seed: ovule and its contents testa (seed coat) = ovule wall embryo, endosperm
DESCRIPTION
Fruits. Seed: Ovule and its Contents Testa (Seed Coat) = Ovule Wall Embryo, Endosperm Fruit: Ovary and anything attached to it Pericarp = Ovary Wall with three layers, Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp Seed(s). Ovaries from Fused Carpels. nonseptate. septate . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Seed: Ovule and its Contents Testa (Seed Coat) = Ovule Wall Embryo, EndospermFruit: Ovary and anything attached to it Pericarp = Ovary Wall with three layers, Exocarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp Seed(s)
Fruits
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septate
axial parietal
marginal axial parietal free central apical
marginal axial parietal free central
basal
Walters and Keil
Ovaries from Fused Carpels
nonseptate
3 Carpellate3 Loculate3 Septa
3 Carpellate1 Loculate0 Septa
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A Taxonomy of Fruits
1a. From a Single Ovary 2a. Dry 3a. Indehiscent 4a. One Single-Ovuled Carpel 5a. Testa and Pericarp Not Fused Achene [Rosaceae]: Persistent Funiculus 4b. Two (Three) Single-Ovuled Fused Carpels, One Locule, One Seed 6a. Testa and Pericarp Not Fused 7a. Thin, Flexus Pericarp Cypsella [Asteraceae only]: Persistent Funiculus, Persistent Sepals. Often called an Achene. Sunflower Samara [Ulmaceae]: Winged Pericarp. Maple, Ash, Elm 7b. Thick, Hard Pericarp Nut [Fagaceae, Polygonacae]: Oak 6b. Testa and Pericarp Fused 8a. Thin, Flexus Pericarp Caryopsis [Poaceae]: Often called a Grain. Corn, Wheat 8b. Thick, Hard Pericarp Nutlet (First Sense) [Cyperaceae]
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2a. Dry (Continued) 3b. Dehiscent 9a. Single Carpel, One-Many Seeded 10a. One Line of Dehiscence (One Valve) Follicle [Asclepiaceae]: Milkweed 10b. Two Lines of Dehiscence (Two Valves) Legume [Fabaceae only]: Peanut, Pea 9b. Several Fused Carpels, Many Seed Capsule: Okra, Poppy 9c. Two Fused, Many Seeded, Carpels with Modification Silique/Silicle [Brassicaceae only]: 2b. Fleshy 11a. Flesh from Pericarp 12a. Entire Pericarp Fleshy Berry: Tomato 12b. Thick Exocarp, Fleshy Mesocarp and Endocarp Pepo [Cucurbitaceae]: Cucumber, Pumpkin Hesperidium [Rutaceae]: Orange 12c. Hard or Leathery Endocarp Drupe: Cherry, Avocodo, Coconut
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2b. Fleshy (Continued) 11b. Accessory Fruits 12a. Flesh from Hypanthium Pome [Rosaceae]: Apple, Pear 12b. Flesh from Receptacle (in Aggregate Fruits) Expansion of the Axis: Strawberry Envelopment by the Axis, Pseudocarp: Sweetshrub, Papaw 12d. Flesh from Sepals Mullberry (a Multiple Fruit) 11c. Flesh from Inflorescence Axis (in Multiple Fruits) Expansion of the Axis: Pineapple Envelopment by the Axis, Synconium: Fig1b. Several Transiently Fused Carpels Schizocarp: Single-Ovuled Carpels, Splitting apart at Maturity Nutlet (Second Sense): Two-Ovules per Carpel, Two Carpels, Each Ovule in its own compartment. [Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae]1c. From Several Unfused Carpels (Aggregate Fruits) Magnolia, Strawberry1d. From Several Flowers (Multiple Fruits) Pineapple, Ear of Corn
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Single-Ovuled, Single Carpellate Ovary
Achene: Testa attached to Pericarp only via Persistent Funiculus
Utricle: An Achene with the Pericarp inflated away from the Testa Sometimes used to describe an inflated fruit of other types
Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene
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Cypasella: Achene-like with Adnate Calyx (Pappus)
[Asteraceae Only: Sunflower]
Single Ovule per Carpel, Two Carpellate Ovary, One Ovule DevelopsSingle-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene-like
Samara: Achene-like with Winged Pericarp
[Ulmaceae: Elm, Maple, Ash]
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Nut: Hard Pericarp[Fagaceae: Oak]
Involucre (bracts)
Single Ovule per Carpel, Two-Carpellate Ovary, One Ovule Develops
Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene-like
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PericarpTesta
Endosperm
EmbryoCaryopsis or Grain, Testa completely
Fused to Pericarp, both Thin[Poaceae Only: Corn, Wheat]
Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Caryopsis or GrainSingle Ovule per Carpel, Two-Carpellate Ovary, One Ovule Develops
Nutlet (First Sense), Testa completely Fused to the Pericarp;
Pericarp Thick[Cyperaceae]
Often used to describe small nut-like fruits
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Dehiscent, Dry Fruits: Follicle
Multi-Ovuled (usually), Single Carpellate Ovary; Dispersal Unit is a Seed
Follicle: Single Carpellate, Dehiscing along One Suture[Asclepiaceae: Milkweed]
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Dehiscent, Dry Fruits: Legume
Legume: Single Carpellate, Dehiscing along Two Sutures[Fabaceae Only: Peanut, Pea]
LomentTardily DehiscentAlong One Suture
Breaks intoSingle-SeededSegments
Multi-Ovuled (usually), Single Carpellate Ovary; Dispersal Unit is a Seed
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Dehiscent, Dry Fruits: Capsule and Silicle/Silique
Multi-Seeded, Syncarpellate Ovaries; Dispersal Unit is a Seed
Capsules: Syncarpellate, dehiscing through, between, or above Carpels
SepticidalLoculicidal Poricidal
Denticidal
Circumscissile
Schizocarpic
Silicle Silique Along both sides of Partition (Replum) [Brassicaceae Only]
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HesperidiumMesocarp and EndocarpExocarp Oily and a Rind[Rutaceae Only: Orange]
Fleshy FruitsFlesh from Various Tissues
Entire Pericarp
Hypanthium
Mesocarp and EndocarpExocarp a Rind
[Cucurbitaceae: Cucumber]
MesocarpEndocarp attachedto Seed = Pyrene,
Pit
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Single Flower with Aggregate of Unfused Carpels on its Receptacle, orMultiple Flowers on a Spath-or Head-like Receptacle
Aggregate Fruits Multiple Fruits
FolliclesMagnolia
DrupeletsRaspberry
Achenes Strawberry
Achenes Rose
Achenes surrounded by Sepals Mulberry
Syconium Fig
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Schizocarp: Single Ovule per Carpel, Fused Carpels that break apart at Maturity
Carpels usually called Mericarps; can be Achenes, Drupes, etc.
Samaroid Schizocarp(tardily separating)
Single Ovule per Carpel, Transiently Fused Carpels: Schizocarps
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Nutlet: ‘Mericarp’ from a Two Ovule per Carpel, Two-Carpellate, Ovary Develops as 4 Transiently Fused Compartments
Not a true Schizocarp producing true Mericarps[Lamiaceae, Verbenaceae]
Nutlets often used to describe any small Nut-like Fruits
Sepals
Single Seeded Dry Fruits: Nutlet (Second Sense)
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Rosales Rosaceae Rose FamilyMalus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
Fused Hypanthium; Fruit a Fleshy Pome
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Rosales Rosaceae Rose Family
Malus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
5-Carpellate, 5 Loculate Ovary
Fleshy Hypanthium
Longitudinal Section Transverse Section
Persistent Sepals
Most Cultivars are Genetic Mosaics: Seed is wild-type and Flesh is Mutant.Propagated by grafting shoots onto wild-type rootstock.
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Rosales Rosaceae Rose FamilyMalus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
Three tissue layers in plants: L-I epidermis; L-II subepidermal; L-III middle, centralThese rarely mix except in thin structures such as leaf blades
Both Hypanthium and Ovary each have their own L-I, L-II, and L-III
Ovary: L-II Gametophytes and thus Seed in the Apple Fruit (wildtype)
Hypanthium: L-I Color of Apple Fruit (mutant)L-II InsignificantL-III Flesh of Apple Fruit (mutant)
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Rosales Rosaceae Rose Family
Malus pumilla, Domesticated Apple
John Chapman (Johnny Appleseed): 1774 - 1845
Missionary for his own religion; Sold seed and seedlings of cider apples throughout the Northwest Territory. Northwest Ordinance required a land-grantee to plant at least 50 apple or pear trees.These were not eating apples, but “sour enough to set a squirrel's
teeth on edge and make a jay scream” (Thoreau), used only for hard cider. Before refrigeration, store carbohydrate as alchohol. Carry Nation’s axe was for apple trees as
well as bar-rooms. Cider also declined because of Beer Industry by German immigrants.
Read Michael Pollan, The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-eye View of the WorldApples, Tulips, Marijuana and Potatos