section 8-1 photosynthesis - jones-biofull... · section 8-2 photosynthesis: reactants and products...

1

1Ph

oto

syn

the

sis

Photosynthesis converts light energyinto chemical energy

Plants and some other

types of organisms (all of

which are autotrophes) are

able to use light energy

from the sun to produce

food2

Saving for a Rainy Day

Suppose you earned extra money by having a part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to spend all of the money, but then you decide to open a bank account.

1. What are the benefits of having a bank account?

2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money?

3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities?

4. What does your body do when it needs energy?

Section 8-1

Interest Grabber

3

8–1 Energy and Life

A. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Section 8-1

Section Outline

4

Autotrophes•These form the base of all ecosystems

•Use energy from the sun to produce

C6H12O6 (sugar/food) from CO2 + H2O

(carbon dioxide + water)

– These are called photoautotrophes

(>99% of all producers)

•Some use the energy stored in the chemical

bonds of inorganic molecules

– These are called chemoautotrophes (<

1% of all producers)

2

5

Heterotrophes

•Upper levels of trophic level pyramids are

made up of these animals, protists, some

bacteria and some fungi.

•These are the consumers – they get their

energy from food they consume (either

plants or animals)

On which trophic level do

these herbivores belong?

6



B. Chemical Energy and ATP

1. Storing Energy

2. Releasing Energy

Section 8-1

Section Outline

7

Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Section 8-1

Parts of the ATP molecule:

8

ADP ATP

Energy

EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Section 8-1

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

Storing energy by adding energy and phosphate to ADP

3

9

ADPATP

Energy

Energy

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Section 8-1

Releasing energy by “subtracting” a phosphate from ATP

10

ADP ATP

Energy

EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Section 8-1

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and

ATP to a Battery

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

11

Adding energy allows a phosphate to

be added and the energy is stored in

the bond

12



B. Chemical Energy and ATP

1. Storing Energy

2. Releasing Energy

C. Using Biochemical Energy

Section 8-1

Section Outline

4

13

Using ATP in the cell

•Active transport

•Synthesis

–Proteins

–Nucleic acids

•Produce light!! 14

Trapping Energy

Have you ever used a solar-powered

calculator? No matter where you go, as long

as you have a light source, the calculator

works. You never have to put batteries in it.

Section 8-2

Interest Grabber

15

1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows

along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light

energy converted so that the calculator works?

2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into

what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants?

3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts

that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green?

4. What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to

convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes?

Section 8-2

Interest Grabber continued

16

8–2 Photosynthesis: An Overview

A. Investigating Photosynthesis

1. Van Helmont’s Experiment

2. Priestley’s Experiment

3. Jan Ingenhousz

Section 8-2

Section Outline

5

17

Van Helmont’s Experiment

•In the 1600s, the Belgian physician Jan van Helmont devised

an experiment to find out if plants grew by taking material out

of the soil.

– determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small

seedling

– He watered it regularly. At the end of five years, the

seedling, which by then had grown into a small tree, had

gained about 75 kg

– The mass of the soil, however, was almost unchanged.

– Conclusion? That most of the gain in mass had come

from water, because that was the only thing that he had

added.

– (the carbon for carbohydrates comes from the CO2 in the

atmosphere)

18

Priestley’s Experiment

• 1771- Priestley took a candle, placed a glass jar over it, and

watched as the flame gradually died out.

– Something in the air, Priestley reasoned, was necessary

to keep a candle flame burning.

– When that substance was used up, the candle went out.

– That substance was oxygen.

•Priestley then found that if he placed a live sprig of mint under

the jar and allowed a few days to pass,

– the candle could be re-lighted and would remain lighted

for a while.

– The mint plant had produced the substance required for

burning.

– In other words, the mint released oxygen.

19

Jan Ingenhousz’s Experiment

•1779 - Dutch scientist Ingenhousz

showed that the effect observed by

Priestley occurred only when the plant

was exposed to light.

–The results of both Priestley's and

Ingenhousz's experiments showed

that light is necessary for plants to

produce oxygen. 20

8–2 Photosynthesis: An Overview

A. Investigating Photosynthesis

1. Van Helmont’s Experiment

2. Priestley’s Experiment

3. Jan Ingenhousz

B. The Photosynthesis Equation

C. Light and Pigments

Section 8-2

Section Outline

6

21

What is the basic equation for

photosynthesis?

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6+ 6O2Water plus carbon dioxide plus light yield sugar and oxygen

22

Light Energy

Chloroplast

CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Section 8-2

Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products

23

Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

V B G YO R

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll a

Section 8-2

Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption

24

B

A

This is the visible spectrum

of light (what we can see)

(One billionth (10-9) of a meter)

7

26

A Look Into the Future

It is 100 years in the future and you are a research scientist. An enormous volcanic eruption has recently sent huge quantities of dust and ash into the atmosphere.

In your notes, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following:

1. photosynthesis

2. plant life

3. animal life

4. human societies

Section 8-3

Interest Grabber

27

8–3The Reactions of Photosynthesis

A. Inside a Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Section Outline

28

Structure of Chloroplast

Thylakoid

Stroma

Grana

Inner membraneouter membrane

29

8

30 31

32

Chloroplast

Light

O2

Sugars

CO2

Light-Dependent Reactions

CalvinCycle

NADPH

ATP

ADP + P

NADP+Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Video 3

Click the image to play the video segment.

Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1

9

Video 4


Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2

35



B. Electron Carriers

Section 8-3

Section Outline

NADP+ +2e- + H+ NADPH

NADPH

36

NADPH carries

high energy

electrons

(ATP is a more

stable

molecule used

for cellular

processes) 37

Photosynthesis

includes

of

take place intakes place in uses

to produce to produce

use

Light-dependentreactions

Calvin cycle

Thylakoidmembranes Stroma NADPHATPEnergy from

sunlight

ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energysugars

Section 8-3

Concept Map of the rxns of photosynthesis

CO2H2O

10

38




C. Light-Dependent Reactions

Section 8-3

Section Outline

39

Hydrogen

Ion MovementPhotosystem II

Inner

Thylakoid

Space

Thylakoid

Membrane

Stroma

ATP synthase

Electron

Transport ChainPhotosystem I ATP Formation

Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions

40





D. The Calvin Cycle

Section 8-3

Section Outline

41

ChloropIast

CO2 Enters the Cycle

Energy Input

5-Carbon

Molecules

Regenerated

Sugars and other compounds

6-Carbon Sugar

Produced

Section 8-3

Calvin Cycle

11

Video 1


ATP Formation

Video 5


Calvin Cycle

44





D. The Calvin Cycle

E. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Section 8-3

Section Outline

45

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:

light intensity

12

46


Temperature

47


CO2 concentration & water

Video Contents

Follow up:

Fill in Concept Map (due at end of period)

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section 8-1 photosynthesis - jones-biofull... · section 8-2 photosynthesis: reactants and products...

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