section 2–2: physical properties coach kelsoe physical science pages 45–51
TRANSCRIPT
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Section 2–2:Physical Properties
Coach KelsoePhysical Science
Pages 45–51
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Objectives
• Describe physical properties of matter.• Identify substances based on their physical
properties.• Describe how properties are used to choose
materials.• Describe methods used to separate mixtures.• Describe evidence that indicates a physical change is
taking place.
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Examples of Physical Properties• A physical property is any characteristic of a material
that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substances in the material.
• Viscosity, conductivity, malleability, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and density are examples of physical properties.
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Viscosity• Then tendency of a liquid to
keep from flowing (or the resistance to flowing) is called its viscosity.
• Honey has a high viscosity, while water has a low viscosity.
• The viscosity of a liquid usually decreases when it is heated.
• We talk about viscosity a lot when talking about motor oil.
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Conductivity• A material’s ability to allow heat to flow is called
conductivity.• Materials that have a high conductivity, such as metals,
are called conductors.If a material is a good conductor of heat, it is usually also a good conductor of electricity.
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Malleability• Malleability is the ability of
a solid to be hammered without shattering.
• Most metals are malleable.• The opposite of malleability
is brittleness.• Gold is malleable. Glass is
brittle.
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Hardness• One way to compare the
hardness of two materials is to see which of the materials can scratch the other.
• When you sharpen a blade, the sharpener must be harder than the blade itself.
• Diamond is the hardest known material.
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Melting and Boiling Points• The temperature at which a substance changes from a
solid to a liquid is its melting point.• The temperature at which a substance boils is its boiling
point.Melting and Boiling Points of Some Substances
Substance Melting Point Boiling Point
Hydrogen -259.3°C -252.9°C
Nitrogen -210.0°C -195.8°C
Ammonia -77.7°C -33.3°C
Octane -56.8°C 125.6°C
Water 0°C 100.0°C
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Density• Density can be used to test the
purity of a substance. It is the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume.
• Density is used to test the purity of methanol, which is used in some racing motorcycles.
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Using Physical Properties• People use data about physical properties to solve many
different types of problems.• Physical properties are used to identify a material, to
choose a material for a specific purpose, or to separate the substances in a mixture.
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Using Properties to Separate Mixtures
• Some properties can be used to separate mixtures.
• There are many ways to separate a mixture, but two of the most common ways are by filtration and distillation.– Filtration is a process that separates
materials based on the size of their particles.
– Distillation is a process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points.
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Recognizing Physical Changes• A physical change occurs when
some of the properties of a material change, but the substances in the material remain the same.
• Melting butter, crumpling paper, dying hair, slicing apples, or chopping wood are examples of physical changes.
• Some physical changes can be reversed, while others can not.
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Vocabulary
• Physical property• Viscosity• Conductivity• Malleability• Melting point• Boiling point• Filtration• Distillation• Physical change
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