seed plants. seed plants are divided into two groups: 1. gymnosperms – which bear their seeds...
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Seed Plants
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Seed plants are divided into two groups:
• 1. gymnosperms – which bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones.
• Gymnosperms include conifers such as pine and spruce, palmlike plants called cycads, ginkgoes, and the very weird gnetophytes.
• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/30697-assignment-discovery-gymnosperms-video.htm
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Phylum Gymnosperm
• Gymno = nakedsperma = seed“naked seed” no covering around seed
• Do not flower• Produce cones (acorns, pine)• Shallow roots and woody stems• Leaves are needle-like and are replaced every
2 – 4 years.
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Gymnosperm continued• Needles retain moisture even during cold
seasons.• Grow all year• Can grow in harsh environments (cold, poor
soil)• Used for lumber, making paper, wood chips
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Pollen cone Seed Cone
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• The pollen falls down into the seed cone and fertilization results in a zygote which grows into an embryo inside a seed.
• As the seed ripens, the cone opens and releases the seeds. If the ground is favourable, it will grow.
• The pollen cone releases million of pollen into the air which is why allergies can be triggered in the spring.
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Life cycle of a gymnosperm
• Cones are either male or female:- female cone is the seed cone and found at the bottom of the tree- male cone is the pollen cone and found in the upper tree
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Angiospermae
• 2. angiosperms (also called flowering plants) – which bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the plant.
• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/27703-assignment-discovery-angiosperms-video.htm
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Angiospermae
• Angio = covered seedsperma = seed Covered seed
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• Produce flowers (which are unique reproductive systems)
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• Soft stems (herbaceous)
• Broad leaves
• Deep roots
• Grow in summer only (deciduous)
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Pollination
• Pollination is the pollen moving from the male part of the plant to the female part of the plant.
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Pollination can take place in 2 ways:
3. Self-polliation:occurs in some flowers
4. Cross-pollinators: a. birds, insects feed on the nectar.
– attracted to flower colour, scent, shape therefore they go to the same type of flower
– carry pollen from plant to plant while feeding
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b. wind - blows pollen around
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Success of angiosperm is due to:
• Flowers – Do not have to depend on wind or water to fertilize/reproduce
• Fruit – The wall of tissue that surrounds the seed protects it and is usually delicious. As a result, they are often eaten. By the time the seeds have cleared the animal’s digestive system and are ready to sprout, they may have travelled many kilometers.
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Angiosperm are categorized in 3 ways:
1. One way: Two classes with the angiosperm: Monocots (Monocotyledon)and Dicots (Dicotyledon)
Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves or cotyledons in the plant embryo.
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Seeds of the dicot (left) and monocot (right)
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• Add to chart the chart above (see page 570 in your text:
Monocots Dicots
Fibrous root Taproot
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Another way to group angiosperms
• 2. By their stems:Woody or herbaceous
Woody: trees, grapes, some ivy, blueberries, roses
Herbaceous: dandelions, petunias, sunflowers
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Herbaceous and Woody
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Another way:
• 3. Annuals, biennials, perennialsAnnuals: Complete their life cycle in one year (grow, flower, produce seeds and die in one year
Biennials: complete their life cycle in two years
Perennials: live for more than 2 years