section 1: the school logo, fonts, colours and style...

Visual identity and style guide - updated August 2014

www.lshtm.ac.ukImproving health worldwide

Section 1: The School logo, fonts, colours and style

The School logo .......................................................................................... 2History of the logo ....................................................................................... 3How to use the logo: sizes, spacing and strapline ...................................... 4How to use the logo: positioning ................................................................. 5Partnerships and collaborations ................................................................. 6 How NOT to use the logo ........................................................................... 7School fonts ................................................................................................ 8Colour palette ............................................................................................. 9

Section 2: Stationery, posters, displays and presentations

Letterheads and compliments slips .......................................................... 10 Reports, memos and faxes ....................................................................... 11 Events posters .......................................................................................... 12Newsletters ............................................................................................... 13Exhibition stands ...................................................................................... 14Presentation slides ................................................................................... 15Research posters ..................................................................................... 16

For details and comments, contact Patrick Wilson, Head of Communications 020 7927 2704 or email [email protected]

© London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 2014

www.lshtm.ac.uk 2www.lshtm.ac.uk 2

The standard logo is printed in black, shown top right. Please note that the black logo must always appear on a white background.

Where appropriate the logo may also be reversed out in white. The logo should be reversed out of solid colours and photographs rather than tints or gradients. It should not be reversed out of light colours as they will not provide enough contrast.

The logo should never appear in any other colours, apart from on franked stationery or with authorisation from External Relations.

Top right: Standard black logo

Centre right: Logo reversed out of blue, Pantone 3025

Boxed, left: Silver logo NB: an approximation of Pantone 877 is shown here, but cannot be accurately reproduced out of CMYK.

Bottom right: White logo reversed out of a photo NB: the logo should not be reversed out of photographs lighter than this.

The School logo

There will be occasions when the logo may be reproduced in Pantone 877, a metallic silver, or reproduced in silver foil block. Such items include presentation ceremony photo cards, presentation ceremony brochures, gifts and merchandise.



History of the logoThe School seal (right) was designed by sculptor and medallist Allan Gairdner Wyon FRBS RMS (1882-1962). He was a Londoner who studied at the Royal Academy Schools and exhibited at the Royal Academy, the Royal Society of Arts and the Paris Salon. He moved to Cornwall where he was Vicar of newlyn between 1936 and 1955.

The design of the seal is based on a coin of Selinus in Sicily struck in 466 BC. It shows two Greek gods associated with health – Apollo, the god of prophecy, music and medicine, and his sister Artemis, goddess of hunting and chastity, and comforter of women in childbirth – in a horse-drawn chariot. Artemis is driving while her brother the great archer is shooting arrows. The fruitful date palm was added to indicate the tropical activities of the School and also has a close connection with

Apollo and Artemis: when their mother Leto gave birth to them on the island of Delos, a palm sprang up miraculously to give her shade in childbirth.

Asclepius, Apollo’s son, was the god of ancient Greek medicine, and was frequently shown holding a staff entwined with a snake. Snakes were used in this healing cult to lick the affected part of the patient. Significantly Asclepius’ daughters were Hygeia, goddess of health, and Panacea, the healer of all ailments. Asclepius’ staff, a symbol of the medical professions, is placed at the base of the seal.

The seal was redesigned in 1990 by Russell Sewell Design Associates (top right), and this design is retained within the current School logo.



How to use the logo: sizes, spacing and straplineThe logo should always appear with the type and the chariot image in the exact proportions shown here. It should never be distorted or stretched.

The logo looks best at different sizes on different size documents. It should never be used at less than 30mm wide (shown right) and this size is suitable for business cards and small items of merchandise.

The table below may be used as a guide. If your requirements dictate another size, please contact External Relations.

Standard size: 50 mm wide (suitable for A4 portrait header)

guide To Logo SiZeS

document format document size logo width

A0 841 x 1,189mm 160mm

A1 594 x 841mm 120mm

A2 420 x 594mm 90mm

A3 297 x 420mm 60mm

A4 210 x 297mm 50mm

A5 148 x 210mm 40mm

DL 99 x 210mm 40mm

SpacingA clear exclusion zone has been defined around the logo where nothing should appear – no text, pictures or graphics. The only exception to this rule would be when the white logo is placed over a full bleed image. In this case, an area of clear copy space of at least the size of the logo plus exclusion zone should be present to accommodate the logo.

The exclusion zone is the measurement ‘x’, which is based on the distance between the baseline of “SCHooL of” and the ascenders of “& TRoPICAL”.

School straplineThe School’s official strapline is “Improving health worldwide.” It should stand alone as a footer in ITC Franklin Gothic Demi, or Arial Bold, as below:

Improving health worldwide

Minimum size: 30 mm wide (suitable for business cards)



15 February 2012

at John Snow Lecture Theatre, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Action on the social determinants of tuberculosis:are social protection interventions the way forward?

ONE DAY SYMPOSIUM

Sponsored by

Moving beyond the TB boxIn 2009 Mario Raviglione, Director of the Stop TB Department, suggested that better tuberculosis control required investment not only in diagnostics, treatment, and health systems but also in development initiatives addressing the socisl determinants of tuberculosis, including social protection interventions (such as cash transfer programmes). However, practical ideas for action are still scarcer than is notional support for this approach. This symposium will explore how this agenda should be taken forward.

In association with the LSHTM TB CENTRE http://tbsymposium.lshtm.ac.uk

How to use the logo: positioning

Position 1: ToP RIGHT

The logo should be the highest right hand element on the page.

This position should be used for:• Stationery• Prospectuses• Annual reports• Application forms• Course booklets

Position 2: BoTToM RIGHT

The logo should be the lowest right hand element on the page.

This position may be used for:• Advertisements• Magazines• newsletters

Three different logo positions are suitable for different materials. A list and examples of preferred positions are shown here, but if your item is not included please contact External Relations.

Position 3: ToP LEFT

The logo should be the highest left hand element on the page.

This position should be used for:• Website• Internal reports and documents• Exhibition boards and banners

Tackling the structural drivers of HIV

ISSUE 31 • SUMMER 2012

In this issue… New MSc degrees in Nutrition and Global Mental Health

Introducing the TB Centre

Olympics and trafficking: the myths and the evidence

The logo should not be used in any other position. It should not appear in emails at all as this medium does not provide enough control over quality.



Partnerships and collaborationsThere will be occasions when other logos will need to appear on School materials as shown in these examples.

15 February 2012

at John Snow Lecture Theatre, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Action on the social determinants of tuberculosis:are social protection interventions the way forward?

ONE DAY SYMPOSIUM

In association with

Moving beyond the TB boxIn 2009 Mario Raviglione, Director of the Stop TB Department, suggested that better tuberculosis control required investment not only in diagnostics, treatment, and health systems but also in development initiatives addressing the socisl determinants of tuberculosis, including social protection interventions (such as cash transfer programmes). However, practical ideas for action are still scarcer than is notional support for this approach. This symposium will explore how this agenda should be taken forward.

In association with the LSHTM TB CENTRE http://tbsymposium.lshtm.ac.uk

To find out more please visit www.webaddress.co.uk

Where other logos are shown on items with the School logo at the top, they should be positioned at the bottom if the School is the leading brand ...

... but if it is an equal partnership, these logos should sit to the left of the School logo at the top of the page

newstitle

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Nos expelique volo blam, simendi onsedia volore neceptatecea dolori aut dolorem experentis doluptatur atiati utati tem unt millore hentus.

Ad ut optae volum id ut quo omnimi, autem qui re ex eicid quisit adigent otatur? Molo ilic tem ullorrum etur aut doluptatur, sin plit molorrum que peratem fugit, ini dollam earchillaut lique deniasped quatius, omnimusa sitam facessi tatur, quias id min.

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Aut aruptam quidebitat ea quo endae itatum venisi

Solor simporibus suntet est intet enecuptur?

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Necab ius si ommolup itaturion

ISSUE 20 SPRING 2012Latest news from the Faculty of Public Health and Policy

In this issue…

newstitle

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Necab ius si ommolup itaturion

ISSUE 20 SPRING 2012Latest news from the Faculty of Public Health and Policy

In this issue…

PowerPoint presentations and other items that feature the School logo top or bottom right should show partner logos sitting at the bottom of the document or to the left of the School’s logo.

Improving health worldwide www.lshtm.ac.uk

For World Malaria Day 2013, the Malaria Centre presents:

A symposium on resistance

Thursday 25 April 5 – 8.30 pm John Snow Lecture Theatre Presentations and panel discussion, followed by a drinks reception Speakers include: Jo Lines, Immo Klienschmidt, Mark Rowland, Abraham Mnzava Films from the Malaria Capacity Development Consortium (MCDC) will be on show at the reception. Places limited so please confirm attendance by email: [email protected]



How NoT to use the logoThe logo is a central element of the School’s visual identity, and it is important that it is not used incorrectly.

Always use approved templates, or use the master logo to originate new artwork. Internally, this is available on the shared drive U:Download/Templates and logo and intranet http://intra.lshtm.ac.uk/extrel/style_guide/

Don’t:1 Modify or distort the logo in any way

2 Use the black logo on any coloured background

3 Separate or rearrange the elements of the logo

4 Enclose the logo within a shape or a frame

5 Box in the logo or break the exclusion zone

6 Place the logo at an angle

7 Use the logo in any other colour

8 Use the black logo over photographic images

9 Enclose the logo in a narrow strip

1 5

2

3

7

8

6

4

9



School fonts

ArialArial ItalicArial BoldArial Bold Italic

Cambria RegularCambria ItalicCambria BoldCambria Bold Italic

ITC Franklin Gothic MediumITC Franklin Gothic Medium ItiTC Franklin gothic demi

Times Bold

The School fonts have been selected to ensure that everyone internally has access to a serif font (Cambria) and a sans-serif font (Arial). Using these together creates a contrast that provides visual interest. Although there will be exceptions, we recommend the following:

Arial is a sans-serif typeface that comes with Microsoft Office and Mac software and many PostScript computer printers. The typeface was designed in 1982 by a team, led by Robin nicholas and Patricia Saunders, for Monotype Typography. With a contemporary design, Arial is now one of the most popular typefaces worldwide.

Cambria is part of the suite of fonts that comes with Microsoft Office software. It is a transitional serif font with very even spacing and proportions, strong diagonal and vertical hairlines and serifs, and smaller horizontal serifs to emphasise stroke endings. Cambria was designed by Jelle Bosma, Steve Matteson and Robin Nicholas in 2004.

Franklin gothic is a realist sans-serif typeface created by Morris Fuller Benton in 1902. It has been widely used in advertisements, newspaper headlines and books. It is held in a range of weights by most professional designers, but is not standard on MS Office or Mac, apart from restricted licences.

Times Bold (weB headings only)Commissioned in 1931 by The Times of london, the Times family of fonts was created by stanley Morison, then director of Monotype. with greater contrast and more condensed than previous newspaper types, it continues to be popular.

Using the fontsHere are some examples of how to use these fonts:

• Main headings: Arial Bold – keep main headings short, and make them as large as possible.

• Headings: A clear hierarchy of headings should be established at the outset, with more important headings awarded more space above them. Headings should only be reversed out when there is sufficient contrast.

• Introductions: These should be set in Arial regular or bold, point sizes about 25% larger than body text.

• Body copy: Arial or Cambria, point sizes generally between 9 and 12.



Colour paletteThe three primary colours have been chosen to create a consistent look and feel for the School’s materials. one or more of the primary palette colours should be used in all marketing collateral.

The secondary palette is designed to complement the primary palette and should be the first colours to be considered when deciding on a complementary colour. Tints of these colours can be used for boxed out sections or background colours at 10%, 30%, 50% and 70%. When using text over these tints it should always appear in black to ensure good legibility.

However, it is important to note that the secondary palette is a colour ‘guide’ and we would expect there to be exceptions. For example, if a design features an image with prominent colours, the designer may decide to use a colour from within the image which is more suitable.

Primary colour palette

Secondary colour palette

Pantone 021

CMYK: 0/75/90/0RGB: 242/101/49HEX: EF8E2A

70%

50%

30%

10%

Pantone 376

CMYK: 50/0/100/0RGB: 141/198/63HEX: 8FCA43

70%

50%

30%

10%

Pantone 072

CMYK: 100/88/0/5RGB: 28/63/148HEX: 2A3A93

70%

50%

30%

10%

Pantone 526

CMYK: 76/100/7/0RGB: 101/45/137HEX: 652588

70%

50%

30%

10%

Pantone 193

CMYK: 0/100/66/13RGB: 209/18/66HEX: C90044

70%

50%

30%

10%

Pantone 3025

CMYK: 100/0/9/30RGB: 0/73/110HEX: 00496E

70%

50%

30%

10%

Pantone Warm gray 8

CMYK: 0/9/16/43RGB: 162/149/138HEX: A0968A

70%

50%

30%

10%

Black

CMYK: 0/0/0/100RGB: 0/0/0HEX: 000000

70%

50%

30%

10%



Letterheads and compliments slipsPrinted headed paper and compliment slips are available from procurement and supplies. They are printed on 120gsm paper stock for overprinting on office printers. For emailing, letter templates, including multi-page letters, are available as Word downloads on the shared drive and intranet.

With compliments


London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT United Kingdom Switchboard: +44 (0)20 7636 8636

www.lshtm.ac.uk

Letters should be overprinted with approximately 18 mm margins set as shown here. Text should be in the Cambria or Arial typefaces.

1 Letter body text: Between 10pt and 12pt Cambria or Arial

2 Address position: the address of the recipient should be set flush to the left margin, approximately 5 cm from the top of the page

3 Date position: the date should be set flush to the left margin and positioned approximately 8 cm from the top of the page

4 Text position: the letter should start approximately 10 cm from the top of the page

1

2

3

4 Dear Ms Smith,

Unum, nimmo us coen tero iaest intis; in iam mori silicies pris. Maripicae, ut que actusus vivirtem ad actam consupionsul unturnu lvivilis, quium que terobsendit gra Si �icatu escie terio adducont quosto hocaucerit deorit a simaionum sid publin simurendem coenatq uodient eatussi llaris, se auderracio, quiu sed inaress olicaes sissilius huidene mnoraesse quero consil consum atus Catriss iceperi mpracer iorurnium, nicae ne face conerem hostrum eoret? Sente teris. Si ferunt? Obsedius spion dincerum re nu se considerox sentem prid curnihi, cae consimil host? Culla muncla nonst atis, P. Mae popubli cibus, in Itam pestica vehena, vident. Sed, in vertili nternum auc rei prae forit; noncum aucontum loc tandi patque tusquitum perortum achilin se, num pravo, niqua L. Oximerus, tem, nit. Fui sta mus et audemnem adeport erdien simoves trisquam no. Sp. Cupicam hore in te consunum pre ad alabes C. Si �icaed pra consult oruntrum larit.

Ucionsis, nis ipionsilis con intemquost orem, coenitam condam su que este, senatiocum opossus reci telibuniam a noternum inte ceri ingulina, cae cii se dem res hala temultod in tanum teatia pra inpri perit actudac iactum duc �irmis pratis ore haet it que tiorsupiorum non Etrum pri acidenaribus eto abena, ur, tam qui cul vitem re, nesica vitalin tic rehem rem dier�irmilii iac tasdam ad inequonfex menate nonsus, ignox ment ac resenteatil con derus re, catuam plien poendio ius clego auci proret nostimum haes? Si cere nostia? Sati, etifectus, que estimmo erumultodii postam in vidicatiu morum qui sestast ebatum.

Yours sincerely,

Professor Laura Rodrigues Head, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health T: 000 000 0000 E: [email protected]

Ms R Smith 5 Hillgate Place Balham Hill London SW12 9ER Monday 19 December 2013

Improving health worldwideImproving health worldwide


www.lshtm.ac.uk



Communications strategy & Annual Plan 2013

Contents:

1. Executive Summary 2. Strategy & context 3. Team roles & development, resources & partnerships 4. Programmes & projects 2013

4.1 Corporate communication, stakeholder & media relations 4.2 Web, digital & social media 4.3 Publications, recruitment & development support 4.4 Public engagement 4.5 Communications calendar 2013

Appendices:

1. Communications Management review 2013

2. Media evaluation report 2013

Documents such as reports, memos, faxes, agendas, minutes etc. may be set using those shown right as a guide.

Text should always be ranged left. Indents and bullets can be used to distinguish different points, and tables may be embedded.

Suggested font size

1 Main headings: Arial bold

2 Heading level 2: 14pt Arial bold

3 Body text: 11pt to 14pt Cambria or Arial

1 1 1

2 2

2

3 3

3



www.lshtm.ac.uk



www.lshtm.ac.uk

Agenda Name of committee or group Meeting title Date, time & venue: Wed 31 July 2013, 10 – 11 am, Faculty Meeting Room, Tavistock Place

Item Lead Time 1. Welcome & introduction of new

members*

10.00

2. Multimedia updates - Studio - Training etc - Study taster videos

10.10

3. Web updates - Research section - Centres & groups - Development & training

10.20

4. Library & Archives update - PhotoLibrary update

10.30

5. School symposium

11.00

6. AoB, next meeting agenda and dates 11.25


3 February 2013



Humanitarianism in the 21st century Tue 20 November 5.30 pm John Snow Lecture Theatre Keppel Street London WC1E 7HT

Guest speaker: Sir John Holmes, former Under Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, United nations Launch followed by exhibition and drinks reception

Register: http://publichealthhumanitariancrisislaunch.eventbrite.com

The Public Health in Humanitarian Crises Group brings together researchers with a focus on improving the public health of populations affected by armed conflict or natural disasters through quality research, consultancy and independent advice to relief agencies, training, and dissemination of objective, evidence-based information. We work in collaboration with governments, leading nGos and Un agencies, and our work is supported by a range of funders. http://crises.lshtm.ac.uk/

Photo: Egbert Sondorp

event postersPosters to promote events are used widely throughout the School. The nature of the events means that they will vary widely so these guidelines are not prescriptive, but it is important that these design principles are taken into account.

Posters are typically A2, A3 or A4, and the School logo should be positioned top right. Templates and design support are available on intranet and shared drives.

example 1: Text-based posters (right)

1 Main headings: These may be in Arial bold. A larger, shorter heading is preferred, with a longer strapline if necessary.

2 Text: This is a mixture of Cambria and Arial in different weights.

example 2: Pictorial posters (below) This shows how the logo, ruling line and footer strip remain fixed, while other elements can move to accommodate photos.

1

2

short titleSubtitle: quis ut atiae porro and where they are from harum la quatecabore upienihit eliqui beresedit, sitia quatusam simus alique velent


15 February 2012

By Uptaquodit quis ut porro And where they are from harum la quatecabore

Venue endaerovidis eiusand elique porum as ra derum sam qui audi in num latem


short titleSubtitle: quis ut atiae porro and where they are from harum la quatecabore upienihit eliqui beresedit, sitia quatusam simus alique velent

15 February 2012

By Uptaquodit quis ut porro And where they are from harum la quatecabore

Venue endaerovidis eiusand elique porum as ra derum sam qui audi in num latem



latestnews

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Simi sit et ullab ipsum qui 6To maioriorrum aut ellupta 6Optae volum idut quo 8








Molo ilic tem ullorrum etur aut doluptatur, sin plit molorrum que peratem fugit, ini dollam earchillaut lique deniasped quatius, omnimusa sitam facessi tatur, quias id min met volora quiatecerspe plicaepro inum dercianis pa sit omnimi, isciis aut ut aut dolum re nosam, tem excepra tiurion sequam sum que doluptaquam none ad ut volendae. Lit, ut anda ipsa quibus et modistis essinctur? Aribus. Natus et es modi debitiorro Rem condetr artiam iam vis entem in terniquo.


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ISSUE 20

AUTUMN 2013Latest news from the Faculty of Public Health and Policy

In this issue…

NewslettersIt is recognised that each newsletter needs an individually-designed masthead, and that colours are chosen to reflect the personalities of individual departments, and differentiate between publications. However, taking the following into account when designing newsletters will ensure that they remain true to our visual identity.

A4 210 x 297mm document

MarginsTop: 15mmBottom: 18mmInside: 12mmOutside: 12mmColumns: 6Gutters: 4mm

Black 2pt keylines should appear 10mm above headings to create a natural divider for the news articles

Fonts and formatting1 News article headings: These should appear in

Cambria Regular and be used at a comfortable size within the given space

2 Body text: 10pt Cambria Regular on 12pt leading

4 4 4 4 412 12

15

18

1

2



exhibition standsIn order for exhibition stands to have maximum impact, it is important not to try to carry too much text, and for images to be striking – remember that they will usually be viewed from some distance away.

This page shows a pull-up banner stand, usually approximately 800mm wide x 2000mm deep. However, specifications should always be obtained from manufacturers in advance as sizes vary.

Because exhibition boards require more flexibility the logo may appear top left or top right.

Improving health for women, children and families

Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health problems account for over nine million deaths every year, as well as lost potential for development. MARCH is a central hub for innovation, evaluation and leadership development.

march.lshtm.ac.uk

Image courtesy Felicia Webb

Image courtesy Joanna Schellenberg

Image courtesy Save the Children

Photo by Anne KoerberImage courtesy Felicia Webb

Photo by Anne Koerber


www.lshtm.ac.uk


www.lshtm.ac.uk




Presentation slidesA selection of PowerPoint templates are available on intranet and shared drive. Teaching slides have logos on the first and final slides only.

The title page can be changed to accommodate suitable titles and images, with the text page style used for the remainder of the presentation.

Text size will be influenced by contents, but keep it as large and legible as possible.

If your presentation contains numerous graphics and photographs, the lighter template is recommended to avoid the slides becoming too cluttered.

IT Services and Staff Development provide training in slide design and making presentations.

Style 1: light background Style 3: blue header

Style 2: dark background Style 3: blue header shown with partner logos

Slide title• Important point

– Illustration point

• Another important point– example


www.lshtm.ac.uk


www.lshtm.ac.uk 16

Research posters: guidelines and templates

Poster sizesThe templates are designed for size A0 (118 × 84 cm or 46 × 33 inches), which is standard for most exhibitions and conferences. They can be resized when printing to A1 and other standard sizes if this is required.

If you have any questions about poster printing at the School, contact IT Services Help Desk: [email protected].

Type stylesType styles and settings are specified within the template. Please use these styles exclusively except for charts, diagrams, maps and illustrations that demand smaller sizes.

Further guidanceThe purpose of your poster is to present your work in a form that is easily understood. Further guidance can be found in the training pack and style guides saved in the shared drive U:\Style guides, logo and templates

Templates and guidelines created by DesignScience for London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, August 2014

Text size 36pt Arial and exactly 50pt space between lines!


Text size 36pt Arial and exactly 50pt space between lines!•  Bullet text same as text size with 12pt space before

•  Bullet text same as text size with 12pt space before


References Reference text size 15pt Arial andexactly 22pt space between lines


Fig. 1 Caption size 24pt Arial and exactly 34pt space between lines


Table 1 Caption size 24pt Arial and exactly 34pt space between lines!


Space before (for multiple paragraphs):18pt

Chart heading! Chart heading! Chart heading! Chart heading!

Chart text! 00! 00! 00! 00!

Chart text! 00! 00! 00! 00!

Chart text! 00! 00! 00! 00!

Chart text! 00! 00! 00! 00!

Chart text! 00 ! 00 00! 00!

Results Conclusions

Introduction

Methods

Results

Heading size 66pt Arial bold and exactly 76pt space between lines (or larger if room) Researchers’ names 40pt Arial bold and exactly 50pt space between lines

1 Department name 24pt Arial and exactly 34pt space between lines


Methods

Introduction Text size 36pt Arial and exactly 50pt space between lines!






Results

References Reference text size 15pt Arial and exactly 22pt space between lines

Conclusions Text size 36pt Arial and exactly 50pt space between lines!

Heading size 66pt Arial bold and exactly 76pt space second line Researchers’ names 40pt Arial bold and exactly 50pt space between lines 1 Department name 24pt Arial and exactly 34pt space between lines





References Reference text size 15pt Arial andexactly 22pt space between lines



Table 1 Caption size 24pt Arial and exactly 34pt space between lines!


Space before (for multiple paragraphs):18pt

Chart heading! Chart heading! Chart heading! Chart heading!

Chart text! 00! 00! 00! 00!

Chart text! 00! 00! 00! 00!

Chart text! 00! 00! 00! 00!

Chart text! 00! 00! 00! 00!

Chart text! 00 ! 00 00! 00!

Results Conclusions

Methods

Heading size 66pt Arial bold and exactly 76pt space between lines (or larger if room) Researchers’ names 40pt Arial bold and exactly 50pt space between lines

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Introduction Results


Methods

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Results

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Good quality antimalarials are crucial for effective treatment of malaria and to limit transmission.1 Little is known of the quality of antimalarials in Afghanistan. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of antimalarials available in both public and private sectors in Afghanistan.

Substandard antimalarials in Afghanistan: a case for drugs quality assessment in resource-poor settings

Introduction


Results

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Mirza Lalani1, Harparkash Kaur1, Nader Mohammed2, Naiela Mailk1, Albert van Wyk1, Sakhi Jan3, Rishtya Kakar2, Khalid Mojadidi2, Toby Leslie1,2,3

This study has found that 32% of the antimalarials (n=37) do not comply with the USP tolerance limits for dissolution testing and will therefore not be efficacious for the patient due to reduced bioavailability of the drug(s). Hence, the recommendations for the ongoing monitoring of drug quality in Afghanistan are:

•  Technical capacity building for determining the quality of drugs

•  Continuous monitoring of drugs available in all sectors

•  Scrutiny of drug packaging to check for instructions in local languages

•  Increasing engagement of the private sector – encourage adherence to national malaria treatment guidelines.

Results

Conclusions

References Leslie, T., et al., Epidemic of Plasmodium falciparum malaria involving substandard antimalarial drugs, Pakistan, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis, 2009. 15(11): p. 1753-9. GPHF Minilab. Global Pharma Health Fund.2012. [cited 2012 February 28th]. Available from: www.gphf.org.

1 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 2 Health Protection and Research Organisation, Kabul, Afghanistan 3 HealthNet TPO, Kabul, Afghanistan

Antimalarial drug samples were collected from public and private health sectors in rural and urban locations. Five major trading hubs were purposefully selected (Fig. 1). In total 7740 individual formu-lations of antimalarials were collected. Screening of 134 selected samples was performed using the GPHF-MiniLab®.2 Definitive drug quality of chloroquine, quinine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine was assessed by laboratory analysis of the dissolution profile following United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) monographs.

Fig. 1 Study areas encompassing main trade routes into Afghanistan

Methods

A wide range of antimalarials were available, especially in the private sector including those not licensed for supply in Afghanistan (Fig. 2).

Kabul

Kunduz Kunduz

Herat Herat

Ghazni

Ghazni

Jalalabad

Nangahar

“Hospital Use Only”

“Schedule H Drug”

Fig. 2 Annotated photo of “Falcigo” (manufactured by Zydus Healthcare, East Sikkim, India), artesunate monotherapy. This drug is manufactured for use in hospitals under the prescription of a physician. It is not intended for export, and is controlled by Indian legislation.

Testing for drug quality using the MiniLab® resulted in 33 (26%) of samples failing the disintegration assessment. The failed samples as shown in Table 1, consisted of tablets of quinine (n=8, 37.5%) or chloroquine (n=25, 33%).

Number of samples tested"

VisualInspection" TLC" Disintegration Test"

Drug" Pass " Fail" Pass" Fail" Pass" Fail"Chloroquine tablets" 77" 77 (100%)" 0" 77 (100%)" 0" 52 (67%)" 25 (33%)"

Fansidar Tablets" 12" 12 (100%)" 0" 12 (100%)" 0" 12 (100%)" 0"

Artesunate Tablets" 14" 14 (100%)" 0" 14 (100%)" 0" 14 (100%) " 0"

Artemether syrup" 2" 2 (100%)" 0" -" -" -" -"

Quinine tablets" 22" 22 (100%)" 0" 22 (100%)" 0" 14 (62.5%)" 8 (37.5%) "

Quinine Injections" 6" 6 (100%)" 0" 6 (100%)" 0" -" -"

Primaquine Tablets" 1" 1 (100%)" 0" 1 (100%)" 0" 1 (100%)" 0"

Total" 134 " 134 (100%)" 0" 132 (100%)" 0" 93 (73.8%)" 33 (26.2%)"

Table 1 Findings of MiniLab® analysis

A sub-sample of 37 antimalarials was assessed for quality by in vitro dissolution testing and 32% (n=12) did not comply with the stated tolerance limits in USP monographs (Table 2). Additionally of concern is the fact that only 8.7% of drug packaging contained adequate instructions in local languages.

Compliance with tolerance limit"

Chloroquine"N=25"n (%)"

Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine"N= 9"n (%)"

Quinine"N=3"n (%)"

Total"n (%)"

Yes" 25 (100)" 0" 0" 25 (68)"No" 0" 9 (100)" 3 (100)" 12 (32)"Total" 25 (100)" 9 (100)" 3 (100)" 37 (100)"

Table 2 Quality of chloroquine, sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine and quinine following dissolution testing

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References 1. Logan JG, Birkett MA, Clark SJ, Powers S, Seal NJ, Wadhams LJ, et al. Identification of human-derived volatile chemicals

that interfere with attraction of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. J Chem Ecol. 2008;34(3):308–22.

2. Day JF, Edman JD. Malaria renders mice susceptible to mosquito feeding when gametocytes are most infective. J Parasitol [Internet]. 1983 Feb [cited 2014 Jan 15];69(1):163–70. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6338190

3. Ferguson HM, Read AF. Mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by Plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. 2004;8:1–8.

4. O’Shea B, Rebollar-Tellez E, Ward RD, Hamilton JGC, el Naiem D, Polwart A. Enhanced sandfly attraction to Leishmania-infected hosts. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2014 Jan 15];96(2):117–8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12055795

5. Cornet S, Nicot A, Rivero A, Gandon S. Malaria infection increases bird attractiveness to uninfected mosquitoes. Ecol Lett [Internet]. 2012 Mar [cited 2014 Jan 11];16(3):323–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23205903

6. Lacroix R, Mukabana WR, Gouagna LC, Koella JC. Malaria infection increases attractiveness of humans to mosquitoes. PLoS Biol [Internet]. 2005 Oct [cited 2013 Oct 31];3(9):e298. Available from: www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1182690&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract

Fig. 1 Entrainment equipment

Objectives

Introduction

Impact Odour-baited traps are receiving increasing interest for both monitoring and large-scale control of mosquito populations. However, further refinement of these synthetic lures by increasing attractiveness would be a welcome development.

If demonstrated by this study, parasite manipulation of host attractiveness may alter transmission dynamics and can be incorporated into epidemiological models accordingly.

A tool for measuring changes in volatile profile could allow non-invasive identification of malaria infection, with potential stage-specificity (particularly asymptomatic stages.

Mosquito host choice is influenced by volatile chemicals naturally emanating from the skin that can act as attractants and repellents [1].

Several studies across different host-parasite-vector systems have indicated possible manipulation of intrinsic host attractiveness by pathogens [2–6].

The aim of this project is to investigate whether Plasmodium falciparum infection alters the attractiveness of the human host to Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes by manipulating the human odour profile.

1.  Investigate qualitative and quantitative differences in volatiles produced by individuals infected with different stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and uninfected persons

2.  Identify volatile compounds that characterise these differences in odour profile

3. Add putative attractants to a current synthetic blend that competes with human odour

4. Test the attractiveness of this improved blend to Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory, semi-field and field environment

Fig. 2 Timeline for headspace entrainment of the two study populations A: Experimental infections: Nijmegen B: Natural infections: Mbita

A

B

Methods

Fig. 3 Thick / thin films for malaria diagnosis Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of GC-EAG

Project collaborators and their roles Wageningen UR: Experimental infection entrainments, Anopheles behavioural experiments in the laboratory African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE): Natural infection entrainments, Anopheles behavioural experiments in the semi-field London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: Gas chromatography (GC), Coupled GC – electroantennography, Development & behavioural testing of chemical blend Rothamsted Research: GC- Mass-spectrometry, Synthetic chemistry

Methods

Chemical signalling of malaria parasites: a call for transmission? Ailie Robinson1 Annette Busula2 Geoffrey Omondi2 Jetske De Boer3 Mike Birkett4 John A Pickett4 Willem Takken3 James Logan1 1 London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London 2 International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya

3 University of Wageningen, Netherlands 4 Rothamsted Research, London

•  Odour samples will be analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and coupled GC -electroantennography (Fig 4)

•  Chemicals of interest will be identified by GC-mass spectrometry and attractive compounds obtained commercially

•  A synthetic blend will be created and tested in the lab, field and semi-field

•  Human odour will be collected by air entrainment (Fig 1)

•  The study population comprises experimentally-infected participants (Nijmegen, the Netherlands) and naturally-infected participants (Mbita, Kenya)

•  Odour samples will be taken when individuals harbour parasites and are parasite free (Fig 2)

•  Parasitological status will be monitored by RDT, microscopy, QT-PCR and QT-NASBA (Fig 3)

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Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling has been shown to play an essential role in multiple life cycle stages of the malaria parasite. It has been implicated in late liver stage development, red blood cell schizont rupture, gametogenesis, and ookinete motility. The cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKG), the major effector of this signalling pathway, can be efficiently blocked with the small molecule (an imidazopyridine) ATP-competitive …

Quantitative phospho-proteomics of inhibitor-treated Plasmodium falciparum schizonts reveals protein…

Introduction


Methods

Results

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Christian Flueck1, Lev Solyakov2, Mahmood Alam2, Andrew Bottrill3, Sharad Mistry3, Judith L Green4, Christine S Hopp1, Anthony A Holder4, Andrew Tobin2, David A Baker1

•  This system can directly assess on/off target effects of inhibitors and identify direct PKG substrates as well as downstream events that require PKG activity. It has the potential to reveal new pathways & cellular events regulated by cGMP/PKG.

•  Myosin A Serine-19 phosphorylation is PKG-dependent since it can be induced by zaprinast and inhibited by compound 2 in wt and less so in T618Q. It’s importance for motor function.

•  Another small gatekeeper kinase (inhibited by compound 2) may also contribute to Myosin A Serine-19 phosphorylation.

•  PKG-dependent phosphorylation of a number of motor-associated proteins (MyoA, GAP45, and CDPK1) implies that this kinase is a key regulator of motor activity.

Results

Conclusions

References Collins, C. R., Hackett, F., Strath, M., Penzo, M., Withers-Martinez, C., Baker, D. A, & Blackman, M. J. (2013). Malaria Parasite cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Regulates Blood Stage Merozoite Secretory Organelle Discharge and Egress. PLoS Pathogens Donald RG, Zhong T, Wiersma H, Nare B, Yao D, Lee A, Allocco J, Liberator PA.(2006) Anticoccidial Kinase inhibitors: identification of protein kinase targets secondary to cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Mol Biochem Parasitol

1 London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London 2 MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, United Kingdom 3 PNACL, University of Leicester, United Kingdom 4 Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London

Tightly synchronised fully segmented schizonts were treated with 2 mM compound 2 (Fig. 1A) or DMSO for one hour (3 biological replicates). Parasite proteins were extracted, digested with trypsin, and labelled with isobaric TMT tags. The six samples were then combined, enriched for phospho-peptides and analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (Fig. 1B). The same experiment was performed with the inhibitor…

DMSO

+ Compound 2 [2 mM ]

48h 12h 24h 32h 42h 52h 72h hrs post invasion

Don

ald

et a

l., 2

006

/ Mer

ck R

esea

rch

Labo

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ries

Fig. 1A Compound 2 structure and effect on P. falci-parum schizonts

Fig. 1B Schematic of sample preparation for comparative global phospho-proteome analysis

0"

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3" 9" 27" 81" 243" 729" 2187" 6561" 19683" 59049" 177147" 531441"

OD

492

phospho-specificity of anti MyoA pS19 antibody"

phospho-peptide

75

37

T0

T1

T1+C

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anti-MyoA pS19

anti-GAPDH

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T1

T1+C

2

3D7 T618Q

kDa

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150

100

anti-MyoA pS19

anti-GFP

+C2 +E64

Fig. 2 (left) Decrease of MyoA-S19 phosphorylation in response to compound 2. Mean median fold changes in phospho-peptide abundance in inhibitor-treated samples compared to untreated. (Error bars = stdev.) Fig. 3 (below) osin A phospho-Serine 19-specific antibody for target validation. A. ELISA showing discriminative power of the phospho-antibody. B. Confirmation of mass-spec result by immunoblot C. Blocking schizont rupture by compound 2 but not E64 inhibits MyoA S19 phosphorylation

A B

C

Methods

Only phospho-peptides detected in all biological replicates and conditions in both the 3D7 wild-type and 3D7/PKGT618Q mutant samples were included in the analysis. The median fold change in abundance in response to compound 2 was determined for each phospho-peptide in the wild-type and the mutant.

For a comprehensive list of phospho-peptides changed in response to compound 2 please see Poster # 61. A Myosin A phospho-peptide phosphorylated at Serine 19 was consistently down in abundance in the Inhibitor-treated wild-type samples compared to untreated (mean median fold change 0.415) and less so in the mutant (0.684) arguing for a partly PKG-dependent phosphorylation of this…

To validate Myosin A serine 19 phosphorylation (pS19) as a PKG-dependent event we raised antibodies against a MyoA phospho-peptide encompassing the pS19 phospho-site (Genosphere). Antibodies were tandem-purified on a phospho-peptide and a non-phospho-peptide column. The antibody discriminates well between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated peptide. (Figure 3A.

Segmented 3D7 and 3D7/PKGT618Q schizonts were treated with 2 mM compound 2 for one hour, harvested and assessed for the presence of Myosin A phosphorylated at Serine 19 by immunoblot.

Research posters: examples of good design 3

•  Dried blood spots (DBS) provide a robust, inexpensive, convenient method of collecting and storing blood samples in the field.1, 2

•  DBS can be used as a source of antibodies for serological assays such as ELISA and as a source of DNA for PCR.1, 2

•  Quality of DBS depends on both collection and storage conditions.

•  Variation in DBS quality affects the amount and quality of recoverable antibody, which can have adverse effects on subsequent serological assays.

•  Sample selection – from Tanzania where collection quality varied. – contaminated with various environmental moulds from Vanuatu. – collected in Mozambique and stored under different conditions.

•  ELISA to detect Intact vs total IgG in a sample

•  ELISA to Detect Malaria Specific Antibodies

Malaria antigen (AMA1 or MSP1-19) bound to plate (4°C, overnight); plates blocked with 1% skim milk in PBS + 0.05% Tween20 (3 h room temp.); samples added (4°C, overnight); Rabbit anti human IgG-HRP added (3 h room temp.); developed using TMB.

GαH IgGFab

Sample

Goat anti human IgGFc-HRP

Intact

IgG

Fab

Fc

Total Goat anti human IgG-HRP

Sample

GαH IgGFab

Introduction


Methods

Results “Good” spots – bled through paper, > 3 mm diameter

“Bad” Spots – not bled through paper, < 3 mm diameter, mouldy

Front Back

Front Back

Fig. 1 Examples of both “good” and “bad” DBS. Spots which have been excised are indicated by an arrow.

0

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40

50

60

70

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ct Ig

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g/m

l)

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Fig. 2 The quality of the DBS (bled through or not) impacts on the recoverable amount of intact IgG from the sample.

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•  There is significant difference (p < 0.0001) between the amount of intact IgG eluted from samples that were either collected properly (bled through) or not (Fig. 2)

•  If the quality of the DBS is poor there seems to be a slight bias toward lower OD values (Fig. 3).

•  It is important to ensure the DBS are correctly collected, as poor quality DBS result in significantly lower levels of eluted IgG and may bias results towards a lower malaria antigen specific ELISA.

•  Ensuring storage and shipping conditions is vital as elevated temperatures and humidity may result in a “baking” effect or mould contamination, respectively. These both result in unusable samples, which need to be discarded.

Results

Conclusions

Fig. 5 Storage at elevated temperatures, results in a “baking” effect, whereby the IgG contained on the DBS is no longer able to elute. This can be judged visually (see inset images) or more accurately by measuring the amount of eluted intact IgG by ELISA.

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Stored at elevated temperature Stored at < 4°C

Sample Sample

Fig. 3 The quality of the DBS (bled through or not) may bias the obtained malaria specific OD towards lower values.

•  Mould and incorrect storage of DBS can dramatically impact on the integrity of the eluted sample. In this case DBS contaminated with mould show reduced amounts of intact IgG (Fig. 4).

•  Storage under elevated temperatures can result in a ‘baking’ effect where the IgG is no longer able to elute from the DBS (Fig.5).

ama OD msp OD

Den

sity

Den

sity

not bled through

good spot

not bled through

good spot

References 1. Corran, P. H., Cook, J., et al. (2008) Dried blood spots as a source of anti-malarial antibodies for epidemiological studies. Malaria Journal 7: 195 2. Smit, P. W., Elliot, I., et al. (2014) An overview of the clinical use of filter paper in the diagnosis of tropical diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 90(2): 195–210

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Inta

ct Ig

G (m

g/m

l)!

Sample"

Fig. 4 Mould and incorrect storage conditions can result in IgG degradation.

Sample

To

tal l

gG (m

g/m

l)

1 Dept of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Does blood spot quality make a difference? Dabbs, R. A., Hall, T. , Drakeley, C. J.1

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