sedimentary geology geos 240 – chapter 8 depositional environments part 5 shallow carbonates &...
TRANSCRIPT
Sedimentary Sedimentary GeologyGeology
Geos 240 ndash Chapter Geos 240 ndash Chapter 88
Depositional Depositional EnvironmentsEnvironments
Part 5Part 5Shallow Carbonates amp Shallow Carbonates amp
EvaporitesEvaporites Dr Tark HamiltonDr Tark Hamilton
Readings from Sediments amp Basins (81-Readings from Sediments amp Basins (81-67)67)
Camosun CollegeCamosun College
Bahamas Platform amp Fringing ReefsBahamas Platform amp Fringing Reefs
La Habana
Transgression amp Optimal Transgression amp Optimal Carbonate FactoryCarbonate Factory
Continental Shelf Eastern Continental Shelf Eastern NicaraguaNicaragua
Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Lagoon ndash Mangrove SwampsLagoon ndash Mangrove Swamps
20 km
The Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef Cretaceous through Recent Cretaceous through Recent
Queensland OZQueensland OZ
Lateral Progradation Lateral Progradation Bahamas BankBahamas Bank
Reflection Seismic Section amp Interpretation
Cross Cross Section Section
of of RedwateRedwater Reef r Reef DevDev
NW of NW of EdmontoEdmonto
nnflexed flexed laterlater
Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Bluff Banks IsBluff Banks Is
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Bahamas Platform amp Fringing ReefsBahamas Platform amp Fringing Reefs
La Habana
Transgression amp Optimal Transgression amp Optimal Carbonate FactoryCarbonate Factory
Continental Shelf Eastern Continental Shelf Eastern NicaraguaNicaragua
Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Lagoon ndash Mangrove SwampsLagoon ndash Mangrove Swamps
20 km
The Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef Cretaceous through Recent Cretaceous through Recent
Queensland OZQueensland OZ
Lateral Progradation Lateral Progradation Bahamas BankBahamas Bank
Reflection Seismic Section amp Interpretation
Cross Cross Section Section
of of RedwateRedwater Reef r Reef DevDev
NW of NW of EdmontoEdmonto
nnflexed flexed laterlater
Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Bluff Banks IsBluff Banks Is
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Transgression amp Optimal Transgression amp Optimal Carbonate FactoryCarbonate Factory
Continental Shelf Eastern Continental Shelf Eastern NicaraguaNicaragua
Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Lagoon ndash Mangrove SwampsLagoon ndash Mangrove Swamps
20 km
The Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef Cretaceous through Recent Cretaceous through Recent
Queensland OZQueensland OZ
Lateral Progradation Lateral Progradation Bahamas BankBahamas Bank
Reflection Seismic Section amp Interpretation
Cross Cross Section Section
of of RedwateRedwater Reef r Reef DevDev
NW of NW of EdmontoEdmonto
nnflexed flexed laterlater
Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Bluff Banks IsBluff Banks Is
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Continental Shelf Eastern Continental Shelf Eastern NicaraguaNicaragua
Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Lagoon ndash Mangrove SwampsLagoon ndash Mangrove Swamps
20 km
The Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef Cretaceous through Recent Cretaceous through Recent
Queensland OZQueensland OZ
Lateral Progradation Lateral Progradation Bahamas BankBahamas Bank
Reflection Seismic Section amp Interpretation
Cross Cross Section Section
of of RedwateRedwater Reef r Reef DevDev
NW of NW of EdmontoEdmonto
nnflexed flexed laterlater
Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Bluff Banks IsBluff Banks Is
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Florida Keys Shallow Back Reef ndash Lagoon ndash Mangrove SwampsLagoon ndash Mangrove Swamps
20 km
The Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef Cretaceous through Recent Cretaceous through Recent
Queensland OZQueensland OZ
Lateral Progradation Lateral Progradation Bahamas BankBahamas Bank
Reflection Seismic Section amp Interpretation
Cross Cross Section Section
of of RedwateRedwater Reef r Reef DevDev
NW of NW of EdmontoEdmonto
nnflexed flexed laterlater
Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Bluff Banks IsBluff Banks Is
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
The Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef Cretaceous through Recent Cretaceous through Recent
Queensland OZQueensland OZ
Lateral Progradation Lateral Progradation Bahamas BankBahamas Bank
Reflection Seismic Section amp Interpretation
Cross Cross Section Section
of of RedwateRedwater Reef r Reef DevDev
NW of NW of EdmontoEdmonto
nnflexed flexed laterlater
Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Bluff Banks IsBluff Banks Is
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Lateral Progradation Lateral Progradation Bahamas BankBahamas Bank
Reflection Seismic Section amp Interpretation
Cross Cross Section Section
of of RedwateRedwater Reef r Reef DevDev
NW of NW of EdmontoEdmonto
nnflexed flexed laterlater
Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Bluff Banks IsBluff Banks Is
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Cross Cross Section Section
of of RedwateRedwater Reef r Reef DevDev
NW of NW of EdmontoEdmonto
nnflexed flexed laterlater
Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Bluff Banks IsBluff Banks Is
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Devonian Reef Gyrfalcon Bluff Banks IsBluff Banks Is
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Devonian Crinoid Reef Devonian Crinoid Reef Princess Royal IsPrincess Royal Is
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Fossiliferous Producing Dev Kee Scarp Reef Norman WellsNorman Wells
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Devonian Coral Reef Norman Devonian Coral Reef Norman Wells NWTWells NWT
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Dev Reef DolomiteStromotoporoid Norman WellsNorman Wells
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Ordovician Bioherm Niagara FallsOrdovician Bioherm Niagara Falls
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Devonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidDevonian Reef Dolomitized StromotoporoidCairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef Cairns Formation Grassi Lakes Reef
CanmoreCanmore
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Proterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWTProterozoic Stromatolites Dismal Lakes NWT
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Silurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWTSilurian Stromatolites Somerset Island NWT
Tidal Scour
Algal MoundBuildup
SupertenuousDrape
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Sabkha Sabkha DepositioDepositionalModelnalModel Persian Persian
GulfGulfArid Arid Tidal Tidal CoastCoast
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Ancient Tidal Ancient Tidal Limestone FaciesLimestone Facies
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Mississippian Lisburne Limestone Tidal Crossbeds Diagenetic ChertDiagenetic Chert
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Ordovician Intraclast Dolomite Breccia Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Silurian Ripples amp Flasers Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone The New Conservative Ordovician Burrow Mottled Limestone OttawaOttawa
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red Ordovician Tyndall Stone Burrow Mottled Dolomite Red River Fm ManitobaRiver Fm Manitoba
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Ripups amp Scours Silurian Dolomites Somerset Is NWTSomerset Is NWT
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Transgressive PhaseRising System Tract
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Regressive PhaseFalling System Tract
Seds can come fromOut of plane
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
C-Ord Cow Head C-Ord Cow Head Turbidites NFTurbidites NF
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
C-Ord Cow Head Debris C-Ord Cow Head Debris Flow NFFlow NF
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
C-Ord Cow Head Deformed C-Ord Cow Head Deformed ClastClast
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Exhumed Carboniferous Facies Exhumed Carboniferous Facies TransitionTransition
Sverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Ellesmere IslandSverdrup Basin Rim
Bioclastic Debrites
Anhydrite Shale Detrital Carbonates
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Evaporites amp Evaporite BasinsEvaporites amp Evaporite Basins Geographically Enclosed Water BodiesGeographically Enclosed Water Bodies Tropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry airTropics +- 30deg Latitude descending dry air Sabkhas Playas Salinas Salt LakesSabkhas Playas Salinas Salt Lakes Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of Incipient Rift Basins ndash Triassic Margins of
AtlanticAtlantic Restricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + AnhydriteRestricted Back Reef Basins Carbrsquos + Anhydrite Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas Evaporated CratonicEpicontinental Seas
Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Devonian of Alberta Sask Michigan amp Zechstein PermPenn of North Sea BasinZechstein PermPenn of North Sea Basin
Often alternate climatically with humid clasticsOften alternate climatically with humid clastics
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Usigliorsquos Experiment Usigliorsquos Experiment Evaporation of Sea Water amp Evaporation of Sea Water amp
Sequence of SaltsSequence of Salts
Calcite Anhydrite Halite Bitterns
sg = 1035
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Development of Evaporite Development of Evaporite BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates Dominant Evaporite Minerals include Carbonates
Chlorides Sulphates Borates amp NitratesChlorides Sulphates Borates amp Nitrates Marine systemsMarine systems dominantly produce dominantly produce Carbonates Carbonates
Chlorides amp SulphatesChlorides amp Sulphates Arid Terrestrial SystemsArid Terrestrial Systems produce unusual diagenetic produce unusual diagenetic
minerals in pore spaces and beds of minerals in pore spaces and beds of Borates amp NitratesBorates amp Nitrates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates additional to the Carbonates Chlorides amp Sulphates
Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry Additional to the unusual Continental anion Chemistry salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu salts of metals form some unusual brine minerals Cu Ni Zn Pb Ag and even (NHNi Zn Pb Ag and even (NH44))++
Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their Salts precipitate in inverse order depending on their solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)solubility (solubility in strongodd brines is empirical)
Salts in vadose zone porosity are important in soilsSalts in vadose zone porosity are important in soils
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Textures in Resedimented Textures in Resedimented Evaporites ItalyEvaporites Italy
Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean Messinian (~5Ma) Mediterranean BasinBasin
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
CarbonatesCarbonates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula CalciteCalcite CaCOCaCO33
DolomiteDolomite CaMg (COCaMg (CO33 ) )22
SideriteSiderite FeCOFeCO33
NatriteNatrite NaNa22COCO3 3 amp amp
Natronbull6(HNatronbull6(H22O)O)
TronaTrona NaNa33(CO(CO33))
(HCO(HCO33)bull2(H)bull2(H22O)O) (Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)(Green River WY Lake Magadi Kenya)
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Carbonate MineralsCarbonate Minerals
NatriteNatrite
TronaTrona
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Sandstone with Cubic Halite Sandstone with Cubic Halite CastsCasts
Jurassic UtahJurassic Utah
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals
ChloridesChlorides
MineralMineral FormulaFormula HaliteHalite NaClNaCl SylviteSylvite KClKCl CarnalliteCarnallite KMgClKMgCl33 6H 6H22OO
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Chloride MineralsChloride Minerals
HaliteHaliteHopperHopperCrystalsCrystals
SylviteSylvite
CarnalliteCarnallite
HaliteHalite
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Cyclic amp Crossbedded Devonian Halite Goderich ONGoderich ON
In what kind of Basin would ldquoCyclic Haliterdquo beds form
In what sort of flow regime would Halite X-beds form
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals SulphatesSulphates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula AnhydriteAnhydrite CaSOCaSO44
GypsumGypsum CaSOCaSO44 2H 2H22OO
LangbeiniteLangbeinite KK22MgMg22(SO(SO44))3 3
PolyhalitePolyhalite KK22CaCa22Mg(SOMg(SO44))4 4
2H2H22OO
KieseriteKieserite MgSOMgSO44 H H22OO
KainiteKainite KMg(SOKMg(SO44)Cl)Cl 3H 3H22OO
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Interbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteInterbedded Gypsum amp CalcsiltiteSilurian Somerset IslandSilurian Somerset Island
Solutional Collapse
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Interbedded Anhydrite amp Shale Ellesmere IslandEllesmere Island
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Sulphate MineralsSulphate Minerals
KainiteKainite
KieseriteKieserite
LangbeiniteLangbeinite
PolyhalitePolyhalite
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals NitratesNitrates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
NiterNiter KNOKNO33
NitratineNitratine NaNONaNO33 2H 2H22OO
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite Ca(NOCa(NO33))2 2 4H 4H22OO
NitrobariteNitrobarite Ba(NOBa(NO33))2 2
GerhardtiteGerhardtite CuCu22(NO(NO33)(OH))(OH)33
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Nitrate MineralsNitrate MineralsNiterNiter NitratineNitratine
NitrocalciteNitrocalcite
NitrobariteNitrobariteGerhardtiteGerhardtite
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Borax MinesBorax MinesDeath Valley Death Valley
CACA
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Evaporite MineralsEvaporite Minerals BoratesBorates
MineralMineral FormulaFormula
BoraciteBoracite MgMg33[ClB[ClB77OO13 13 ] ]
BoraxBorax NaNa22[B[B44OO77]]22 10H 10H22OO
ColemaniteColemanite CaCa[B[B33OO44(OH)(OH)33] ] 3H 3H22OO
HydroBoraciteHydroBoracite CaCaMg [BMg [B33OO44(OH)(OH)33]]22 3H 3H22OO
LarderelliteLarderellite (NH(NH4 4 ))BB55OO66(OH)(OH)44
TincalconiteTincalconite NaNa22[B[B44OO77] ] 5H 5H22OO
UlexiteUlexite NaCa NaCa[B[B55OO66(OH)(OH)66]]
5H5H22OO
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Borate MineralsBorate MineralsBoraciteBoracite
BoraxBoraxColemaniteColemanite HydroboraciteHydroboracite
LarderelliteLarderellite
TincalconiteTincalconite UlexiteUlexite
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
Salar de Atacama Salar de Atacama Antofagasta ChileAntofagasta Chile
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55
The End Chapter 8 Part The End Chapter 8 Part 55