see how it flies

8/12/2019 See How It Flies

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http://www.av8n.com/how/#contents 2/15

1.2.2 Energy Per Unit Mass1.2.3 Converting Fuel to Altitude1.2.4 Power versus Energy1.2.5 Drag and the Power Curve Introduction1.2.6 Rates of Energy Conversion

1.3 Effect of Controls on Energy

1.3.1 Power Budget Using the Engine1.3.2 The Effects of the Throttle1.3.3 The Effects of the Yoke1.3.4 Sizes of Energy Reservoirs

1.4 Energy Management Strategy1.5 Summary: Energy Management

2 Angle of Attack Awareness and Angle of Attack Management

2.1 The Importance of Angle of Attack 2.2 Definition of Angle of Attack 2.3 Trim for Angle of Attack!2.4 Three Contributions to Angle of Attack 2.5 Perceiving Pitch Angle2.6 Making Changes in Angle of Attack 2.7 Fly with a Light Touch2.8 Trim Wont Solve All The Worlds Problems2.9 Pitch Attitude versus Angle of Attack 2.10 Power plus Attitude does not equal Performance2.11 More About the Power Curve2.12 Estimating the Relative Wind2.13 Airspeed Is Related to Angle of Attack

2.13.1 Airspeed versus Coefficient of Lift2.13.2 Coefficient of Lift versus Angle of Attack 2.13.3 Correcting for Reduced Density

2.13.4 Correcting for Reduced Lift Requirements2.13.5 Correcting for Increased Lift Requirements2.13.6 Compute with Calibrated not Indicated Airspeed2.13.7 Correcting for Slip2.13.8 Drag and Lift-to-Drag Ratio

2.14 Not Everything Depends on Angle of Attack

2.14.1 Explicit Airspeed Limits2.14.2 Maneuvering Speed2.14.3 Overview of Limits and Performance Numbers

2.15 Absolute versus Geometric Angle of Attack 2.16 Summary
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3 Airfoils and Airflow

3.1 The Airplane and the Air 3.2 Flow Patterns Near a Wing3.3 Pressure Patterns Near a Wing3.4 Stream Line Curvature

3.5 Bernoullis Principle

3.5.1 Magnitude3.5.2 Altimeters; Static versus Stagnation Pressure3.5.3 Compressibility

3.6 Stall Warning Devices3.7 Air Is A Fluid, Not A Bunch of Bullets3.8 Other Fallacies3.9 Inverted Flight, Cambered vs. Symmetric Airfoils

3.10 Thin Wings3.11 Circulation

3.11.1 Visualizing the circulation3.11.2 How Much Circulation? The Kutta Condition3.11.3 How Much Lift? The Kutta-Zhukovsky Theorem3.11.4 Quantifying the Circulation

3.12 Mechanically-Induced Circulation3.13 Lift Requires Circulation & Vortices

3.13.1 Vortices3.13.2 Wake Turbulence3.13.3 Induced Drag3.13.4 Soft-Field Takeoff 3.13.5 Bound Vortex

3.14 Frost on the Wings3.15 Consistent (Not Cumulative) Laws of Physics

3.16 Summary: How a Wing Produces Lift

4 Lift, Thrust, Weight, and Drag

4.1 Definitions4.2 Balance of Forces4.3 Forces During a Turn4.4 Types of Drag4.5 Coefficients, Forces, and Power

CoefficientsForcesPowers
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4.6 Induced vs. Parasite Drag

5 Vertical Damping, Roll Damping, and Stalls

5.1 Introduction and Overview5.2 Vertical Damping

5.2.1 Origins of Vertical Damping5.2.2 Loss of Vertical Damping

5.3 The Stall

5.3.1 Definition of Stall5.3.2 Flying Beyond the Stall?

5.4 Roll Damping

5.4.1 Origins of Roll Damping5.4.2 Loss of Roll Damping5.4.3 Schemes to Increase Roll Damping

5.5 The Effect of Flaps

5.5.1 Effect on Stalling Speed5.5.2 Effect on Incidence5.5.3 Effect on Washout

5.5.4 Effect on Drag5.5.5 Effect on Trim5.5.6 Effect on Top Speed

5.6 Summary

6 Angle of Attack Stability, Trim, and Spiral Dives

6.1 The Basic Stability Principle

6.1.1 Loafing with Leverage6.1.2 Other Flying Objects Are Not Similar 6.1.3 Center of Mass Too Far Aft6.1.4 Center of Mass Near the Middle6.1.5 Center of Mass, Lift, and Area6.1.6 Pitch-Wise Equilibrium6.1.7 Canards Operate on the Same Principle6.1.8 Beyond Decalage6.1.9 Springs and Bobweights6.1.10 Long-Tail Pitch Effect6.1.11 Center of Mass Too Far Forward6.1.12 Other Failure Modes6.1.13 Practical Considerations
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6.1.14 Phugoid Oscillations

6.2 Spiral Dive

6.2.1 Which Way Is Up?6.2.2 Overview6.2.3 General Discussion

6.2.4 Recovering From a Spiral Dive6.2.5 Try It Yourself

6.3 Summary

7 More About Energy and Power

7.1 Introduction7.2 Making Changes in Airspeed

7.2.1 Front Side of the Power Curve7.2.2 Back Side of the Power Curve7.2.3 Right versus Wrong Procedures

7.3 You Can Get Away With A Lot During Cruise7.4 Let George Do It7.5 Max Performance using the Power Curve

7.5.1 Calibrated Airspeed versus True Airspeed

7.5.2 Best Rate of Climb7.5.3 Minimum Level-Flight Speed7.5.4 Best Angle of Climb7.5.5 Power Depends on Altitude via True Airspeed7.5.6 Other Power and Altitude Effects7.5.7 Best Glide: Wind, Downdrafts, etc.7.5.8 Weight Effects7.5.9 Center of Mass Effects

7.6 Variations in the Power Curve

7.6.1 Power Curve Depends on Aspect Ratio7.6.2 Sketching the Curve7.6.3 Some Theory7.6.4 Power Requirements versus Speed7.6.5 Power Requirements versus Altitude

7.7 Energy Management Stunts

7.7.1 High-Speed Steep Descent7.7.2 Low-Speed Steep Descent7.7.3 Skimming in Ground Effect

7.8 Summary
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8 Yaw-Wise Torque Budget

8.1 Overview8.2 Yaw Stability8.3 Yaw Damping8.4 Helical Propwash

8.5 P-Factor

8.5.1 Blade Speed8.5.2 Blade Angle8.5.3 Initial Takeoff Roll8.5.4 Observing P-Factor

8.6 Gyroscopic Precession8.7 Canted Engine8.8 Yaw-Wise Rotation of Propwash

8.9 Rudder Usage During Rolls

8.9.1 Analysis of a Roll8.9.2 Designers Tricks8.9.3 Two Modes and Four Zones8.9.4 Transitory Adverse Yaw8.9.5 Steady Adverse Yaw Twisted Lift8.9.6 Yaw-Wise Inertia8.9.7 Amount of Rudder Required

8.9.8 Summary: Coordinated Turning Procedures8.10 Long-Tail Slip8.11 Boat Turn8.12 Weathervaning During Taxi8.13 Asymmetric Thrust8.14 Yaw-Wise Torque Budget Summary

9 Roll-Wise Torque Budget

9.1 Dihedral9.2 Other Forms of Slip-Roll Coupling9.3 Roll-Wise Stability9.4 Differential Wingtip Speed; Overbanking9.5 Rolling Moment due to Propeller Drag9.6 Engine Inertia9.7 Climbing and Descending Turns9.8 Roll-Wise Torque Budget Summary

10 Equilibrium, Stability, and Damping

10.1 Equilibrium
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10.2 Stability10.3 Damping10.4 Relationship between Static Stability and Damping10.5 Oleo-Pneumatic Struts10.6 Oscillations

10.6.1 Analysis of Dutch Roll

10.6.2 How to Fight Oscillations

10.7 Stability and Controllability

11 Slips, Skids, and Snap Rolls

11.1 A Lesson on Snap Rolls11.2 Slipping Situation versus Slipping Maneuver 11.3 Perceiving the Slip Angle

11.4 Skids

11.4.1 Definition and Explanation11.4.2 Bottom Rudder: Right vs. Wrong

11.5 Intentional Slips

11.5.1 Overview11.5.2 General Considerations11.5.3 Slipping Increases the Stall Speed

11.5.4 Slipping May Perturb the Pitot/Static System11.5.5 Turning Slips11.5.6 Left Slip versus Right Slip11.5.7 Side Slip Or Not

11.6 Anticipate Correct Rudder Usage11.7 Perceiving Slip, Perceiving Coordination

11.7.1 Looking Out the Side11.7.2 Looking Out the Front11.7.3 Using the Inclinometer Ball11.7.4 Using the Seat of Your Pants11.7.5 Intentional Slips11.7.6 Slip Angle versus Bank Angle

11.8 Summary

12 Landing

12.1 Planning the Approach

12.1.1 Other Planning Issues12.1.2 Traffic
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12.1.3 Obstacle Clearance

12.2 Judging Left or Right12.3 Judging High or Low; Rule of Thumb12.4 Judging Pitch Attitude and Angle of Attack

12.4.1 Use Outside References and Trim

12.4.2 Observe and Control More Than One Thing12.4.3 Correct for Wind

12.5 Other Perceptions12.6 Basic Normal Landing

12.6.1 Short Final12.6.2 Flare12.6.3 Timing the Flare12.6.4 Touchdown and Rollout

12.7 High-Performance Landing

12.7.1 Choose the Right Runway12.7.2 Use the Right Configuration12.7.3 Touch Down at the Right Point12.7.4 Touch Down at a Low Speed12.7.5 Use the Brakes12.7.6 Summary: High-Performance Landing

12.8 Soft-field Landing12.9 Crosswind Landing

12.9.1 Basics12.9.2 Alignment Priorities12.9.3 Alignment Procedures12.9.4 Flare and Touchdown12.9.5 Wings-Level Crosswind Landing

12.10 Going Around12.11 Learning to Land the Airplane

12.11.1 Maneuver by Reference to the Edge12.11.2 High-Speed Taxiing; Roadrunner Mode12.11.3 Practice Maneuvering at Altitude12.11.4 Practice Flaring and Stalling at Altitude12.11.5 Practice High-Speed Taxiiing12.11.6 Practice Flying in the Runway Environment12.11.7 Learn Soft-Field Procedure First

12.11.8 Nose-High Rollout12.11.9 Recovering from an Evil Zoom12.11.10 Salvaging an Imperfect Flare

12.12 Fly with a Light Touch
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12.13 Critique Your Own Landings

13 Takeoff

13.1 Simplest Takeoff 13.2 Normal Takeoff

13.3 Obstructed-Field Takeoff Skimming versus Wheelbarrowing or Flap-Popping

13.4 Soft-Field Takeoff 13.5 Crosswind Technique13.6 Multi-Engine Takeoff 13.7 Planning and Decisionmaking

13.7.1 Planning the Takeoff

13.7.2 Checklist Usage13.7.3 Monitoring Takeoff Performance (wrong)13.7.4 Monitoring Takeoff Performance (right)13.7.5 Causes of Diminished Power 13.7.6 Plan & Practice Rejected Takeoffs13.7.7 After Liftoff: Departure Climb

13.8 Other Elements of the Takeoff 13.9 Summary

14 Cross-Country Flying

14.1 Pilotage

14.1.1 Airports Make Good Landmarks14.1.2 Choose Distinctive Landmarks14.1.3 Doglegs14.1.4 Reality-Based Navigation

14.2 Dead Reckoning

14.2.1 Course14.2.2 Distance, Time, and Airspeed14.2.3 Crosswind Correction14.2.4 The Wind Triangle14.2.5 Discussion

14.3 Navigating by Instruments

14.3.1 Dont Be a Gauge Junkie14.3.2 Navigation Systems (Brief Survey)14.3.3 Intended Heading
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14.4 VOR Techniques

14.4.1 Off-Course Distance14.4.2 Approaching the Station14.4.3 Progress Along the Course14.4.4 Twisted VORs

14.5 Combined Techniques14.6 Staying Un-Lost14.7 Getting Un-Lost

14.7.1 Basics14.7.2 When in Doubt, Climb14.7.3 GPS or LORAN14.7.4 VOR Cross Radials or VOR/DME14.7.5 Ask ATC

14.8 Flight Planning

15 Emergency Procedures

15.1 Dealing with Emergencies15.2 Engine Out Procedures

15.2.1 Emergency Checklist15.2.2 Lower the Nose

15.2.3 Configuring for Glide15.2.4 Return to Airport?15.2.5 Power-Off Glide Perception and Planning

15.3 Preventing Emergencies

15.3.1 Safety Margins15.3.2 Fuel Management

16 Flight Maneuvers

16.1 Fundamentals16.2 Seeing and Avoiding Other Traffic16.3 Speeding Up and Slowing Down16.4 Phugoids16.5 Turns16.6 Coordination Exercise : Rocking the Wings16.7 Constant-Heading Slips

16.8 Crabbing Along a Road16.9 Slipping Along a Road16.10 Slipping Across a Road, Or Not16.11 Familiarization Exercises; Configuration Changes16.12 Transitioning to Fast and Complex Aircraft
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16.13 Turns around a Point16.14 Eights Around Pylons16.15 Chandelles16.16 Lazy Eights16.17 Eights and Turns on Pylons

16.17.1 Preliminaries

16.17.2 Turns on a Pylon16.17.3 Eights on Pylons

16.18 Changing Headwinds and Tailwinds

16.18.1 Steady Wind16.18.2 Albatross Effect: Winds that Vary with Altitude16.18.3 Windshear on Approach and Departure16.18.4 Turning Downwind; Energy Budget16.18.5 Section Summary: Headwinds and Tailwinds

16.19 Ground Reference Strategy

16.19.1 Accounting for the Wind16.19.2 Entry Strategy16.19.3 Visual Reference16.19.4 Checklist

16.20 Slow Flight

16.20.1 Airspeed and Altitude16.20.2 Yaw and Roll16.20.3 Procedures and Perceptions

16.21 Stall Practice

16.21.1 Preliminaries16.21.2 Provoking a Distinct Stall16.21.3 Stall Recovery16.21.4 Power-On Stalls16.21.5 Accelerated Stalls16.21.6 Evil Zooms

16.22 Recovering from Inverted Attitude

17 Multi-Engine Flying

17.1 Engine Out Scenarios

17.1.1 Takeoff 17.1.2 Climb17.1.3 Coordination17.1.4 Perception and Initial Response
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17.1.5 Yaw Control at Reduced Speeds17.1.6 Minimum Control Speed Definitions17.1.7 Effect of Altitude, Weight, etc.17.1.8 Effect of Center of Mass17.1.9 Effect of Drag (e.g. Landing Gear)17.1.10 Roll Control17.1.11 Critical Engine

17.2 Engine Out Procedures

17.2.1 Basic Takeoff Considerations17.2.2 Balanced Field Length; Takeoff Decision Speed17.2.3 Procedure: Low Altitude17.2.4 Procedure: Higher Altitude17.2.5 Airspeed Management17.2.6 Engine-Out Go-Arounds17.2.7 Low-Speed Engine-Out Demonstrations

18 Stalls and Spins

18.1 Stalls: Causes and Effects18.2 Stalling Part vs. All of the Wing18.3 Boundary Layers

18.3.1 Separated versus Attached Flow18.3.2 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow18.3.3 Boundary Layer Control18.3.4 Recap: Turbulence and Boundary Layers

18.4 Coanda Effect, etc.

18.4.1 Tissue-paper Demonstration18.4.2 Blowing the Boundary Layer 18.4.3 Teaspoon Demonstration18.4.4 Fallacious Model of Lift Production

18.4.5 Fact versus Fallacy

18.5 Spin Entry18.6 Types of Spin

18.6.1 Spin Modes18.6.2 Samaras, Flat Spins, and Centrifugal Force18.6.3 NASA Spin Studies18.6.4 Effects of Changes in Orientation of Spin

18.7 Recovering from a Spin18.8 Dont Mess With Spins

19 The Laws of Motion
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19.1 Straight-Line Motion

19.1.1 First Law19.1.2 Second Law19.1.3 Third Law19.1.4 Two Notions of Acceleration19.1.5 Force is Not Motion

19.2 Momentum in the Air 19.3 Sitting in a Rotating Frame19.4 Moving in a Rotating Frame

Magnitude of the Effect

19.5 Centrifuges with and without Gravity

19.5.1 The Centrifugal Field is as Real as Gravity

19.5.2 Centrifuge19.5.3 Centrifuge and Gravity

19.6 Centrifugal Effects in a Turning Airplane19.7 Angles and Rotations

19.7.1 Axes and Planes of Rotation: Yaw, Pitch, and Roll19.7.2 Attitude: Heading, Pitch, Bank 19.7.3 Angle Terminology19.7.4 Yaw Does Not Commute with Pitch

19.7.5 Yaw Does Not Commute with Bank

19.8 Torque and Moment19.9 Angular Momentum19.10 Gyroscopes

19.10.1 Precession19.10.2 Precession: Which Way and How Much19.10.3 Inertial Platform

19.11 Gyroscopic Instruments

19.11.1 Heading Indicator 19.11.2 Artificial Horizon19.11.3 Rate-of-Turn Gyro

20 The Atmosphere

20.1 Circulation Around Fronts and Low Pressure Centers

20.1.1 Flow Around a Low20.1.2 Fronts and Troughs

20.2 Pressure and Winds Aloft
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20.2.1 Thermal Gradient Wind20.2.2 Altimetry20.2.3 Altimeter Errors20.2.4 High Altimeter due to Low Temperature

20.3 Prevailing Winds and Seasonal Winds

20.3.1 Primary Circulation Patterns20.3.2 Continental / Oceanic Patterns

20.4 Summary

21 Pilot-In-Command Decisionmaking

21.1 Decisionmaking In General21.2 Decisionmaking during Lessons

21.2.1 Please Act As PIC During Lessons21.2.2 Hows Your Workload?21.2.3 Ive Got It21.2.4 Hood Work

21.3 Layers of Safety21.4 Example: Obstacle Clearance21.5 Flow Pattern

21.6 Checklists21.7 Personal Minimums21.8 Skepticism; Crisp Execution of Plan B21.9 Leadership and Resource Management21.10 Lifelong Learning

21.10.1 Learn How to Learn, How to Remember, and How to Think 21.10.2 The Curse of Dimensionality21.10.3 Critical Thinking21.10.4 Learn from the Experience of Others

21.11 Try to Outdo Yourself

22 Bibliography

23 About the Book, etc.

23.1 About the Book 23.2 About the Web Site23.3 Configuring and Troubleshooting your Browser 23.4 Notice Instructions Terms of Sale
http://www.av8n.com/how/htm/about.html#sec-terms-of-salehttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/about.html#sec-browserhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/about.html#sec-about-websitehttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/about.html#sec-about-bookhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/about.htmlhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/bibl.htmlhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-outdohttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-statshttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-critical-thinkinghttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-curse-dimhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-metacognitionhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-learninghttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-resourceshttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-plan-bhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-personal-minimumshttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-checklistshttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-flowhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-ob-clearancehttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-layers-safetyhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-hood-workhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-got-ithttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-workloadhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-pichttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-instructor-commhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.html#sec-decision-generalhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/decision.htmlhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/atmo.html#sec-atmo-summaryhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/atmo.html#sec-continental-oceanic-windhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/atmo.html#sec-primary-circulationhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/atmo.html#sec-prevailing-windshttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/atmo.html#sec-h-a-l-thttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/atmo.html#sec-altimeter-errorshttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/atmo.html#sec-altimetryhttp://www.av8n.com/how/htm/atmo.html#sec-thermal-gradient-wind


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