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Page 1: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Section 3:Section 3:The Enlightenment The Enlightenment

SpreadsSpreads

Page 2: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

A World of IdeasA World of Ideas• Intellectual Life in Paris

– Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s

– City is home to salons – gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas

Page 3: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Other Female Salons►Wealthy Jewish women created nine

of the fourteen salons in Berlin.

►In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania.

►Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.

Page 4: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

A Parisian Salon

Page 5: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

Page 6: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

The Salonnieres

Madame GeoffrinMadame Geoffrin(1699-1777)(1699-1777)

MademoiselleMademoiselleJulie de LespinasseJulie de Lespinasse

(1732*-1776)(1732*-1776)

MadameMadameSuzanne NeckerSuzanne Necker

(1739-1794)(1739-1794)

Page 7: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is
Page 8: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia• French philosophe Denis Diderot

begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751– Set of books to which Enlightenment

thinkers contribute essays• Encyclopedia articles anger French

government, Catholic Church• Encyclopedia helps spread

Enlightenment ideas across Europe

Page 9: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia• It was intended to question

everything: that almost anything could be understood through reason

• Subject matter covered politics, religion, arts, science

• Its articles attacked religious intolerance, political corruption and inequality

Page 10: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

• Reactions to it:– Government and Church saw it as

a threat– Government had it censored and

halted production– The Pope pronounced

excommunication on those who read or bought it

Page 11: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Diderot’s Encyclopédie

Page 12: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

The Encyclopédie

► Complete cycle of knowledge…………...…change the general way of thinking.

► 28 volumes.

► Alphabetical, cross-referenced,illustrated.

► First published in 1751.

► 1500 livres a set.

Page 13: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Page 14: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Page 15: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Page 16: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Page 17: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Reading During the Enlightenment

►Literacy: 80% for men; 60% for women.

► Books were expensive (one day’s wages).

►Many readers for each book (20 : 1) novels, plays & other literature.

journals, memoirs, “private lives.”

philosophy, history, theology.

newspapers, political pamphlets.

Page 18: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

An Increase in Reading

Page 19: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

An Increase in Reading

Page 20: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

“Must Read” Books of the Time

Page 21: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

New Artistic StylesNew Artistic Styles• Neoclassical Style Emerges

– Pre-Enlightenment style is baroque – grand ornate design

– Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes

Page 22: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Baroque MusicBaroque Music

• Representative Composers–Antonio Vivaldi– Johann Sebastian Bach–George Friedrich Handel

Page 23: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)• Representative

Works– Most famous work

Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in 1723.

– 46 operas– 76 sonatas– Chamber music– Sacred music

Page 24: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)(1685-1750)

• Representative Works– cantatas– chorales– organ works– lute music– chamber music– canons and fugues

• Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”

Page 25: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

George Frederick Handel George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)(1685-1759)

• Representative Works– 42 operas– 29 oratorios– 120 cantatas, trios, duets– numerous arias– chamber music

• Most famous work:Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.

Page 26: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Changes in Music and LiteratureChanges in Music and Literature

• Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style– Led by composers such as Haydn,

Mozart, Beethoven• Novel emerges; works of fiction with

detailed plots and characters• Samuel Richard’s Pamela is

considered first true English novel– Focused on family life and everyday

problems of love, marriage, and morality

Page 27: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Classical MusicClassical Music

• Representative Composers– Joseph Haydn–Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart–Ludwig van Beethoven

Page 28: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)• Known as “Father of the

Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet”

• Representative Works

– 104 Symphonies– numerous

concertos for various instruments

– 15 operas– other music

Page 29: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)(1756-1791)

• Representative works– 23 operas– numerous

symphonies• “Toy Symphony”

– concertos• “Flute concerto no. 2 in

D Major, K 314”

– piano music– chamber music– sacred music

• masses

Page 30: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven• Representative

Works– Symphonies (5th

and 9th probably the most famous)

– Piano music• “Fur Elise”

– Vocal music• Operas• Choral music

Page 31: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is
Page 32: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is
Page 33: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Enlightenment and Enlightenment and MonarchyMonarchy

• Enlightened despots– Monarchs that embrace Enlightenment

values to strengthen their rule

Page 34: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great

– Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and the justice system

– Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom

Page 35: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Joseph IIJoseph II

• Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press

• Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death

Page 36: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

• Enlightened ruler of Russia 1762-1796

• Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails

• Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs

Page 37: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

Catherine Expands RussiaCatherine Expands Russia• In foreign affairs, Catherine

successfully expands Russian empire• Gains port access for Russia by

seizing northern coast of Black Sea• Seizes large parts of Poland,

increasing Russia’s size

Page 38: Section 3: The Enlightenment Spreads. A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris –Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s –City is

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