section outline do now in what ways are you like your parents? which traits do you think you...
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Section Outline
Do Now In what ways are you like your
parents?
Which traits do you think you inherited ?
Section 16-1
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Section Outline
Agenda• Test on evolution 40 minutes
( worksheet and notes allowed)
• Powerpoint: Chapter 16 Evolution of populations
16-1. 16-2 (take notes)
Section 16-1
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Section Outline
EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS Genes and Variation 16–1
Section 16-1
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TODAY we can understand how evolution works better than Darwin ever could because of our knowledge about
____________ and ________genes DNA
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A _______________ is a group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
POPULATIONREMEMBER !
http://www.millan.net
http://www.3kitty.org/travelrama/Photos/123-21-4x6.jpg
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Because members of a population interbreed, they share a common group of genes called a ___________
A gene pool consists of ____________ present in a population, including all the different _________.
GENE POOL
ALL the genes
alleles
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Sample Population
48% heterozygous
black
36% homozygous
brown
16% homozygous
black
Frequency of Alleles
allele for brown fur
allele for black fur
The ____________________ is the number of times that an allele occurs in the gene pool compared to the occurrence of other alleles in the gene pool.
relative frequency
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
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IN GENETIC TERMS __________________
is any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population
If the relative frequency of the B allele in this mouse population changed over time to 30%, the population is evolving.
EVOLUTION
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
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BIOLOGISTS can now explain how the _____________ that DARWIN saw is produced!
A __________ is any change in aa sequence of _______
SOURCES OF MUTATIONS:__________________________
_____________________
__________________
mutationDNA
Mistakes in replication
variation
Chemicals
http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/scd_background.html
Radiation
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Mutations that change phenotype can affect an organism’s ____________ (ability to survive and reproduce)
fitness
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In real populations, phenotypic ratios are determined not only by which allele is _____________, but by _______________ of the allele in the population
FREQUENCYDOMINANT
Presence of widow’s peak in population can be less common even if it is DOMINANT!
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_______________ traits are controlled by two or more genes.
POLYGENIC
A bell shaped curve is typical of polygenic traits
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
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EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS Evolution as Genetic Change
16–2
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Each time an organism reproduces, it passes its genes on to the next generation.
So __________ = success in passing on genesFITNESS
http://www.cleanfunny.com/pics/animal-giraffe-mother-baby-kiss-kissing.jpg
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EX: A population of normally brown lizards. Mutations produce new color choices.
If red lizards are more visible to predators, they
might be less likely to survive.
____________________ on single-gene frequencies can lead to changes in ____________________ and thus to EVOLUTON
NATURAL SELECTION
Bird image from: http://www.germanlis.com/creatures/TN_bird_eating_fish.JPGChart from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
ALLELE FREQUENCIES
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Do NowWhat is your height?
Create a table with the height of each student in the class and use that information to make a line graph
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
h
Student Name Height
Height
4 5 6 7 Feet
Example of line graph
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When traits are controlled by _______ than one gene, the effects are more complex.
Remember ______________ traits show a bell-curve distribution
more
POLYGENIC
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
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The ___________ of individuals near each other will not be very different, but fitness may vary from one end of curve to the other.
FITNESS
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
Where fitness varies, ________________ can act!
NATURAL SELECTION
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Natural selection can affect thedistribution of phenotypes in 3 ways:
______________________
______________________
______________________
DIRECTIONAL selection
STABILIZING selection
DISRUPTIVE selection
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DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
Individuals at _____________ of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in middle or at other end.
Graph shifts as some individuals fail to survive at one end and succeed and reproduce at other
ONE END
Low mortality, high fitness
High mortality, low fitness
KEY
Food becomes scarce.
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Beak size varies in a population
Birds with bigger beaks can feed more easily on harder, thicker shelled seeds.
Suppose a food shortage causessmall and medium size seeds to run low.
Birds with bigger beaks would be selected for and increase in numbers in population.
EXAMPLE OF DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
http://www.animalbehavior.org/ABS/Stars/ONI/Podos_-_finch_graphic.jpg
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STABILIZING SELECTIONGraph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
Individuals in _____________ of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end
Graph stays in same place but narrows as more organisms in middle are produced.
CENTER
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Human babies born with low birth weight are less likely to survive.
Babies born too large have difficultybeing born.
Average size babies are selected for.
EXAMPLE OF STABILIZING SELECTION
http://www.animalbehavior.org/ABS/Stars/ONI/Podos_-_finch_graphic.jpg
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DISRUPTIVE SELECTIONGraph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
Individuals at _____________ of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in middle.
Can cause graph to split into two. Selection creates __________________PHENOTYPES
EXTREMES
TWO DISTINCT
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Suppose bird population lives in area where climate change causes medium size seeds become scarce while large and small seeds are still plentiful.
Birds with bigger or smaller beaks would have greater fitness and thepopulation may split into TWO GROUPS. One that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds.
EXAMPLE OF DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
http://www.animalbehavior.org/ABS/Stars/ONI/Podos_-_finch_graphic.jpg
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In a small population this random change in allele frequency based on chance is called _________________GENETIC DRIFT
Genetic drift can occur when a _______ group of individuals colonizes a _____habitat.
small
new
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Filson.html
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A situation in which allele frequencies change as a result of themigration of a small subgroup of thepopulation = _________________FOUNDER EFFECT
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
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Chapter 16 Test Wednesday
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
Agenda 1. Standardized Test Prep Page
415Complete questions 1 through 102. Vocabulary: Chapter 18 page
447Taxonomy, binomial
nomenclature, genus, taxon, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
Home workPage 450 questions 1 through 3