section 3 – ecological communities
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Section 3 – Ecological Communities. Producers and Consumers. Energy: the ability to do work Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another Solar Energy – Thermal Energy – Absorbed by a Beach or a Dark T-Shirt - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Section 3 – Ecological Communities
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Producers and ConsumersEnergy: the ability to do work
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to anotherSolar Energy – Thermal Energy – Absorbed by a
Beach or a Dark T-ShirtAll energy in the world remains constant (like the
amount of matter in the world)Primary Producer: an organism that can
capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it; also called autotroph
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Energy from the SunPhotosynthesis: the process by which primary
producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars, releasing oxygen
Primary ProducersGreen PlantsAlgaeCyanobacteria
6CO2+6H2O+light energy ->C6H12O6(sugar)+6O2
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Energy From ChemicalsChemosynthesis: the process by which
bacteria use energy stored in bonds of hydrogen sulfide to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars
Deep Sea Vents – communities of organismsNo SunlightPrimary Producers use energy stored in Hydrogen
Sulfide H2S, to make Carbon Dioxide and Water
6CO2+6H2O+3H2S -> C6H12O6(sugar)+3H2SO4
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ConsumersConsumer: an organism that relies on other
organisms for energy and nutrients; also called heterotroph
Cellular Respiration: the process by which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars, producing carbon dioxide and water
C6H12O6(sugar)+6O2 -> 6CO2+6H2O+energyOpposite of Photosynthesis
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Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores
Primary Consumers: organisms that consume producers, most are herbivoresHerbivore: an organism that eats plants
Secondary Consumers consume Primary Consumers, and so on. Most are carnivoresCarnivore: an animal that kills and eats other
animalsOmnivore: an animal that eats both plants
and animals
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Detritivores and DecomposersDetritivore: an organism (e.g., a millipede or
soil insect) that scavenges the waste products or dead bodies of other community membersScavengers: large detritivores, like vultures
Decomposer: an organism (e.g., a fungus or bacterium) that breaks down nonliving matter into simple parts that can be taken up and reused by primary producers
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Energy and BiomassTrophic Level: a rank in a feeding hierarchyPrimary Producers
Primary ConsumersSecondary Consumers
Tertiary ConsumersNo process of energy conversion is 100%
efficientGasoline burned in an engine, 14% is used
to move the car down the road, the rest is converted to thermal energy and released (“lost”) as heat.
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Energy Transfer in Communities
10% Rule: each trophic level contains just 10% of the energy of the trophic level below it
Primary Producers = 100 calories10 calories available to level 21 calorie to level 30.1 calories to level 4
Eating lower trophic level food (fruits and veggies) rather than consumers (meat) decreases a person’s ecological footprint.
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Numbers and BiomassBiomass: the total amount of living tissue in a
trophic levelGenerally, there are fewer organisms at higher
trophic levels.A mouse eats many plants in its lifetime.A snake eats many mice.A hawk eats many snakes.
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Food Webs and Keystone Species
Food Chain: a linear series of feeding relationships
Energy transferred from species on lower trophic levels to species on higher trophic levels
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Food WebsFood Web: a visual map of feeding
relationships and energy flowEcological systems far more complex than linear
chains
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Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species: a species that has a strong or
wide-ranging impact on a communityThe wedge at the top of the arched stone structure,
if you take it out the whole thing collapses.Sea otters eat Urchins – Urchins eat Kelp
In the 1990’s, sea otter population declined Urchin population increased Kelp “forest” declined dramatically
Trophic Cascade: predators at high trophic levels (sea otters) indirectly help organisms at low trophic levels (kelp) by limiting populations at intermediate levels (urchins)
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