Security Policy

Topics for Discussion

• IT Security in the Business– Risk, Audit Support, Compliance

• Policies, Standards, and Procedures– IT Security’s Role in Creation and Enforcement

• Typical IT Security Technical Work– Intrusion Detection/Prevention– Ethical Hacking/Penetration Testing

The CISO Agenda

Core Functions

Business

Regulatory Compliance

TechnologyEnablement

Alignment with Business Goals / ObjectivesBrand Protection & Enhancement

Linkage to Enterprise Risk Mgmt

Metrics / Benchmarking

Business Continuity

Compliance / Internal Audit

Disaster Recovery

StrategyPrivacy / Security Breach

Vulnerability / Patch ManagementStaffing Support

High Availability

Identity Management

M&A

Executive / Board Reporting

Mobile Computing

Evolving Threats

Managing 3rd Party Risk (Outsourcers)Culture / Awareness

CISO

Risk

IT Security performs a critical role in assessing risk in the organization.

• Vulnerability Scanning• Penetration Testing• Industry Trends• IT Strategy• Familiarity with Audit and Compliance

measures

Audit Support

In many cases, IT Security is heavily relied upon to perform in depth testing required by an audit organization. Security is enlisted by audit because:

• Technical expertise • Familiarity with current issues from internal

testing• Familiarity with Policies, Standards, and

Procedures

Compliance

Compliance may relate to internal compliance or external compliance.

Internal compliance:• Policies and Standards• Security and Configuration baselines• Framework use – ISO, COBIT, ITIL, GAISP, NIST• Best Practices

Compliance cont’d

External compliance:• SOX (Sarbanes Oxley)– COSO Framework

• HIPAA• PCI• Safe Harbor

ISO Leading Practices

Source: www.rsa.com

Compliance in Action

Source: www.rsa.com

Internal Policy

IT Security is regularly tasked with creation and enforcement of IT policies, standards, and procedures. Creation and enforcement of these documents require:

• Understanding of audit roles and procedures• Familiarity with all systems, networks, and applications• Compliance considerations

Internal Policy cont’d

Definitions:• A Policy is a set of directional statements and requirements aiming

to protect corporate values, assets and intelligence. Policies serve as the foundation for related standards, procedures and guidelines.

• A Standard is a set of practices and benchmarks employed to comply with the requirements set forth in policies. A standard should always be a derivation of a policy, as it is the second step in the process of a company’s policy propagation.

• A Procedure is a set of step-by-step instructions for implementing policy requirements and executing standard practices.

Internal Policy cont’d

Internal Policy cont’d

Policy creation and enforcement cycle

Policy Business Case

A top 5 global food retailer has a massive IT/IS infrastructure and good governance….but no real policies!

Policies are the foundation for enforcing IT compliance and governance.

What policies were written for the client…

Policy Business Case cont’d

Policies written for IT Security:• Acceptable Use Policy• Information Classification & Ownership Policy• Risk Assessment & Mitigation Policy• Access Control Policy• Network Configuration and Communication Policy• Remote Access Policy• Business Continuity Policy• Incident Response Policy• Third Party Data Sharing Policy• System Implementation & Maintenance• Secure Application Development• Cryptography & Key Management• Mobile Computing• Physical & Environmental Security

Policy Business Case cont’d

Sample Policies

Cryptography and Key Management Policy

Ethical Hacking

Ethical hacking is a very common profession within the IT security industry.

• White hat, Grey hat, Black hat• Sometimes synonymous with penetration

testing – A method of assessing the security posture of a system or network by simulating an “attack”

Ethical Hacking

Why perform an ethical hack?• Determine flaws and vulnerabilities• Provide a quantitative metric for evaluating

systems and networks• Measure against pre-established baselines• Determine risk to the organization• Design mitigating controls

Ethical Hacking

Ethical Hacking

Administrative items:• Authorization letter – “Get out of jail free

card”• Risk report– Likelihood of risk– Mitigation plans– Trends (performed with recurring clients)

Q & A

ANY QUESTIONS?

Slide material sourced from the Black Hat presentation presented by Sean Convery of Cisco Systems

Layer 2 Hacking

Topics for Discussion

• Layer 2 Protocols and Weaknesses– ARP– MAC/CAM– VLAN/Encapsulation– STP/BPDU– DHCP– MPLS– BGP

• Tools

• Carrier “Ethernet” Appendix

Why Layer 2

ARP

• ARP Spoofing is the process of sending a crafted ARP request across the network to enable the sniffing of one or many hosts on a network.

• ARP poisoning is also a similar attack but you attack all hosts on a subnet. This is useful to ARP spoof the address of a switch or router so all traffic can be send through you!

ARP Poisoning

ARP Poisoning• Start Sniffing

ARP Poisoning• Scan for hosts

ARP Poisoning

ARP Poisoning

ARP Poisoning

• Select the machines to poison

We chose to ARP poison only the windows machine 192.168.1.2 and the router 192.168.1.1.

• Highlight the line containing 192.168.1.1 and click on the "target 1" button.

• Highlight the line containing 192.168.1.2 and click on the "target 2" button.

• If you do not select any machines as target, all the machine inside the subnet will be ARP poisoned.

ARP Poisoning

ARP Poisoning

ARP Poisoning

ARP Poisoning

• To recap the information found using Wireshark (or another sniffer)

– 192.168.1.1 is at 11:22:33:44:11:11 (Router)– 192.168.1.2 is at 11:22:33:44:55:66 (Host)– 192.168.1.100 is at 11:22:33:44:99:99 (Attacker)

ARP Poisoning

• Before the ARP poisoning:

SRC: 11:22:33:44:55:66 (host)DST: FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF (gateway/router)Message: Who has 192.168.1.1? Tell 192.168.1.2

SRC: 11:22:33:44:11:11 (gateway/router) DST: 11:22:33:44:55:66 (host)Message: 192.168.1.1 is at 11:22:33:44:11:11

During/After ARP Poisoning/Spoof

• Executing the ARP poisoning/spoof:

Before: 192.168.1.1|11:22:33:44:11:11 (in host ARP table)

ExecutionSRC: 11:22:33:44:99:99 DST: 11:22:33:44:55:66 (Host) Message: 192.168.1.1 is at 11:22:33:44:99:99After attack: 192.168.1.1| 11:22:33:44:99:99 (in host ARP

table)

ARP Poisoning

ARP Poisoning

• What to do once poisoned?–Man In The Middle Attacks• DNS Spoof• Manipulate Connections• Steal Info• Redirect Sessions• SSH/Protocol Downgrade Attack

ARP Spoof Defense

• SARPI & DARPI: Static and Dynamic ARP inspection. Not practical -- Requires an agent on every host.

• DHCP Snooping: Keeps a record of each MAC address connected to a port and hence can detect false ARP responses. – Widely used on commercial network gear.

– Can be easily circumvented by not using DHCP. This is the most common defense since almost all networks require a DHCP address be assigned, but it is not perfect.

• Static Mapping: Statically mapping IP-MAC relationships is an easy way to defend against only simple ARP Spoof attacks

ARP Spoof Defense

• Monitoring: There are numerous products and software packages that can actively monitor ARP requests and caches to clean caches and identify ARP attacks.– ARPDefender (appliance in network)

– Arpwatch (software)

– Xarp (software)

– anti-arpspoof (software)

Exploiting Simple Masking Errors

• Here’s a rule on a Cisco firewall:– access-list outside permit ip 10.11.12.0 255.255.255.0 host a.b.c.d

– That says “allow anyone in 10.11.12.* to reach a.b.c.d”

• Here’s the same rule in Cisco IOS:– permit ip 10.11.12.0 0.0.0.255 host a.b.c.d

– That does (almost) the same thing• Note the way you have to write the mask “backwards” in IOS• Suppose you forget – you say:– permit ip 10.11.12.0 255.255.255.0 host a.b.c.d

– That “looks right”, even to very experienced technical folks• What does that do?

Exploiting Simple Masking Errors

• The Backwards Mask:– permit ip 10.11.12.0 255.255.255.0 host a.b.c.d

• What does it do?• It really looks like “permit one subnet”• It actually permits 16,777,216 different hosts– Every address that ends in a zero

• Once you know this happens, the lesson is obvious– When in an unknown network, set your IP to something

like *.*.*.0– You may find a lot of doors suddenly spring open!

• In many networks, the right source IP grants magic access

MAC/CAM

• Every switch uses a Content Addressable Memory (CAM) space to store the physical address of a hosts so it knows where to send data destined for a host. This memory space of course has a limitation.

• In order to place a MAC in CAM the switch hashes all the various information regarding the host: MAC, VLAN, etc.

MAC/CAM

• There are tools like macof and dsniff that can generate thousands of CAM entries per minute. Why? To flood the CAM table. Once the CAM is flooded, all traffic on the switch is sent to all physically connected hosts because the switch cannot determine what traffic goes where, thereby allowing you to see all traffic on the switch.

MAC/CAM

CAM Flood Defense

• Port Security: This requires writing the MAC address of the host allowed to use a specified port on each port description in the switch configuration. Hard to implement. Not Scalable.

• Sticky MAC: Sticky MAC addresses allow MAC addresses to be dynamically learned and limit port access to said MAC address. The MAC address will be learned when the first MAC address attempts to connect to the port and will be written to the running configuration.

Hakipedia

• www.hakipedia.com