sedimentary rocks
TRANSCRIPT
SEDIMENTARY SEDIMENTARY ROCKSROCKS
Dr. P. Sarathbabu M.Sc. B.Ed. Ph.D.Department of GeologyAcharya Nagarjuna University
What type of rock is formed when weathering and erosion cause sediments to press together in layers?
Characteristics
Tough rock with layers (foliation) of light and dark minerals, often curved; various colors; often glittery from mica
The Making of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks• sediment: unconsolidated (“soft-rock”)• sedimentary rock: consolidated (“hard-rock”)
• Sedimentary Rocks are rocks formed when particles of sediment build up and are “cemented together” by the effect of pressure and minerals.
sea
Fragments washed to the sea
Sedimentary rocks
Rocks are brokenup by the actionof weather
Getting older
• Form at the Earth’s surface by the lithification of sediments deposited from their transporting medium (water, wind, or ice).
Types of Sediment
Sediment in a Stream
Transport: rounding, and size reduction
Sedimentary structures
*Records the sedimentary history and depositional environment; provides valuable clues as to deposition. Most basic is simple bedding (layering effect of sedimentary rocks).
1. Ripple marksRipple marks - undulations on a sand surface produced by wind or water (asymmetrical or symmetrical)
2. Cross-beddingCross-bedding - inclined layering produced in sand by ripples or dunes at an angle to the horizontal
3. Mudcracks (desiccation cracks)Mudcracks (desiccation cracks) - polygonal pattern of cracks produced on the surface of mud as it dries.
4. Raindrop imprintsRaindrop imprints - circular pits produced by the impacts of rain on soft mud5. Graded beddingGraded bedding - progression of grain sizes from coarser at the bottom to finer
on top (or vice-versa)6. Flute marksFlute marks - scoop-shaped depressions preserved on the bottom surface of
muddy beds. Good indicator of top and bottom of bed.7. Tool marksTool marks - ridges or discontinuous marks with a preferred orientation on
bottom surfaces of beds. Indicates current direction.8. TracksTracks-footprints of organics, dinosaur footprints. TrailsTrails are caused as organism
crawls through mud or sediment. BurrowsBurrows - excavations made by organisms in soft sediment commonly filled with different sediment
9. StromatolitesStromatolites-mound-like structures formed when sediment is trapped by blue-green algae. Characteristic of limestones. Oldest life form on Earth.
10. StylolitesStylolites-pressure solution cracks formed as pressure squeezes solution through fractures in carbonates.
1. Ripple marksRipple marks - undulations on a sand surface produced by wind or water (asymmetrical or symmetrical)
Ripple marks
Asymmetric and Symmetric Ripples
river or wind currents (uni-directional)
tidal currents (bi-directional)
• 2. Cross-beddingCross-bedding - inclined layering produced in sand by ripples or dunes at an angle to the horizontal
Development of Cross-Bedding
Typical cross stratification inSand Dunes
3. MudcracksMudcracks - polygonal pattern of cracks produced on the surface of mud as it dries.
Origin of Mud Cracks
4. Raindrop imprintsRaindrop imprints - circular pits produced by the impacts of rain on soft mud
5
GRADED BEDDING
Typical cross stratification in
Sand Dunes
Formation of Coal from Swamp Deposits
6. Flute marksFlute marks - scoop-shaped depressions preserved on the bottom surface of muddy beds. Good indicator of top and bottom of bed.
7. Tool marksTool marks - ridges or discontinuous marks with a preferred orientation on bottom surfaces of beds. Indicates current direction.
8. TracksTracks-footprints of organics, dinosaur footprints. TrailsTrails are caused as organism crawls through mud or sediment. BurrowsBurrows - excavations made by organisms in soft sediment commonly filled with different sediment
9. StromatolitesStromatolites-mound-like structures formed when sediment is trapped by blue-green algae. Characteristic of limestones. Oldest life form on Earth.
10. StylolitesStylolites-pressure solution cracks formed as pressure squeezes solution through fractures in carbonates.
There are two (2) types of sedimentary rocks, based on their texturestextures:
1.1. ClasticClastic (also called “Detrital”)(also called “Detrital”)-- form from deposition of solid grains; classified based on grain size: conglomerate, sandstone, and shale
2. ChemicalChemical -- form from minerals precipitating out of water and usually involves some sort of chemical reaction; classified based on mineral content: limestone, dolomite are examples.
ClasticClastic Sedimentary Rocks Classification based on grain size 1. Conglomerate (rounded grains) -- more than 30% of
grains are gravel-sized (> 2mm) 2. Breccia (angular grains) -- more than 30% of grains are
gravel-sized (> 2mm)3. Sandstone -- grain bits. 1/16mm-2mm 4. Shale -- made of mud-sized grains (<1/16 mm) ChemicalChemical Sedimentary Rocks classified by composition1. Limestone -- made mostly of calcite 2. Dolomite (dolostone) - made mostly of dolomite3. Evaporites -- various mineral salts that precipitate from
evaporating water (ex: halite, gypsum)4. Bituminous Coal: organics compressed into peat then
lithified into coal
CONGLOMERATE
ConglomerateGrain size : coarse grained >256mmUsual Colour : Brown Shape: sub angular-rounded Structure: Clastic, crude beddingComposition : Quartz, jaspecr
BrecciaGrain size : 2mm - >256mmUsual Colour : Reddish Brown Shape: Angular Structure: Clastic, crude beddingComposition : Quartz(pebbles) siliceous matrin
chert
Sedimentary rocksThere are 5 main kinds of sedimentary rocks, depending
on the mix of minerals in the rocks.
1.CONGLOMERATE Grain size : 12mm – 256 mm Usual Colour : Light (Leucocratic) Structure : clastic, crude bedding Texture : closed frame work, porphyritic texture,
very coarse grained Composition : Quartz, Jasper pebbles in calcareous
matrixOccurrence: Its occurs as rounded pebbles
indicate high energy environment and less distance transportation.
SANDSTONE
Sandstone
Grain size : coarse grained
Usual Colour : Brown
Shape: subangular-
subrounded Structure: crude
beddingComposition :
Quartz, feldspar
Sedimentary rocks2.SANDSTONE Grain size : 1 – 2mm Usual Colour : Light brown Structure : stratification, current bedding, ripples
marks, rain prints Texture : well sorted grains, >2mm-coarse
0.5 – 0.25- medium 0.25-0.1- fine
Composition : quartz as chief mineral, feldspars, mica,garnet as minor amount.
Occurrence: fine grains indicate high energy of deposition and rounded shape indicate long transportation
LIMESTONE
LimestoneGrain size : fine grainedUsual Colour : grey Shape: laminate Structure: crude beddingComposition : calcite
Sedimentary rocks3.LIMESTONE Grain size : Fine grained, compact Usual Colour : Grey Structure : crude bedding Texture : It is fine grained rock. It is commonly
compact and massive. Some Lst; may have organic structure.
Composition : Calcite, magnesite is also present is variable amounts, some contains calcareous shells
Occurrence: These occurs as non-detrital rocks. They formed either chemically, due to precipitation of calcium carbonate from surface water, or organically, due to the accumulation of hard parts of organisms.
SHALE
ShaleGrain size : Fine
grainedUsual Colour : Yellow-
black Shape: rounded Structure: Lamination,
closed fabric
Composition : clay minerals, silicates
Sedimentary rocks4.SHALE Grain size : Fine grained Usual Colour : variables Structure : Lamination, ripple marks and organic
structures Texture : very fine grained <0.01mm Composition : Its composed of kaolinite,
montmorillonite and illite,qtz,mica,chlorite are in minor amount
Occurrence: Shales formed out of mechanically transported and deposited sediments. These are made up of fine grained i.e; silty and clay, and occurrs as laminated structures.
LATERITE
Sedimentary rocks5.LATERITE Grain size : Fine grained Usual Colour : Red Structure : Lamination, ripple marks and organic
structures Texture : porus and concretionary Composition : These are essentially clay rich in
alluminium and iron hydroxides with minor amounts of silica, alluminimum hydroxides are called bauxites(pisolitic texture).
Occurrence: Its occurs as residual deposits due weathering in hot humid climate, and occurs as mantle over bed rocks.