section 24-1 section 24.1 nuclear radiation summarize the events that led to understanding...
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Section 24-1
Section 24.1 Nuclear Radiation
• Summarize the events that led to understanding radiation.
• Identify alpha, beta, and gamma radiations in terms of composition and key properties.
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Section 24-1
Section 24.1 Nuclear Radiation (cont.)
radioisotope
X ray
penetrating power
Under certain conditions, some nuclei can emit alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.
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The Discovery of Radiation• Nuclear reactions are different from other types of
reactions.
• Minerals that emit light after being exposed to sunlight, a phenomenon called phosphorescence.
• Nuclear chemistry is concerned with the structure of atomic nuclei and the changes they undergo.
• Marie Curie and her husband Pierre isolated the first radioactive materials.
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• Radioactivity : The process by which materials give off spontaneous emissions “rays” without exposed to the light.
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Section 24-1
The Discovery of Radiation (cont.)
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Section 24-1
Types of Radiation• Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have
different numbers of neutrons.
• Isotopes of atoms with unstable nuclei are called radioisotopes.
• Unstable nuclei emit radiation to attain more stable atomic configurations in a process called radioactive decay.
• The three most common types of radiation are alpha, beta, and gamma.
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Section 24-1
Types of Radiation (cont.)
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Section 24-1
Types of Radiation (cont.)
• Alpha particles have the same composition as a helium nucleus 2
4He—two protons and two neutrons.
• Because of the protons, alpha particles have a 2+ charge.
• Alpha radiation consists of a stream of particles.
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Section 24-1
Types of Radiation (cont.)
• Alpha radiation is not very penetrating—a single sheet of paper will stop an alpha particle.
• A radium-226 nucleus undergoes alpha decay to form radon-222 and an alpha particle
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What is the number of protons and neutrons in radium-226 and radon-222?
Radium-226: 88 protons, 138 neutrons; Radon-222: 86 protons, 136 neutrons
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Section 24-1
Types of Radiation (cont.)
• Beta particles are very fast-moving electrons emitted when a neutron is converted to a proton.
n→ p + β
• Beta particles have insignificant mass (almost zero) and a 1– charge.
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Section 24-1
Types of Radiation (cont.)
• Beta radiation is a stream of fast moving particles with greater penetrating power—a thin sheet of foil will stop them.
• An iodine-131 nucleus undergoes beta decay to form xenon-131 and a beta particle
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• How does beta decay affect the mass number of the decaying nucleus?
• The mass number does not change .
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Section 24-1
Types of Radiation (cont.)
• Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation.
• Gamma rays (short wavelength) are photons, which are high-energy
• Gamma rays have no mass or charge so the emission of gamma rays does not change the atomic number or mass number of a nucleus.
• Gamma rays almost always accompany alpha and beta radiation.
• X rays are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from certain materials in an excited state.
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Q: Compare and contrast X-rays and gamma rays.
X-rays are emitted from materials that are in an excited state. Gamma rays are produced by radioactive sources.
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Section 24-1
Types of Radiation (cont.)
• The ability of radiation to pass through matter is called its penetrating power.
• Gamma rays are highly penetrating because they have no charge and no mass.
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A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 24-1
Section 24.1 Assessment
Why do radioisotopes emit radiation?
A. to balance charges in the nucleus
B. to release energy
C. to attain more stable atomic configurations
D. to gain energy
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A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 24-1
Section 24.1 Assessment
X rays are most similar to what type of nuclear emissions?
A. gamma rays
B. alpha particles
C. beta particles
D. delta waves
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• Q1: List the different types of radiation and their charges.
• alpha (2+), beta (1-), and gamma (0)
• Q2: Compare the subatomic particles involved in nuclear and chemical reactions.
• Protons, electrons, and neutrons can be involved in nuclear change; only electrons are involved in chemical change.
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• Q3: Explain how you know whether the reaction is chemical or nuclear when an atom undergoes a reaction and attains a more-stable form.
• If the new, more stable form of the atom has an identity different from the original atom, a nuclear process has occurred.
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A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
STP 1
Which statement is NOT true of beta particles?
A. They have the same mass as an electron.
B. They have a charge of 1+.
C. They are less penetrating than alpha particles.
D. They are represented by 0-1β.
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End of section 24.1