security and welfare: l'aquila
TRANSCRIPT
Prof. David AlexanderCESPRO - University of Florence
Security and Welfare:the View from L'Aquila, Italy
Disaster riskreduction
Incidentmanagement
Population(community)protection
Plans,procedures,protocols
Humanand materialresources
Hazardforecasting,monitoring,
etc.
Analysis
• registered• archived• forgotten• ignored
Vulnerabilitymaintained.-
• utilised• adopted• learned
Disasterriskreduced
+
LessonsPast
events
The process ofdisaster riskreduction(DRR)
What is welfare?
The provision ofcare to a minimumacceptable standardto people who areunable adequately to look afterthemselves.
But we also needto focus on what welfare is NOT...
• magnitude 6.3, duration 25 seconds
• acceleration on hard rock 0.3g,on soft sediments 0.7-1.0g
• part of an earthquake swarmthat has lasted many months
• the first earthquake withepicentre very near a majorurban centre in Italy since 1915.
The L'Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009
• 308 deaths
• 1,500 injuries: 202 serious,550 moderate, 750 light
• 67,000 homeless survivors
• 100,000 buildings seriously damaged
• 16 towns devastated, 33 damaged.
Impact of the L'Aquila earthquake
• c.21,000 people in tents for summermonths, April-September 2009
• c. 22,000 people in hotels,some far away from L'Aquila
• rapid construction of transitionalaccommodation for 65% of survivors.
Government policy on shelter
• 4,600 apartments in 184buildings on 19 sites
• €280,607 per apartment (€3,875per square meter of living space).
C.A.S.E. - Complessi AntisismiciSostenibili ed Ecocompatibili
• standard prefabs without base isolation
• 54 sites, half of them in L'Aquila city
• 8,500 people accommodated.
M.A.P. - Moduli abitativi provvisori
• social fragmentation leads todepression, isolation and marginalisation
• total lack of services and transportation
• induced dependence on private transportwithout infrastructure improvement
• exclusion of single person 'families'.
Problems with CASE and MAP sites
• stagnation of reconstructionthrough lack of funds and planning
• political paralysis andintimidation by central government
• massive rise in unemployment
• local inflation, especially of house rents
• loss of basic services.
Problems with L'Aquila recovery policy
The L'Aquila recovery process is driven byshort-term political expediency, leading
to the repetition of ancient policy errors,particularly lack of democratic governance
Organisation Resources
Self-organisation
Imposedorganisation
Volunteerism
Community disaster planning
Laws, protocols, directives
Standards, norms, guidelines
Communityresources
Governmentalresources
Donations
International resources
Earth-quake
Politicalresponse
National
Regional
Local
Permanentreconstruction
Bad(functionalproblems)
Good(functionalitymaintained)
Elections
Public imageof politicians
Amelioration
Political impact on reconstruction
Suff-ering
Reco-very Transitional
housing and settlement
2009->: Neoliberalism or moreassistentialism? Vote garnering
versus economic stringency.
1908: Liberalism - the state isnot a big source of disaster relief
1980: Assistentialism - the stateis a major source of largesse.
Without participatory governance,disasters can open a Pandora's box
of irrational, debatable, deleterious,noxious and arbitrary consequences.
Public participation indecision making
Governmentpaternalism
Inclusiveoutcomes
Socialexclusion
Discontent
Satisfaction
Discontent
...or...