seculska 2007 - determinarea microflorei din aer (polonia)

8/2/2019 Seculska 2007 - Determinarea Microflorei Din Aer (Polonia)

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Original Research

Polish J. of Environ. Stud. Vol. 16, No. 4 (2007),

Introduction

Mst pp spn vr 90% f tir ivs inrs:

in ss, fcs, an scs [1], wr t ar x- ps t sm inr nvirnmnta factrs (biar-

s) tat innc tir at an psica cnitin.Tfo t b ow tt doo

micrb stis in rcnt ars [1-14]. T aim f tstud ot oy tmto of t bo moo-

ganisms bt as tir inticatin an t trmina-

tin f factrs inncing biars cmpsitin in-

d t oom.

Bigica cntaminatin f inr air is mstcas b bactria, ms an ast. T can b an-

ou pto v but ty o t

om ubt mfu fo t. T dfft

ins f txic mtabism prcts, fr xamp mc-

txins [4, 11, 15,]. epimigica stis sw tat t otto of moom t b

argnic; wvr, smtims vn vr w cncn-tto of om ptu moom u

sris isass. It is spps tat abt 30% f at pobm vt to t doo quty t ut of

a man rganisms ractin t ms [10]. Fnga racan b aars fr at, particar in rms witating, vntiatin an air-cnitining (hVAC) sstms[10, 11, 16-18] an can br argis [4, 5, 16-19], SBSsmptms (“sic biing snrm”) casing irritatinf mcs mmbrans, ba psica cnitin, tirnss,aacs, vrtig, cras f cncntratin, mmran intcta wr abiit [10, 19, 20], rmatsis, r-

spiratr isass (incing astma) [4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 17]an cancrs [4, 5, 9, 10, 12-14, 21]. T amnt f pat-

moom doo t outdoo

[1, 11, 22, 23].

Microbiological Quality of Indoor Airin University Rooms

M. Stryjakowska-Sekulska, A. Piotraszewska-Pająk*, A. Szyszka, M. Nowicki,

M. Filipiak

Cair f Bicmistr an Micrbig, Pna univrsit f ecnmics,a. Nipgści 10, 60-967 Pna, Pan

Received: September 27, 2006 Accepted: March 11, 2007

Abstract

A st n inr air micrbigica cntaminatin in varis rms f nivrsit biings in Pna,Pan, is prsnt. Invstigatins wr cnct in t pri Sptmbr-octbr 2002 an t sam pri in 2003. Air samps wr tan twic a a: in t mrning an in t aftrnn. In a f t tst p mutp owt of bt d ft of moud po w obvd ftoo.

T pdomt bt d moud otd fom vttd mp w: Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., Serratia spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., Cladosporium pp. d

Alternaria pp. amo t mob t p of pto d toy moom

w dttd.

Keywords: inr air, micrbigica qait, airbrn bactria, airbrn fngi, bimass

*Crrspning atr; -mai: [email protected]

623-632



Stryjakowska-Sekulska A. et al.624

S far tr av bn n Pis stanars r gi-

ins fr micrbigica qait f inr air. Frtrmr,tr isn’t an erpan unin irctiv arssing tis;trfr, it is assm t b bas n particar erpancntris’ rqirmnts an scintic prpsitins [24].

aod to ut swd qumt t umb of 500 cn-frming nits (cf) f bactria an 300 cf f fnga sprs in 1 m3 b ptd doo vo-

mnt [25]. espcia air cntaminatin cas b fngi istan int cnsiratin bcas f tir xtrm angr -s innc n man at. hwvr, it can b ntictat ring t ast 20 ars pinins cncrning inncsfnga spr amnts in t inr air f varis ins f rms av vari [26]. Accring t Br t a., in 1979xpsr f 20 cf/m3 t vr 700 cf/m3 o mfu f-

fct [27]. Cncsins swn in T Ntrans RsarcMts in Bigica Inr Air Ptin (1989) scrib

t amnt f fngi vr 104

cf/m3

o t mout of p-ticar spcis f m vr 500 cf/m3 dou fo

at. In 2001 t Amrican Instria hgin Asscia-

tin (AIhA) pbis a prpsitin f giins fr tamnt f fnga sprs in iffrnt inr nvirnmnts,fr xamp rsintia an cmmrcia biings. Gi-

in fr rsintia biings ar ss tan 500 cf/m3 d fo

cmmrcia biings ar ss tan 250 cf/m3 [26]. otr cntris’ rqirmnts ar simiar. In Brai tta amntf airbrn micrrganisms (spcia fngi) in ncsspac sn’t xc 750 cf/m3 [28]. In hng kngg micrbigica cass air s inc ss tan 1000cf/m3 f bactria. If it incs ss tan 500 cf/m3 –

is cassi as xcnt [29]. In Singapr rqirmnts fr doo quty tty db otto of bt

n t maximm v f 500 cf/m3 [23].

T aim f tis wr is ng-trm bsrvatin f moboo quty of doo td oom

f nivrsit biings cat in t cntr f Pna,w toud of pop pd v ou tudy-

ing an wring in ncs spacs vr a an

wr micrbigica qait f inr air can in- t t d py odto. T pub-

to pt pmy ut of doo tudy

cnct in 2002 an in 2003. T st mbrac amumt of t otto of bt d fu

t of td oom d mob ompoto

of t .

Materials and Methods

Micrbigica qait f inr air was invstigat

in sct nivrsit rms spci in Tab 1.Tta nmbr f mspiic arbic bactria, ast anmoud t of td oom w dtmd u

kc simntatin mt accring t Pis StanarPN 89/z-04008/08 [30]. Air micrrganisms wr sttgravitatina irct n t Ptri pats wit ntri-nt mia an xps in samping pints fr a pri f tim. T nmbr f micrrganisms xprss as CFu/m3 was stimat accring t t qatin [30]:

CFu/m3 = a · 10000/p · t · 0.2

w:

a – t nmbr f cnis n t Ptri pat p – t srfac f t Ptri patt – t tim f Ptri pat xpsr

Tab 1. Caractristic f samping rms.

ivttd oom Mar *

ctt of oom numb of

Ptri issfom o

pot

numb of

Ptri iss ino mp

numb of

tta Ptrid

a

[m2]cubtu [m3]

numb of

po

ltu oom1 a 253 1391.5 230 24 (x 2) 10 480

ltu oom2 B 104.7 418.8 120 24 (x 2) 6 288

cm botoy c 68.6 184.5 18 24 (x 2) 3 144

lby d 362.8 870.7 24 (x 2) 5 240

rd oom e 2064 9690 24 (x 2) 10 480

dan’s fc F 32.1 94.4 4 24 (x 2) 3 144

ct g 229.1 673.6 300 24 (x 2) 15 720

Tot h 11 39.6 24 (x 2) 3 144

codo i 115.5 339.6 24 (x 2) 4 192

Tot 48 59 2832

* Smb s in grs 1 an 21 ltu oom wt vtto ytm2 ltu oom wtout vtto ytm



Microbiological Quality... 625

Rsts btain b kc simntatin mt ar ssut t to fom mpto mtod wt t u of

an air sampr. hwvr, t simntatin mt is stiqit ppar in Pan an sm tr cntris [6, 12,14, 31-33]. T mt s nt rqir xpnsiv instr-

mntatin, it is cap an simp an it is rcmmn bPis Stanars. Simntatin mt s nt prmitxact qantitativ trminatin, sm arir bsrvatinspotd tt ut of dmtto mtod uuy

t umb obtd wt t u of mp

[14, 31]. hwvr, ata cct b simntatin mtow t dw of ot ouo o typ of mo-

rganisms prsnt in t air an can giv a rg apprxi-mto of bt d fu otto.

Fo t dtmto of moom t

f invstigat rms Ptri iss wr xps fr 15mints. Tr wr 12 sris xaminatins ma. A

samps wr tan in Sptmbr (bfr t bginningf t acamic ar) an octbr (ring acamic ar)in tw rnning ars – 2002 an 2003. Tr wr tw

pris in a a f taing samps. T rst n in tmo fom 730 a.m. t 8 a.m. (bfr t bginning f

ctrs) an t scn n in t aftrnn frm 230 p.m.

t 3 p.m. (bfr t n f ctrs). T tta nmbr f samps was 2,832.

T foow moboo md w ud:

– yast extract Agar (Mrc) t trmin t tta

nmbr f bactria;– Sabra Agar mim wit 2% f gcs (Mrc)

fr qanticatin f fngi;– Cap-dxa Agar (BTl) fr amnts fngi in-

ticatin.Ptri iss wr incbat fr 24–48 rs at 37oc

(t trmin t tta nmbr f bactria) an fr 10as at 25oC (t nmrat fngi). Rsts wr swn bcn frming nits in 1 m3 f air (cf/m3).

Bactria wr inti b tr arras. T rst n – macrscpic stimatin (scriptin f cn). Tscn n – micrscpic stimatin (ing b Gram

an Scaffr-Ftn mt). T tir n – bicmi-ca tsts accring t bactria cassicatin accring tBrg [34].

diagnsis f amnts fngi was bas n stima-

tin f mrpgica fatrs f grwt n Cap m-

Tab 2. Micrbigica air cntaminatin insi nivrsit rms.

ivttd oomTim f taing

mp

Tot umb

of bt

[cf/m3]

numb of

amnts fngi[cf/m3]

2002 2003 2002 2003

ltu oom1mo 3.9 x 102 6.3 x 102 5.2 x 102 3.3 x 102

ftoo 5.2 x 102 8.8 x 102 2.6 x 102 2.6 x 102

ltu oom2mo 1.3 x 102 3.6 x 102 2.6 x 102 2.3 x 102

ftoo 3.2 x 102 8.8 x 102 5.2 x 102 2.6 x 102

cm botoymo 1.2 x 102 1.1 x 102 1.6 x 102 0.9 x 102

ftoo 6.5 x 102 3.8 x 102 3.9 x 102 5.2 x 102

lbymo 1.3 x 102 3.6 x 102 2.6 x 102 1.3 x 102

ftoo 2.6 x 102 2.6 x 103 2.6 x 102 3.0 x 102

rd oommo 1.3 x 102 8.7 x 102 1.3 x 102 1.1 x 102

ftoo 1.3 x 102 1.7 x 103 1.1 x 103 8.0 x 102

dan’s fcmo 1.3 x 102 7.8 x 102 2.6 x 102 2.0 x 102

ftoo 1.3 x 102 9.1 x 102 3.9 x 102 4.0 x 102

ctmo 2.6 x 102 6.6 x 102 1.3 x 102 1.3 x 102

ftoo 1.0 x 103 1.5 x 103 2.6 x 102 2.3 x 102

Totmo 1.4 x 103 1.4 x 103 2.6 x 102 2.6 x 102

ftoo 2.3 x 103 3.3 x 103 7.8 x 102 5.6 x 102

codo mo 2.6 x 102 1.1 x 103 1.0 x 103 2.0 x 102

ftoo 1.3 x 103 1.7 x 103 1.0 x 103 2.0 x 102

1 ltu oom wt vtto ytm2 ltu oom wtout vtto ytm




dum w o moop obvto od to

amnts fngi stimatin gi [35].

Results

Variatin f Micrrganism Cncntratins in tAir f univrsit Rms

T v v of moboo otm-

to d vttd uvty oom ow T-

b 2. T nmbr f micrrganisms (bactria an fngi) doo vd wdy t wo pod.

T tta nmbr f mspiic arbic bactria in 2002rang frm 120 t 2300 cf/m3, wi t tta nmbr f fngi rang frm 130 t 1100 cf/m3 an in 2003 it var -i frm 110 t 3300 cf/m3 an frm 90 t 800 cf/m3,

ptvy.Micrrganism cncntratins in t air varis nt n t ou of o but o touout t dy.

av umb of bt d fu pt -

doo of dfft oom mo d ftoo

ring bt ars f stis wr cmpar in Figs. 1 an2. In 2002 a cncntratin f bactria in invstigat c-

tr rms was igr tan fnga cncntratin, wrasin 2003 a fnga minatin was bsrv. In mrnings bt d fu otmto w wy ow

tan in aftrnns. Tr was n xcptin – a vnti-td tu oom. rut of tud t oom owd

wr amnts f ms in 1 m3 of ftoo tin mrnings (abt 50% ss in 2002 an 22% ss in2003). Vr intnsiv bactria grwt in aftrnns wasbsrv in t crrir (in 2002 bactria cncntratinin aftrnns was 5 tims igr tan in mrnings), in tcantn (in 2002 abt 4 tims igr in aftrnns tanin mrnings), in t ibrar raing rm (in 2003 abt7 tims igr in aftrnns tan in mrnings) an int cmica abratr (in 2002 amst 5.5 an in 2003

– 3.5 tims igr in aftrnns). T rst f air samps prsnt wr bactria grwt ring t a, i.. 1.3t 2.5 tims igr in aftrnns tan in mrnings. T

t owt of fu otmto du ftoowas bsrv in t cmica abratr (in 2003 – 5.8tims igr in aftrnns tan in mrnings) an in t i-

brar raing rm (in 2002 – 8.5 an in 2003 – 7.3 tims

Fig. 1. Cncntratin f bactria in air insi sct nivr -

sit rms in 2002 (A) an in 2003 (B): A – vntiat ctrrm, B – nn-vntiat ctr rm, C – cmica abratr,d – ibrar, e – raing rm, F – dan’s fc, G – cantn,h – tits, I – crrir

Fig. 2. Cncntratin f amnts fngi in air insi sct

nivrsit rms in 2002 (A) an in 2003 (B): A – vntiatctr rm, B – nn-vntiat ctr rm, C – cmicaabratr, d – ibrar, e – raing rm, F – dan’s fc,G – cantn, h – tits, I – crrir




igr in aftrnns tan in mrnings). In t rmainingair samps t v f fnga grwt was wr, i.. pt 3 tims igr tan in mrnings.

Vto otto of bt d fu t

of td oom bot y of tud w ow

in Figs. 3 an 4. In 2003 a istinct incras f bt bactriad fu otto t tu oom w obvd

n t at f t pning acamic ar (Fig. 3). Rigtft t tm t mob otto w owd.

on ar arir, variatins wr nt s p. dramatic but tt of bt t t b of t

dm y w obvd bot vttd y

in tits (Fig. 4), wras t fnga cncntratin wasstab an pt at a mc wr v.

smutou tr air stis [36] in t vicinit f nivrsit biings ma it pssib t stimat t I/orati (t inr/tr cncntratin rati) fr invsti-

gat nivrsit rms. T I/o ratis fr bt bactriad fu mot vttd oom w t of

0.1–0.7 an t wr awas wr in t mrnings tanin t aftrnns. Tg tr was an xcptin – a vn-

tiat ctr a wr I/o ratis bsrv in t aftr -nns (0.4 in 2002 an 0.3 in 2003) wr wr tan in tmrnings (0.8 in 2002 an 0.4 in 2003). extrm ig

vas f I/o ratis in aftrnns racing 1.3–3.5 wrfn in 2003 in t fwing rms: ibrarian ningrm an raing rm, cantn, crrir an tits.

Qaitativ Anasis f Air in univrsit Rms

Micrbigica qait f inr air is crat nt n by tot otto of bt d fu but by t

prsnc f sm particar micrrganism spcis, wic vy mpott fo t t of pop oupy t

rm. Anasis f bactria ra cmpsitin in invsti-

td uvty oom vd domt otbutoof bt fom t foow : Micrococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp. (.g. Staphylococcus

aureus), Sarcina spp., an Serratia pp. ao om gm

tv bt bo to Escherichia u w

isat frm inr air f tits. Qait caractristicsf fnga ra isat frm t air f catina rmsowd domt otbuto of u p of fu

i: Cladosporium spp. (.g. Cladosporium herbarum), Penicillium spp. (.g. Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicil-

lium viridicatum d Penicilluim expansum), Aspergillus

spp. (.g. Aspergillus niger d Aspergillus avus). Gn-

Cladosporium herbarum, Alternaria alternata, Mucor

spp., Rhizopus nigricans d Epicoccum pp. pvd

in a cantn an a crrir. Bt qaitativ as w asqantitativ variatins f micrra ring t a wrbsrv an tis is prsnt in Figs. 5, 6 an 7 as a pt otbuto of ptu p of fu

ttd oom mo d ftoo.

Discussion

In t fac f a ac f an fcia rfrnc imitfr micrbigica qait in inr air it is ifct t

f intrprt r rsts. hwvr, n f t vaab popo of f dt w o-d rdt

limit Vas (RlV) prsnt b Górn an dtiwicn t Who exprt Mting in Brin, 2002 [22]. Tnmbr f bactria ra fn in nivrsit rms in2002 ar tt an ppr imit f ts rfrnc va-s, wras in 2003 t smtims xc tis imit(5000 cf/m3). T fnga cncntratin was nt igr tan prps RlV imit (5000 cf/m3) bt it vrt inamst a cass t v f 250 cf/m3 – t mt po-

pod by t am idut hy aoto

2001 [26].

ling at t variatins f micrrganism cncn-tto t wo vttd pod t y to o-

t p of fu t of t tu oom

d bt tot t t tm of t op of t

Fig.3. Variatins in micrbia cncntratins in vntiat c-

tu oom.

F.4. Vto mob otto tot.




Fig. 5. M spcis minating in t vntiat ctr rm in 2002 (A, B) an 2003 (A1, B1):A, A1 - in t mrning; B, B1 - in t aftrnn; A, B: 1 - Cladosporium spp., 2 – Penicillium spp., 3 - Monilia spp., 4 - Mucor spp.,5 - Acremonium spp.; A1, B1: 1 - Cladosporium spp., 2 - Aspergillus spp., 3 - Penicillium spp., 4 - Mucor spp., 5 – Alternaria spp.,6 - antr spcis

Fig. 6. M spcis minating in t stnts cantn in 2002 (A, B) an 2003 (A1, B1):A, A1 - in t mrning; B, B1 - in t aftrnn; A, B: 1 - Cladosporium spp., 2 - Penicillium spp., 3 - Mucor spp., 4 - Rhizopus spp.,5 - Aspergillus spp., 6 - Alternaria spp. ; A1, B1: 1 - Cladosporium spp., 2 - Penicillium spp., 3 - Aspergillus spp., 4 - Rhizopus pp.




dm y. T pomo udby ot-

wit an apparanc f a nw signicant micrbigi- otmto ou – tudt ttd tu.

T um body w ot tu p fo

ow moom. sto top btw

ccpant nsit, man activit an micrrganismsotto t doo w potd w

[12, 31, 37]. Tiva et al. [37] fn t igst bactriacncntratin in avi ppat wrpacs. In scst t v of bt otmto w dttd

in t crrir an in rms. dring ssns an aftr s-sns t nmbr f micrrganisms was mc wr [12].i t vtto jut ft t ot pod of

moom otto t of vttd

oom du d of mob otmto w

obvd otd wt t ow dop t outdoo

fn in para stis nar nivrsit biings [36].examinatin f t tr air as sw tat micr-

om otto t outdoo d wt

t w invstigat pri an in 2002 a prvancof fu w obvd. h moud otto

invstigat rms in 2002 cmpar t 2003 can b

xpain b tir ig cncntratin in t tr air.on t qait f bactria an fnga ra in t air f tits (Fig. 4) was mc ss innc b tr air otmto. coty to outdoo d vttd

tits signicant minating micrrganisms wr bac-

tria amnting cp f tsans cf/m3, wras tv of moud po otto d t mout

f a fw nr cf/m3. In 2003 bactria minat ttr air, spcia at t trn f Sptmbr an oc-

tbr. Bactria cncntratin was abt 5 tims igr in 2003 tan in 2002. It is prbab cnnct wit twatr cnitins prvaiing at tat pri f tim, vrcnciv t infctins (i.. rapi tmpratr cras att bginning f stis pri frm 22°C t abt 7°C in

t mdd of t pod d qut tv umdtyat 70% [36]).

it y ptd tt moboo o-

tratin in t inr air is simiar t t tr vas,wic mans tat t inr/tr cncntratin rati(I/o) is cs t 1. In r stis t I/o ratis fr bt bt d fu mot vttd oom w ow

tan tis va, spcia in t mrning tim. T sit-

atin bsrv in t vntiat ctr a (wr I/oratis in t aftrnns wr wr tan in t mrnings)is vinc f a prpr vntiatin sstm. extrm igvas f I/o ratis in t aftrnns fr ibrarian ning

rm an raing rm, cantn, crrir an tits can b xpain b t fact tat a ts pacs ar mst f t tm ovowdd wt vto. it m ou of

micrbigica cntaminatin tr. hwvr, b cm-

Fig. 7. M spcis minating in t raing rm in 2002 (A, B) an 2003 (A1, B1)A, A1 - in t mrning; B, B1 - in t aftrnn; A, B: 1 - Cladosporium spp., 2 - Penicillium spp., 3 - Mucor spp., 4 - Scopulariopsis

spp., 5 - Rhizopus spp.; A1, B1: 1 - Cladosporium spp., 2 - Alternaria spp., 3 - Mucor spp., 4 - Penicillium spp., 5 – Scopulariopsis

pp.




paring btain avrag vas f I/o ratis wit ts prps b Siqira (I/o ≤ 1.5 = g; I/o = 1.5 p t2.0 = rgar; I/o > 2 = pr inr ambint cnitins)[28, 38] inr ambint cnitins in tst rms can btmtd tvy .

In 2002 a signicant grwt f s-ca “tr ms” sprs Cladosporium pp. w obvd ft-

nns, racing smtims vn tns f prcntags. Int y Cladosporium pp. pvd t outdoo .

i t of uvty t tvy o-

tto of po Rhizopus spp. was fn in mrnings, itscntribtin in t air cam p t 58% in 2002 an 33%in 2003. Rhizopus spp. is a tpica “inr m.” hw-

vr, an nsa ig cncntratin f tis m in tt m fom fut d vtb ud fo pp-

tin f mas. In aftrnns, micrbigica cmpsitinof t t t w domtd by ot typ

“inr ms” gnra i Penicillium spp., Aspergillusspp., Mucor spp. an “tr m” Cladosporium pp.

As a scn tpica “tr m” Alternaria pp.

ppd t of vttd ftoo.

T po of bot Cladosporium d Alternaria

m d t ou of t dy t of

tu d ot oom oupd by my pop

vd of otuou put of moom fom

outd v vt pop.

In t air f t ibrar raing rm a vr spcicmoud u – Scopulariopsis pp. w wy foud but

n in mrnings. It is ifct t xpain tis pnm-

o but mo dtd to b vovd to

t pobm bu Scopulariopsis pp. mjo u

f ncmcsis [39-41].Prsnt rsts prvi vinc tat ig cncn-

tratin f fngi in atmspr can innc micrbigi-ca inr air cntaminatin. Bfr t bginning f tacamic ar s-ca “tr ms,” i.. Clado-

sporium spp., an Alternaria pp. domtd t doo

of vttd oom d t otto m

stab. hwvr, ring t acamic ar a signicantvto of fu t w obvd d

otto of bot Cladosporium pp. d Alternaria

spp as w as s-ca “inr ms” gnra i As-

pergillus spp., Penicillium pp. o Mucor pp. w ow- tdy du t dytm. i otto

f fnga sprs ring ctrs in t crs f t a,py to fom t Cladosporium pp. d

Alternaria spp., can av a ba innc n at anmood of tudt d t ty t oom.

aod to tud t moboo qu-

ty of doo fomd by two m fto: mo-

boo ompoto of outdoo d doo m-

crbia srcs [1, 2, 10-13]. otr air is vr mcinnc b nvirnmnt, sasn, t watr an vndytm.

data prsnt in tis wr prvis vinc tat pop oupy o vt od p py dom-

t o t to of doo moboo-

vomt. T t owt of moom

umb t ou of t dy w otd t o-

rir, cantn, cmica abratr an t ibrar – tmot ovowdd p. it m tt oom ttd-

b man visitrs wi b xtrm xps t ris f ig micrbia cntaminatin. obvis, t prsnc f

ood vtto ytm d bud mt tosm xtnt t innc f inr srcs.

Conclusions

1. Inr air cntaminatin in invstigat nivrsitoom ud by mop ob bt vd

frm 120 t 2300 cf/m3 in 2002 an frm 110 t 3300cf/m3 in 2003. Cntaminatin cas b fngi varifrm 130 t 1100 cf/m3 in 2002 an frm 90 t 800cf/m3 in 2003.

2. T micrbigica qait f t air in invstigatrms was iffrntiat an cang signicant t ou of t dy. i ftoo t ot-

to of bt d mu mo fu d fw

tims. T n xcptin was t vntiat ctrrm, wr t micrbigica cmpsitin f t w tb wt t dy d v ptd

tnnc t fa. T incras v f fnga rain sfcint vntiat rms c b a rasn fr ou t pobm of pop oupy to

oom.

3. In 27% f samps t nmbr f bactria in inr air xc t v f bactria cntaminatin f tr air. Amst 23% f tst inr air sampsowd fu otmto t outdoo

. amo otd fu t w o toy

argnic an txic spcis sc as Cladosporium

herbarum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus avus, Aspergillus versicolor , Aspergillus niger , an Penicil-

lium expansum.

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