security basics beginner module 1 · diy benefits • installation by user saves on labour costs...

SECURITY BASICS BEGINNER MODULE 1

SWANNSECURITY CAMPUS

LEARNSELL GRO

W

ACADEMY

SWANN SECURITY CAMPUS

SECURITY BASICS - BEGINNER MODULE 1

SECURITY BASICS BEGINNER MODULE 1



Security Made Smarter

MODULE OUTLINESwann at a Glance 4What is DIY Security? 5Why People Buy DIY Security 6Why Buy Security for Homes? 7Why Buy Security for Businesses? 8Think Like a Thief 9Think like a thief: Outside 10Think like a thief: Inside 12Beyond CCTV 13What is the Right System? 14What Needs to Be Considered? 15Types of Resolution: It Can Get Confusing 16Why Choose HD (720p & 1080p)? 17Why Choose a Wired System Over Wireless? 18Wi-Fi & Wire-Free: What’s the Difference? 19Wi-Fi & Wire-Free: Smart Series 20What is Infrared Night Vision? 21Motion Detection 22Remote Viewing 23Meet the Updated SwannView Link App 24DVRs vs NVRs 25DVRs vs NVRs – Cabling 27Bullet Cameras 28Dome Cameras 29Exploring Our Range 30What’s On the Box 31What Else Is On the Box? 32Questions You Can Ask Your Customer 34Top DIY Security Terms You Need to Know 35Course Exam 38



SWANN AT A GLANCE• #1 in market share in the UK & globally*

• Leaders in the category since 1987

• Free 24/7 tech support with multi-lingual operators

• Free 12 month warranty with the ability to register & extend online

• Advertising & merchandising support

• Product development including smart home integration

* Source: IHS Research: World Market for DIY Video Surveillance Equipment, November 2014 & Amended November 2015



WHAT IS DIY SECURITY?BEFORE DIY

• Installation by security companies

• Monitoring by security companies

• Ongoing fees to security companies

• People you don’t know (staff from security companies) can look into your home / business

DIY BENEFITS• Installation by user saves on labour costs

• User is in control: product & infrastructure owned by user

• Choice of a one off installation cost with no ongoing fees or subscribe to paid monitoring services

• Private: only you or authorised users can see the video

• Ease of use, convenience, customisation

DIY = Do It Yourself



WHY PEOPLE BUY DIY SECURITYPEOPLE PURCHASE DIY SECURITY BECAUSE IT’S

EasyDo-it-yourself, easy to install & use

AffordableValue for money solutions

with no ongoing fees

Peace of MindHave peace of mind by seeing

& protecting what matters most

SECURE, WITH EASE

DO-IT-YOURSELF

DeterrencePrevent unwanted activity

before it happens

ConvenienceSee what’s happening 24/7 using

the latest technology

EvidenceHave a video record in the event that

something unwanted happens



WHY BUY SECURITY FOR HOMES? • Protection – protect your valuables and loved ones

• Monitoring – watch over your loved ones, like kids or pets

• Deterrence – prevent crime with visible security items

• Peace of mind – feel comfortable to check in as you please

Protection

Monitoring

Deterrence

Peace ofmind



WHY BUY SECURITY FOR BUSINESSES? • Protection – protect your investment & staff

• Monitoring – watch over your staff and clientele

• Deterrence – prevent theft from store rooms and warehouses

• Evidence – hand over tangible evidence to law enforcement

Look over a cash

register

Protect your staff

Deter theft from store rooms and

warehouses

Provide evidence of break-ins



THINK LIKE A THIEF

“All I wanted is to be home alone, at someone else’s home”I just wanted to go in quietly and do my thing.

I don’t want to be seen.I don’t want to be heard.

I don’t want any attention.I don’t want to be recorded.I don’t want to be identified.

I don’t want to leave any evidence.



1)

Any lights on inside the house?

2)

Is there a lot of mail accumulated?

3)

Any window open to jump in?4)

Is there anyone around to see me?

5)

Is the grass very high?

6) Is the outside of the house well lit?

7)

Are there cameras anywhere?

8) Are there tools to help me break in?

THINK LIKE A THIEF: OUTSIDE Q: What would discourage you from intruding into the house?A: Being seen & identified. As a thief, you don’t want any attention.



THINK LIKE A THIEF: OUTSIDE Q: What would discourage you from intruding into the house?A: Being seen & identified. As a thief, you don’t want any attention.

Cameras“I’ll be seen & recorded. I could be identified”View remotely from your phoneSet up motion sensor recordingSee during the nightHand evidence to police

Video Doorbells“They’ll see me before I attack”See visitor before opening doorMake it ring with motion detection

Sensors & Alarms“This will draw attention to me. I’ll be seen”Combine Motion Sensors + Sirens & DoorbellScare off unintended visitors at 3 am

Bullet cams are conspicuous &

dissuade intrudersBullet cams are conspicuous &

dissuade intrudersThis cam can be within reach. Dome cams are

harder to vandalise due to its shape

Video doorbell lets you screen visitors

A loud Siren will draw attention and scare off

intruders

Infrared sensors can be paired with Siren &

Doorbell and also send notifications to smartphones

Window sensors can be paired with Siren and also send notifications

to smartphones



Camera aimed at door. Motion detection &

phone alerts

Schedule stereo to go off to simulate presence

while you’re away

Add sensors to windows & pair them to a siren and

set up phone alerts

Add door sensors & pair with siren and set up

phone alerts

Cameras“I’ll be seen & recorded. I could be identified”View remotely from your phoneSet up motion sensor recordingSee during the nightHand evidence to police

Infrared Sensors“This thing will detect me even in the dark”Monitors temperatureAlerts phone of motionCan make doorbell ring

Smart Plugs“Maybe there’s someone inside”Schedule appliances to go on/offTurn appliances on/off remotely from phone

Monitor home temperature and detect change

Schedule lamps to go on to simulate presence

THINK LIKE A THIEF: INSIDE Q: What would discourage you from intruding into the house?A: Being seen & identified. As a thief, you don’t want any attention.



BEYOND CCTVSwann is not only CCTV…

Swann's Security Systems Provide Peace of Mind



WHAT IS THE RIGHT SYSTEM?

Wireless/Wired AnalysisDo you want to view your home fromanywhere on your phone?

Handyperson Skills?Are you comfortablewith basichandyman tasks?

Renting or Temporary InstallationDo you own your home or do you rent anapartment?



WeatherResistant

Colour Day Night Vision CCDHigh Res

Wireless Audio No AudioWiredCMOSMed Res

B&WIndoor Use

Colour WBor or or or or or

WeatherResistant

Colour Day Night Vision CCDHigh Res

Wireless Audio No AudioWiredCMOSMed Res

B&WIndoor Use

Colour WBor or or or or or

Resolution Wires Sound

WHAT NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED?



HOW RESOLUTIONS WERE NAMED

WIDTH 960H = 960 pixels wide x 480 pixels high. Older res but Swann still sells a few 960H items.

HIGH DEFINITION STARTS FROM THIS POINT ON:

HEIGHT 720p | 1MP = 1280 wide by 720 high. [High Definition]

HEIGHT 1080p | 2MP = 1920 wide by 1080 high. [Full High Definition]. Blu-Ray quality

PIXELS 3MP = 2048 x 1536 = 3,145,728 pixels. Rounded to 3MP [Super HD]. 52% more pixels than 1080p (Full HD)

PIXELS 4MP = 2560 x 1440 = 3,686,400 pixels. Rounded to 4MP. [Super HD] as well 81% more pixels than 1080p (Full HD) & 4 x > 720p

WIDTH 4K | 8MP = rounding of the 3840 width. Height is 2160 [Ultra HD | UHD] 4x more pixels than 1080p (Full HD). Available in 2017

4K3840 x 2160

4MP2548 x 1440

3MP2048 x 1536

1080P1920 x 1080

720P1280 x 720

960H960 x 480

TYPES OF RESOLUTION: IT CAN GET CONFUSINGResolutions (1080p, 3MP, 4K) are inconsistently named after different image attributes:• Width• Height• Total number of pixels (rounded to Megapixels)



WHY CHOOSE HD (720P & 1080P)?To enjoy the sort of image quality you are used to seeing on your flat screen TV with 1080p HD resolution on live & recorded video See license plates, facial detail, wider angles, sharper image quality & more

zoo mingThe higher the resolution, the more you can zoom in into identifiable details with

the DVR / NVR menu system

Faces Licence Plates Clothing Colours

While 720p is HD and 1080p is Full HD, in the case of 3MP & 4MP, both are called Super HD, while 4K is Ultra HD

Why go Super HD (3MP and higher)?If 720p and 1080p are already HD, why would I want Super HD (3MP, 4MP)?Answer in one word:



WHY CHOOSE A WIRED SYSTEM OVER WIRELESS?

Wireless Solution1. Good solution for apartments or temporary install2. Easier to install in hard-to-reach or detached

locations, such as a shed3. Only power cable, as image transmission is wireless4. Limitation to 4 cameras or less5. Distance limitation due to wireless signal6. Some record to SD card like a digital camera7. Easy to set up in less than 30 minutes

Wired Security Kit1. Better if you own your home2. Permanent solution, must run cables from cameras

to DVR/NVR. Installation can be more labour-intense

3. More reliable recording and viewing due to physical connection between cameras and recorder

4. Better suited to multiple streams & therefore large premises



WI-FI & WIRE-FREE: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?Wi-Fi Wireless data transmission Wired power (needs to be plugged into power source)

Wire-Free (or Cable-Free) Wireless data transmission (also Wi-Fi)

Battery powered (requires no cables)



WI-FI & WIRE-FREE: SMART SERIESWi-Fi Outdoor Cam

REQUIRESPOWER CABLE

OPTIONALWIRELESS DATA TRANSMISSION

PTZ CONNECTION



WHAT IS INFRARED NIGHT VISION?Many wired CCTV cameras now have night vision with an infrared sensor that turns on in low light, allowing you to see in the dark in B&W up to 20-40m (depending on the camera and local conditions).

DAY NIGHT



MOTION DETECTIONMotion detection saves time & allows you to be in control that enables you to skip over video that has motionless areas to get to the surveillance video you want to review.

This would help you get you through your video footage in a flash

DID YOU KNOW?

By selecting “Motion detection” on your DVR you can save Hard Drive space



REMOTE VIEWINGLets you connect to your security system at the push of a button anytime you like on your mobile phone, tablet or computer with the free remote viewing Swann app.

Check the pack or online to see which app is applicable to each product.

The most widely used apps at Swann are SwannView Link, SwannOne and SwannnOne Link

You can stream live and playback videos on your handheld devices.



MEET THE UPDATED SWANNVIEW LINK APP

• Easy set-up simply search for your DVR or NVR on your local network

• Improved playback functionality

• New more intuitive User Interface

• Configure many features on your DVR or NVR from the app

• New multi-channel viewing with up to 16 cameras on screen at the same time

• New playback timeline feature

• Now capture video from your camera live view to your phone to play back later

• Save single and multi-still images to your phone’s picture library

• Control PTZ (pan, tilt, zoom) cameras easily remotely via your Smartphone



DVRS VS NVRSKey differences: DVR vs NVR

DVR

Use less common coaxial cable

Max coaxial cable length: 200m

Coaxial cable: fatter, use BNC connectors

(larger, harder to thread, take longer to install)

Each camera needs power source (via splitter):

messier, uses more power

Cameras are analogue & images processed

by DVR

NVR

Use Ethernet cables, which are easier to find

Max Ethernet cable length: 100m

Ethernet cable is slimmer, smaller RJ59 connectors,

easier to run and install

Power over Ethernet (PoE): power from NVR. No need

for power splitters or wall sockets for cams

Cameras are digital and processed in cameras, hence

the higher camera price

vs

vs

vs

vs

vs



DVRS VS NVRSKey differences: DVR vs NVR

DVR NVR

Coaxial Ethernet



DVRS VS NVRS – CABLING

DVR NVRCOAXIAL CABLES: Thicker & harder to install

ADVANTAGES Suits people with existing coax

infrastructure Cheaper cameras Max length: 200m

ETHERNET CABLES: Thinner & readily available

ADVANTAGES Less connections, thinner cables, easier to

run & install Cameras powered over Ethernet (PoE) More modern homes/business already have

Ethernet wall sockets



BULLET CAMERAS

Bullet cameras More conspicuous. Works as a deterrent as it is

more visible

Can be mounted to ceiling and wall

Weather resistant, usually IP66 rating

Infrared LEDs for night vision

Sturdy built, usually polycarbonate or metal



DOME CAMERAS

Dome cameras Dome cameras are much harder to tamper

with or vandalise than bullet cameras

Can be mounted to ceiling and wall

Weather resistant, usually IP66 rating

Infrared LEDs for night vision

Sturdy built, usually polycarbonate or metal



EXPLORING OUR RANGESwann ranges a few security systems. To help your customer decide on the most suitable security solution for them, you can compare different features on product boxes:

• The number of cameras • The quality of recording • What’s in the box• How much can you record

• Info on weather proof • Info on night vision • And much more!



WHAT’S ON THE BOXHow to interpret the feature icons

4 channels means that up to 4 cameras can be installed. A kit can be sold with less cameras than its capacity (as in 4 channels DVR, 2 cameras kit), so that optional cameras can be added. We have 8 & 16 channel security systems.

HD (High Definition) Live View & recording

Special feature such as Time Lapse playback

80 Days of recording, may vary depending on hard drive size, resolutions & amount of cameras (based on activity from all cameras 15% of the time)

Day/Night vision, Cameras can see in the dark

You can mount the cameras outside.

A reminder that Installation is easy



WHAT ELSE IS ON THE BOX?All installation accessories included to get you started!

• DVR4-1600™ with 500GB Hard Drive• PRO-T835™ 720p Cameras x 2• BNC Cables 60ft / 18m x 2• Ethernet Cable• HDMI Cable• Power Adapter & Splitter• Mouse• Mounting Screws & Plugs• Quick Start Guide• Theft Deterrent Sticker

What’s in the box



WHAT ELSE IS ON THE BOX?Specifications table can help the more technically minded consumers with a lot of info

See info about: Screen resolution, Outputs whether it’s VGA or HDMI or if the system is compatible with Windows or Mac

Use the box to get the right information on the spot for your customer is your best bet!

Remember: the box is your bestie!



QUESTIONS YOU CAN ASK YOUR CUSTOMER1) What do you need security for?

Surveillance/Capture evidence – recommend NVR (3MP or 4MP), especially because you can zoom in into finer identifiable detailsObservation (like watching pets) – recommend 720p as entry level with option to upgrade to a NVR systemUpgrade Security – recommend 720p for seamless install using existing cables. Option to upgrade to a NVR system (new cables required)

2) Do you have a preference for wired or wireless CCTV?Wireless - Digital wireless or 1080p WiFi – Advise, Wireless security restricts you to FOUR channel security systems onlyWired - Find out how many cameras they need. Think of places thieves would use to gain access to property.

3) How many cameras do you think you’ll need?More than four – choice of 8 channel systemsLess than four – choice of 4 channel systems

4) Does your place have network wall sockets?YES – Recommend NVR, that uses Ethernet cables.

5) Do you already have a CCTV system or infrastructure?YES – If it is a DVR system the customer will already have the coaxial cabling infrastructure in place and may be looking to upgrade to a higher resolution such as upgrading from 960H to HD (720p or 1080p) or even to Super HD (4MP).In this case NVRs are not suited as NVRs use Ethernet cables and your client would have to replace all the existing DVR coaxial cabling infrastructure.NO – Then you’re open to recommend DVR or NVR according to their budget.

6) Do you have a budget in mind?YES – Offer an entry level system in DVR & NVR rangeNO – Offer a higher end security in DVR & NVR range



TOP DIY SECURITY TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOWAHDShort for Analog High Definition, AHD, is a type of video surveillance technology that has the benefits of High Definition without the higher price tag of digital HD.

AppApp is short for Software Application. The SwannView Link app allows end-users to view live video from their DVR (if compatible) on their 3G-enabled Smartphone or tablet.

AV ChannelThe channel on your TV that is usually used to watch DVDs & game consoles.

BNCBNC is a bayonet style connector for coaxial cable that is commonly used in the security industry.

CCDCCD stands for ‘Charge Coupled Device’, which is used as a type of image sensor. CCD sensors are high quality sensors that are commonly used in portable camcorders & similar video equipment.

CCTVClosed Circuit Television. A television system used for private purposes & not for public or general broadcast.

CIFCommon Intermediate Format, a recording resolution originally designed for video conferencing. It is one quarter (1/4) the size of a standard definition TV picture (352x240 NTSC, 352x288 PAL). CIF offers the most recording time but may not provide the level of detail required.

CMOSCMOS stands for ‘Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor’. CMOS image sensors are medium quality sensors that are commonly used in digital cameras & many low-powered image devices such as USB webcams.

Co-Axial CableThis refers to cable that has a central conductor, surrounded by a shield sharing the same axis. The shield can be made from a variety of materials including, braided copper, or lapped foil. There are various standards for specific types of co-axial cable. The cable used for normal CCTV installations is called RG59.

D1D1 is a full size standard definition TV picture (704x480 NTSC, 704x576 PAL). It is the highest recording resolution on some DVRs. D1 is 4 CIF frames arranged in a square, & therefore takes approximately 4 times the recording space of a CIF picture but offers better picture quality.

Digital WirelessModern technology that uses a point-to-point encrypted signal to produce superior video & sound for wireless surveillance.

DIY SecurityDo-It-Yourself security. The components including hardware & software can easily be installed without the help of professional installers.

DVRDigital Video Recorder. This is a device that records video signal digitally. Normally this is on a large hard drive in the machine.

HDDHard Disk Drive. Capacity is usually measured in GigaBytes (GB) or TeraBytes (TB).

HDMIShort for High Definition Multimedia Interface, compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data. Commonly used in plasma & LCD HDTVs.

High DefinitionA term used to classify the image quality of TVs, DVD players, security systems and more, and measured in pixels. Greater picture quality with more pixels giving better detail that can be viewed. Video that is better quality than a standard definition picture ie 720p and above is usually considered high definition.

Image SensorThe light sensitive chip inside a security camera that can read levels of light & transform them into an image.

Infrared (IR)Infrared Night Vision allows cameras to ‘see in the dark’. It is the method of using IR LEDs (Infrared Light Emitting Diodes) as illumination for a camera with a sensor that can ‘see’ infrared light. Infrared light provides the illumination needed to capture clear images in total darkness or low-light conditions.

Infrared Cut FilterIs a filter applied to security cameras designed to reflect or block mid-infrared wavelengths while passing visible light. They are also used to block IR due to the high sensitivity of many camera sensors to near-infrared light.

IP CameraAn Internet Protocol camera that can be viewed over a network and the internet.

IP RatingA system used by manufacturers to describe the ability of their product to resist the effects of dust and water. For example, IP67 = 6 (protected from dust) and 7 (protected from the effects of immersion in water to depth between 15cm and 1m).



TOP DIY SECURITY TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOWLCD Monitor

A monitor that uses liquid-crystal display technology. Many laptop & notebook computers use LCD displays because of their low power requirements.

LUX

Unit of light measurement. 0.1 Lux (Full Moon) - 100,000 Lux (Direct Sunlight). The lower the number, the higher the sensitivity.

Megapixel (MP)

Is one million pixels, and is used to express the number of image sensor elements of digital cameras or the number of display elements of digital displays.

NTSC

NTSC is the television standard used primarily in North America. NTSC defines a standard television picture as 704x480 pixels at approximately 30 frames per second.

NVRNetwork Video Recorder. A device that utilizes digital IP video surveillance streams initially processed at the camera then streamed to the NVRs for storage or remote viewing. NVRs can be wired or wireless. Some hybrid NVRs retain some of the features of a DVR with the network IP connection solely from the NVR, not within the camera.

PALPAL is the television standard used primarily in the UK, EU & Australia. PAL defines a standard television picture as 704x576 pixels at approximately 25 frames per second.

Pan & TiltA motorized camera mounting that will move a camera both horizontally & vertically via electronic signals from a remote controller or Smartphone with software app.

PixelUsed in digital imaging, is the smallest controllable element of a picture represented on the screen.

Power Over Ethernet (PoE)Describes a cabling system, often used by security NVRs, which pass electrical power and video data on a single Ethernet cable.

PTZ CameraPan Tilt Zoom Camera is an automated camera with the ability to move and zoom remotely. Position a PTZ in a set place and Pan (move left and right 360 degrees), Tilt (move up and down 90 degrees) and Zoom (zoom in and out) using the controller provided or remotely using a software app. A Pan, Tilt, Zoom camera is a camera that you can control the directional and zoom controls remotely. Using a compatible Swann DVR, you can view a full 360 degrees around your camera, tilt up to 90 degrees vertically as well as zoom in on objects you want a better look at.

RCA AV ConnectorA plug and socket for a two-wire (signal and ground) coaxial cable that is widely used to connect analog audio & video.

ResolutionRefers to the sharpness & clarity of an image.

SDISerial Digital Interface. A type of DVR capable of capturing, recording and transmitting multiple streams of high definition surveillance video.

Television Lines (TVL)This is a measure of the resolution of a video device. Higher number is higher resolution. 700 TVL or greater is considered high resolution.

TVITVI is a type of analog HD video surveillance that competes alongside other similar technologies such as AHD and CVI. It produces the quality of high definition video without the price tag of digital HD.

VGAA video output port on a DVR (eg 4200 Series) which connects to a compatible computer monitor or high definition television. It supports significantly higher resolutions than the standard composite video outputs.



TOP DIY SECURITY TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOWIP RatingA system used by manufacturers to describe the ability of their product to resist the effects of dust and water. For example, IP67 = 6 (protected from dust) and 7 (protected from the effects of immersion in water to depth between 15cm and 1m).

LCD MonitorA monitor that uses liquid-crystal display technology. Many laptop & notebook computers use LCD displays because of their low power requirements.

LUXUnit of light measurement. 0.1 Lux (Full Moon) - 100,000 Lux (Direct Sunlight). The lower the number, the higher the sensitivity.

Megapixel (MP)Is one million pixels, and is used to express the number of image sensor elements of digital cameras or the number of display elements of digital displays.

NTSCNTSC is the television standard used primarily in North America. NTSC defines a standard television picture as 704x480 pixels at approximately 30 frames per second.

NVRNetwork Video Recorder. A device that utilizes digital IP video surveillance streams initially processed at the camera then streamed to the NVRs for storage or remote viewing. NVRs can be wired or wireless. Some hybrid NVRs retain some of the features of a DVR with the network IP connection solely from the NVR, not within the camera.

PALPAL is the television standard used primarily in the UK, EU & Australia. PAL defines a standard television picture as 704x576 pixels at approximately 25 frames per second.

Pan & TiltA motorized camera mounting that will move a camera both horizontally & vertically via electronic signals from a remote controller or Smartphone with software app.

PixelUsed in digital imaging, is the smallest controllable element of a picture represented on the screen.

Power Over Ethernet (PoE)Describes a cabling system, often used by security NVRs, which pass electrical power and video data on a single Ethernet cable.

PTZ CameraPan Tilt Zoom Camera is an automated camera with the ability to move and zoom remotely. Position a PTZ in a set place and Pan (move left and right 360 degrees), Tilt (move up and down 90 degrees) and Zoom (zoom in and out) using the controller provided or remotely using a software app. A Pan, Tilt, Zoom camera is a camera that you can control the directional and zoom controls remotely. Using a compatible Swann DVR, you can view a full 360 degrees around your camera, tilt up to 90 degrees vertically as well as zoom in on objects you want a better look at.

RCA AV ConnectorA plug and socket for a two-wire (signal and ground) coaxial cable that is widely used to connect analog audio & video.

ResolutionRefers to the sharpness & clarity of an image.

SDI

Serial Digital Interface. A type of DVR capable of capturing, recording and transmitting multiple streams of high definition surveillance video.

Television Lines (TVL)

This is a measure of the resolution of a video device. Higher number is higher resolution. 700 TVL or greater is considered high resolution.

TVI

TVI is a type of analog HD video surveillance that competes alongside other similar technologies such as AHD and CVI. It produces the quality of high definition video without the price tag of digital HD.

VGA

A video output port on a DVR (eg 4200 Series) which connects to a compatible computer monitor or high definition television. It supports significantly higher resolutions than the standard composite video outputs.



BEST OF LUCKNow log on to answer the short course exam.The format is multiple choice and if you have been paying attention, you will have the necessary knowledge to pass. Good luck!

Your exam results will be made known to you within a few minutes of completion.

COURSE EXAM

Go to the exam link (noted in the module)

Takes about 2 minutes

Your result will be forwarded to you & the examiner within minutes

Exam Link Exam Get Results

security basics beginner module 1 · diy benefits • installation by user saves on labour costs...

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