent Bond

8Formation of an Ionic Bond

9Brain BreakCreate a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting Covalent and Ionic Bonds.10Energizer!Stand UpTouch your right elbow to your left kneeThen touch your left elbow to your right knee.Repeat 9 more times

11Chapter 2 - ChemistrySection 2: Chemical Reactions12Energy and Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions the process through which chemical bonds are broken or made (and sometimes both!)

6H2O + 6CO2 + energy C6H12O6 +6O2Reactants: what you put inProducts: what you get out13Activation EnergyActivation Energy energy to start a reaction

Catalysts reduce the amount of activation energy.

Enzymes: catalysts found in living things

14Enzyme Action

Visual Concept15Company Work Time16Chapter 6 - BiochemistrySection 3: Water & Solutions17Describing SolutionsSolution: a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substanceSolute: the substance dissolved in a solutionSolvent: the substance that does the dissolving

Concentration: measurement of the amount of solute in a fixed amount of solution2% salt = 2g of salt in enough water to make 100mLSaturated Solution: is a solution in which no more solute can dissolve18Chapter 6 - BiochemistrySection 4: The Building Blocks of Life19Carbon BondingOrganic Compounds: made mostly of carbon atoms

Inorganic Compounds: do not contain carbon

Carbon can bond with itself:It can form straight chainsIt can form branched chainsIt can form rings

20Large Carbon MoleculesMonomers: building blocks of organic moleculesPolymer: molecule made of multiple monomers that are linked togetherMacromolecules: large polymersEx: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids21Making and Breaking PolymersCondensation Reaction: monomers are linked to polymers and water is released

Hydrolysis: break down of polymers using waterThe reverse of a condensation reaction

22Molecules of Life4 Molecules of LifeCarbohydrates (sugars)Proteins (enzymes)Lipids (fats)Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)23CarbohydratesCarbohydratesOrganic compounds made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

Monosaccharides: monomer (building block) of a carbohydrateExamples: Glucose & FructoseAll 3 monomers have the same formula C6H12O6, but they each have different structures - isomers

GlucoseFructose24CarbohydratesDisaccharides: double sugar (two monosaccharides bonded together)The reaction that joins the two monosaccharides together is called a condensation reaction

Examples: SucroseLactose

Sucrose

25CarbohydratesPolysaccharides: made of 3 or more monosaccharides bonded togetherExamples:Glycogen (in animals): energy storageStored in liver and muscle, made of glucose moleculesStarch (in plants): energy storageMade of glucose moleculesCellulose (in plants): used for structure cell wall26ProteinsProteinsorganic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Monomer = amino acids20 different amino acidsFunctional groups of amino acids:-COOH, NH2What gives the amino acid its specific identity is its R-groupR-groups can be simple or complex

27ProteinsDipeptides are two amino acids bonded togetherThe bond between amino acids is called a peptide bondPeptide bonds are formed during a condensation reaction

28ProteinsPolypeptides: very long chains of amino acids

Form larger proteins, which are usually made of more than one polypeptide chain

29ProteinsEnzymes: Protein (or RNA) molecules that act as biological catalysts

Temperature and pH effect an enzymes activity30Enzyme ActionHow enzymes work:Induced Fit Model of Enzyme ActionEnzyme reactions depend on the physical fit between the enzyme and its substrate (the reactant being catalyzed)Active Site: portion of the enzyme that the substrate fits intoThe linkage between the enzyme and the substrate causes a slight change in the enzymes shape which puts a strain on the substrate bondsThe enzyme releases the products and remains unchanged

31LipidsLipids: large, nonpolar organic molecules DO NOT dissolve in H20Building blocks of lipids:Glycerol: Functional group = -OH

Fatty Acids: unbranched carbon-chainsFunctional group = -COOH

32LipidsFatty Acids Continued:Fatty acids can be saturated (each carbon is bonded to 4 other things full)

Fatty acids can be unsaturated (when the carbon atoms form double bonds with each other in the carbon chain)

33LipidsTypes of Lipids:Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

Phospholipids: 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, with a phosphate attached to the 3rd carbon of the glycerolMakes-up the cell membrane of cells

Hydrophilic head2 Fatty acid tails34Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids: store and transfer genetic information3 parts of a nucleic acid:Phosphate GroupSugarNitrogenous BaseThree combined forms the nucleotide2 types of Nucleic AcidsDNA: stores genetic information for an organismRNA: stores and transfers information from DNA that is needed to make proteins

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