Selected Bibliography

Origins

ALBERTINI, LuiGI, The Origins of the War of 1914, 3 vols. (New York, 1952-57).

BETHMANN-HoLLWEG, THEOBALD voN, Reflections on the World War (London, 1920).

CzERNIN, 0TTOKAR, In the World War, English translation (New York, 1920).

FAY, SIDNEY B., The Origins of the World War, 2 vols. (New York, 1929).

FISCHER, FRITz, Germany's Aims in the First World War (New York, 1967).

GEISS, IMANUEL (ed.), july 1914: Selected Documents (London, 1967).

Germany, Foreign Office, Outbreak of the World War, edited by Karl Kautsky, Max Montgelas, and Walther Schucking (New York, 1924).

GoocH, G. P., and TEMPERLEY, H. V., British Documents on the Ori­gins of War, 11 vols. (London, 1926-38).

MoNTGELAS, MAx, The Case for the Central Powers (London, 1925). RENOUVIN, PIERRE, The Immediate Origins of the War (New Haven,

Conn., 1928). ScHMITT, BERNADOTTE, The Coming of the War, 2 vols. (New York,

1930). VoN W EGERER, ALFRED, A Refutation of the Versailles War Guilt

Thesis (New York, 1930).

General Works

ALBRECHT-CARRIE, RENE, The Meaning of the First World War (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1965).

BALDWIN, HANSON W., World War I: An Outline History (New York, 1962).

BARNETT, CoRELL!, The Swordbearers: Supreme Command in the First World War (New York, 1964).

CHURCHILL, WINSTON S., The World Crisis, 1911-1918, 4 vols. (New York, 1927-30).

336 THE FIRST WORLD WAR

CRuTTWELL, C. R. M. F., A History of the Great War (Oxford, 1936).

ExPosiTo, V. J. (ed.), A Concise History of World War I (New York, 1964).

FALLS, CYRIL, The Great War (New York, 1959). LIDDELL HART, B. H., The Real War, 1914-1918 (Boston, 1930). TAYLOR, A. J. P., Illustrated History of the First World War (New

York, 1964). TERRAINE, JoHN, The Great War, 1914-1918 (New York, 1964).

The Western Front

BARBUSSE, HENRI, Under Fire (New York, 1917). CLARK, ALAN, The Donkeys (New York, 1962). CLEMENCEAU, GEoRGES, The Grandeur and Misery of Victory (New

York, 1930). CooPER, DuFF, Haig (London, 1935). CROWN PRINCE WILLIAM OF GERMANY, My War Experiences (New

York, 1923). FALKENHAYN, ERICH, The German General Staff and Its Decisions,

1914-1916 (New York, 1920). FocH, FERDINAND, The Memoirs of Marshal Foch (Garden City, N.Y.,

1931). HARBORD, GENERAL jAMES G., The American Army in France, 1917-

1919 (Boston, 1936). HoRNE, ALISTAIR, The Price of Glory: Verdun, 1916 (New York,

1962). joFFRE, MARsHAL JosEPH, The Personal Memoirs of Joffre (New

York, 1932). KLucK, GENERAL ALEXANDER voN, The March on Paris (New York,

1920). RITTER, GERHARD, The Schlieffen Plan (London, 1958). PERSHING, GENERAL joHN J., My Experiences in the World War, 2

vols. (New York, 1931). PETAIN, MARSHAL HENRI PHILIPPE, Verdun (New York, 1930). SPEARs, GENERAL EDwARD L., Liaison, 1914 (Garden City, N.Y., 1931). SPEARS, GENERAL EDWARD L., Prelude to Victory (London, 1939). TERRAINE, joHN, Haig: The Educated Soldier (London, 1963). TERRAINE, joHN, The Western Front, 1914-1918 (London, 1964). THOMASON, joHN W., Fix Bayonets! (New York, 1926). TucHMAN, BARBARA, The Guns of August (New York, 1962). WILLIAMS, joHN, Mutiny, 1917 (London, 1962). WoLFF, LEoN, In Flanders Fields (New York, 1958).

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 337

The Eastern Front

BRUSILOV, GENERAL ALEKSEI A., A Soldier's Notebook, 1914-1918 (London, 1930).

CHURCHILL, WINSTON S., The Unknown War: The Eastern Front (New York, 1931).

GoLOVIN, GENERAL NICHOLAS N., The Russian Army in the World War (New Haven, Conn., 1931).

GouRKo, GENERAL VASILII, War and Revolution in Russia, 1914-17 (New York, 1919).

HINDENBURG, MARSHAL PAuL, Out of My Life, 2 vols. (New York, 1921).

HoFFMANN, GENERAL MAx, The War of Lost Opportunities (New York, 1925).

IRONSIDE, GENERAL SIR EDMUND, Archangel, 1918-1919 (London, 1953).

IRONSIDE, GENERAL SIR EDMUND, Tannenberg (Edinburgh, 1928). KNox, MAJOR GENERAL SIR ALFRED, With the Russian Army, 1914-

1917 (London, 1921). LuDENDORFF, GENERAL ERICH, Ludendorff's Own Story, 2 vols. (New

York, 1919). PAREs, SIR BERNARD, Day by Day with the Russian Army, 1914-1915

(Boston, 1915). WASHBURN, STANLEY, The Russian Campaign, April to August 1915

(New York, 1915).

The Italian Front

DALTON, HuGH, With British Guns in Italy (London, 1919). FALLS, CYRIL, Caporetto, 1917 (London, 1966). Me ENTEE, GIRARD L., Italy's Part in Winning the World War (New

York, 1934). MussoLINI, BENITo, My Diary, 1915-17 (Boston, 1925). SPERANZA, FLORENCE C. (ed.), The Diary of Gino Speranza: Italy,

1915-1919, 2 vols. (New York, 1941).

The Balkan Front

ABBOTT, GEoRGE F., Greece and the Allies, 1914-1922 (London, 1922). ASHMEAD-BARTLETT, ELLIS, The Uncensored Dardanelles (London,

1928).

338 THE FIRST WORLD WAR

AsPINALL-0AGLANDER, C. F., Military Operations, Gallipoli, 2 vols. (London, 1928).

CoBLENTZ, PAuL, The Silence of Sarrail (London, 1930). Committee of Imperial Defence, History of the Great War: Military

Operations-Macedonia, 2 vols. (London, 1933). DAVIS, RICHARD HARDING, With the French in France and Salonika

(NewYork, 1916). HAMILTON, SIR IAN, Gallipoli Diary, 2 vols. (New York, 1920). KANNENGIESSER, HANs, The Campaign in Gallipoli (London, 1928). MooREHEAD, ALAN, Gallipoli (London, 1956). PALMER, ALAN W., The Gardeners of Salonika (New York, 1965). SANDERS, LIMAN voN, Five Years in Turkey (Annapolis, Md., 1927).

The Near Eastern Fronts

BuRNE, A. H., Mesopotamia: The Last Phase (London, 1937). CANDLER, EDMUND, The Long Road to Baghdad (London, 1919). DANE, E., British Campaigns in the Nearer East, 1914-1918, 2 vols.

(London, 1919). GRAVES, RoBERT, Lawrence and the Arabs (London, 1927). HERBERT, AuBREY N., Mons, Anzac, and Kut (London, 1919). LAWRENCE, T. E., Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Garden City, N.Y., 1935). MAcMuNN, GEORGE, and FALLS, CYRIL, Military Operations, Egypt and

Palestine, 2 vols. (London, 1931). WAvELL, ARCHIBALD P., The Palestine Campaign (London, 1931).

Naval Warfare

BENNETT, GEoFFREY, The Battle of Jutland (London, 1964). BIRNBAUM, KARL E., Peace Aloves and U-Boat Warfare (Stockholm,

1958). CHATTERTON, E. K., The Big Blockade (London, 1932). CoRBETT, SIR juLIAN S., History of the Great War: Naval Operations,

3 vols. (London, 1920). FRoTHINGHAM, T. G., The Naval History of the World War, 3 vols.

(Cambridge, Mass., 1924-26). jELLICOE, LoRD joHN R., The Grand Fleet, 1914-1916 (New York,

1919). MARDER, ARTHUR J., From Dreadnought to 5capa Flow, 3 vols. (New

York, 1961-66). SIMS, ADMIRAL WILLIAM S., The Victory at Sea (London, 1920). VoN HAsE, CoMMANDER GEORG, Kiel and jutland (London, 1921).

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 339

Air Warfare

AsHMORE, GENERAL EDWARD B., Air Defence (London, 1929). CuNEO, joHN R., The Air Weapon, 1914-1916 (Harrisburg, Pa., 1947). KIERNAN, R. H., The First War in the Air (London, 1934). LEHMANN, CAPTAIN ERNST A. AND MrNGos, H. L., The Zeppelins (New

York, 1927). OuGHTON, FREDERICK, The Aces (New York, 1960). RALEIGH, SIR W. A., and JoNEs, H. A., The War in the Air, 6 vols.

(Oxford, 1922-28). RrcKENBACKER, CAPTAIN EDWARD V., Fighting the Flying Circus (New

York, 1919). Ross, ALBERT H., War on Great Cities (London, 1937).

Political and Diplomatic Works

BEAVERBRooK, LoRD, Politicians and the War, 1914-1916 (Garden City, N.Y., 1928).

CHAMBERS, FRANK P., The War Behind the War (New York, 1939). GATZKE, HANS W., Germany's Drive to the West (Baltimore, Md.,

1950). GaRLITZ, WALTER (ed.), The Kaiser and His Court (New York, 1964). KENNAN, GEORGE, Russia Leaves the War (Princeton, N.j., 1956). KrNG, jERE C., Generals and Politicians (Berkeley, Cal., 1951). LLOYD GEoRGE, DAviD, The War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, 6

vols. (Boston, 1933-37). MAY, ERNEST R., The World War and American Isolation (Cambridge,

Mass., 1959). MAYER, ARNO ]., The Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1914-

1917 (New Haven, Conn., 1959). MEYER, HENRY C., Mitteleuropa in German Thought and Action (The

Hague, 195 5). RuDIN, HARRY, The Armistice, 1918 (New Haven, Conn., 1944).

Index

Aachen, 2 Aces, flying, 184-185 Aduda Abu Taya, Sheik, 138 Aerial photography, 184 Aeroplanes, 96, 102, 138, 183-196 Africa, xix, xxi, xxiv Air warfare, 183-196 Aire, 5 Aisne, 5, 7, 11, 14-15 Albania, xxvi Alexander Obrenovich (king), xxiv,

XXIX Alexander III (tsar), 289 Alexeiev, Michael Grigori (general),

53, 290-291 Allenby, Sir Edmund (general), 138-

139, 149, 152 Allied fleet, 98, 104-105, 112 Allies, xxii-xxiii, xliii, 42, 95-96, 121-

122, 160, 185-186, 278, 289-290,292-294,296-297,318-320, 322

American loans to, 273 Alsace, 24, 282

Lower, 16 Alsace-Lorraine, xxi, xxiii. See also

Lorraine Altvater (admiral), 299-300 Americans, 264, 273 Amiens, 10 Amphibious warfare, 94-120 Anafarta, 113-116 Anderson, W. C., 245 Anglo-Belgian forces, 18 Anglo-French fleet, 94, 96-97 Anglo-French forces, 95, 98, 112 Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902,

xliii Anthoine (general), 38-39 Antwerp, 7-8,17-19,24 Anzacs, 95, 108 Aqaba, 138

Arabia, 136 Arab revolt, 136-154 Arabs, 138-154

Syrian, 136 Arab States, xxiii Arbuthnot, Sir Robert, 122 Ardennes, 10, 2 3 Argonne, 266 Ari Burnu, 107-108, 110, 112-115 Arms embargo, 273 Artois, 260 Asia, xxiv Asia Minor, xxiv Asquith, Herbert, 94, 275 Atrocities, 212 Australians. See Anzacs Austria, xx, xxii, xxv-xxix, xxxii­

xxxix, xlii, xliv-xlv, 50-51, 121, 323-324, 331-333

home front in, 235, 247-258 Austria-Hungary, xxvi-xxvii, xxxiii­

xxxiv, xxxvi, xl, xlii-xliii, 296, 300, 302, 305, 312-313, 316, 328

Austrian army, 50-53, 55, 57-60, 63-64, 76, 131, 135, 291

Austro-Hungarian railway, xxv Austro-Prussian War of 1866, xxii

Balance of power, xxiv Balfourier (general), 90 Balkan Wars, xxvi

First, xxvi-xxvii Balkans, xxii, xxxix Ball, Albert, 185 Bailon de Servance, Fort, 4 Baracca, Francisco, 185 Barescut, de (general), 90 Bar-le-Duc, 86, 88 Barrere, Camille, 24 Baron, J. 0. (lieutenant-com­

mander), 173 Bazelaire, de (general), 90-91

342

Beatty, Sir David (vice admiral), 156-158, 161, 165, 174, 179-180, 182

Beauvais, 49 Bei, Djevad (colonel), 98 Bei, Sami (colonel), 105 Bel (major), 39 Belfort, 4-5, 16, 39 Belgians, 18-19,21 Belgium, xxiv, xxxviii, xli-xlii, 1-3, 5,

7, 10-11, 13, 15, 18-19, 21-22, 31,44, 50,81,272,277

Bellairs (commander), 17 5 Berchtold, Count, xxvii, xxxi-xxxv,

xl Berendt, von (colonel), 114 Bernstorff, Count Johann-Heinrich

von, 276-277 Bethmann-Hollweg (chancellor),

xxvii, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvii-xl, xlii-xliii, 276-278, 291

Betz, 43-44 Big Berthas, 80 Bilinski, Leon von, xxxi, 332n. Bishop, William A., 185 Bissolati, Sergeant Leonida, 132-133 Black Forest, 17 Black Hand, xxvi, xxix-xxxi Blackouts, 186 Black Sea, 97 Blockade: The Diary of an Austrian

Middleclass Woman (Eisen­mauger), 2 35

excerpt from, 247-258 Boelcke, Oswark, 185-186, 194-196 Bolsheviks, xxii-xxiii, xlv-xlvi, 291-

295, 299-300, 305, 309-310, 314, 334

Bombing, 194-196 of England, 186-188 of Germany, 187-188 of Paris, 188 of Russia, 190-194

Bosnia, xxii, xxiv-xxv, xxix, xxxi Bosphorus, 97, 106 Boulogne, 12 Brandis (lieutenant), 89 Brescia, 124 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, xxii, 289-

318 Briand, Aristide, 80-81 Bridoux (general), 44-45,48

INDEX

Brinckmann (major), 303 British, the, 12, 17-20,23-26, 136,259,

271. See also Great Britain British Army, 96, 99, 104, 112, 115,

117 and Arab revolt, 137-154 and Battle of the Marne, 26-28,

40-49, 61 British Expeditionary Force, 24-25,

183 British flyers and flying, 194-196 British Grand Fleet, 155-183 British Navy, 95-121, 155,272 British Royal Flying Corps, 183-184,

187-189 Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count, 323 Brown, Roy (captain), 189 Brudermann, von (general), 53 Brusilov, Alexei (general), 51, 53, 55,

60, 290-291 Brussels, 8-9 Bryan, William Jennings, 275-276 Bucharest, Treaty of, xxii Bukovina, 290-291, 312 Bulair, 104 Bulgaria, xxxii, xliii-xliv, 296, 303 Biilow, Karl von (general), 23-25, 28,

32, 43 Burney, Sir Cecil (admiral), 162, 164,

166, 172, 175, 178 Byzenko, Mme., 296

Cabrinovich, Nedjeljko, xxxi Cairo, 136-137 Calais, 12 Cambon, Paul, 1 Canada, xlv, 185 Cantacuzene (prince), 61-62 Capelle, von (admiral), xxxiii Capitalism, 245, 327 Castelnau, Noel de (general), 24, 30,

38-39,47,80-81,86,88,90 Cavaciocchi (general), 124 Central Powers, xxiii, xxxv, xliii, 22,

50, 113-114, 117,278,289,292-293, 302-305, 308-310, 312, 314-315, 318

Chamberlain, Austen, 113 Champenoux, Forest of, 30 Charleroi, 24 Charpentier (general), 67 Chasseurs, 83-84

INDEX

Chateau-Thierry, 36, 45, 268 Chatillon-sur-Seine, 27 Chemin-des-Dames, 260-262, 269 Cherrier (general), 30 China, xix Chotex, Sophie, xxx-xxxii Churchill, Winston, 94, 112, 155,

183-184, 187-188 Ciganovich, Milan, xxxv-xxxvi Clemenceau, Georges, 322 Clignon, 46-4 7 Coblenz, 17 Colmar, 24 Commercy, 38 Communism, 318 Conneau (general), 35, 45 Conrad von Hotzendorf, xxvii, xxxiv,

xl, 50 Constantinople, 99, 120, 292 Contraband, 272 Cornulier-Luciniere (general), 45 Cossacks, 56, 59, 61, 63, 66, 68-69, 72-

73, 75-78, 193, 292 Coups de main, 22 Coutanceau (general), 48, 80 Csicsericz (lieutenant field-marshal),

304-305 Cyprus, 101 Czechoslovakia, xliv-xlv, 321 Czernin, Count, 300-305, 309-310,

312-314, 316-317

D'Amade (general), 49, 99 D'Esperey, Franchet (general), 29,

35-36,40,42,44-47,49 Damascus, 138-139 Dankl (general), 50-53,55 Dardanelles, the, xxii-xxiii Dardanelles Campaign, 94-120 De Gaulle, Charles, 82, 2 59-260 Delcasse, Theophile, xxiii, 24 Democracy, Wilsonian, xliv Denmark, xlv, 282 Desert warfare, 136-154 Dictatorship, xliv Diedenhofen, 17 Dimitrievich (colonel), xxvi, xxlx-

xxxi Diplomacy, 271-334 Djevad Pasha, 120, 136 Dobrorolski (general), xxviii Dogger Bank, Battle of, 273-274

343

Dollfuss, Engelbert, xliv Dommartin-en-Goele, 43 Douaumont, Fort, 86, 88-92, 263 Dreyer (captain), 162 Dreyer (colonel), 61 Dreyfus affair, xxvii Driant, Emile (colonel), 80, 82-84 Dubail (general), 30, 39 Dugouts, 79-80 Dunkirk, 5, 7, 12

Eagle, Joe H., 278 quoted, 279-283

Eastern Front, the, 50-79 General Knox's account of, 52-

79 Eckhardt, Heinrich von, 278 Economic Consequences of Peace,

The (Keynes), 320 excerpt from, 322-334

Edolo, 124, 135 Egypt, 94, 101 Eisenmenger, Frau Anna, 235

quoted, 247-258 Eltschitepe (Achi Baba), 107, 109-

110 England. See Great Britain English. See British Enver Pasha, 98-99, 136 Epinal, 4-5, 39 Erdeli (general), 51-52, 61, 71, 73-

74, 76 Esbjerg, 19 Essad Pasha, 104-105, 108, 112-113 Esternay, 269 Estonia, xliv Europe, xix, xxiv, xlvi

Eastern, xlv new republics in, xliv and Treaty of Versailles, 321-

334. See also names of coun­tries

Evan-Thomas, Hugh (rear admiral), 157-158, 165' 168-169, 178, 182-183

Ewarth (general), 52, 60

Falkenhayn, Erich von (general), xxxiii, xl, 79, 121

Fascism, xliv-xlv, 318 Feisal, 137-139 Ferdinand (tsar), 303

344

Fere-Champenoise, 36, 46, 48 Finland, xliv Firle (lieutenant), 110 Fischer, Fritz, xxxvii, xxxix, xliii Fisher, Sir John (admiral), xxvii, 94--

95, 160 Flanders, 24, 197 Flying circus, 185 Foch (general), 29, 35-36, 41, 46-

49, 293 Fokke (lieutenant-colonel), 303 Fokker, Anthony, 184 Fonck, Rene, 185 Food, 78-79,109,274--275

in Austria, 248-254, 256 in Germany, 258 in Great Britain, 234, 238-247 in Russia, 290

Foret de Hoye, 4 Fortresses, 4--5, 7-10, 14, 17-18, 22 Fournier (general), 40 France, xx-xxiv, xxvii, xxxiv-xxxvi,

xxxix, xl-xliii, 1-3, 5, 10-15, 20, 26, 32, 50, 139, 183, 185, 258, 272-273, 277-278, 282, 289, 302, 321, 328-332. See also French; Paris

Franco-German War, 17, 121 Franke, Fritz, 229 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, xxiv,

xxvi-xxxii, xxxiv Franz Joseph (emperor), xxxi. Freedom of the seas, 276 Freeman, Arnold, 245 French, 7, 9-11, 15-21, 23-26, 94, 183 French Army, 96,99

and Battle of the Marne, 25-50 and Battle of Verdun, 79-94 mutiny in, 258-270

French flying, 196 French, Sir John, 23-27, 41, 44, 48

Galicia, 50-51, 53, 290-291, 312-313 Gallieni, Joseph (general), 25, 40, 80,

183 Gallipoli, 96-97, 101-102, 104--106,

108-109, 111-114, 116-117, 120 Gantschew (colonel), 296, 303 Garibaldi, 135 Garros, Roland, 184 Geehl (lieutenant colonel), 99

INDEX

Geiss, !manuel, xxxvii, xl-xli, xliii-xliv

Gerard (ambassador), 277 German air power, 183-196 German-American relations, 276--278 German Army, 8-12, 317

and Battle of the Marne, 23-25, 28, 30-50

and Battle of Verdun, 80-94 and Dardanelles Campaign, 96-

121 on the Eastern Front, 50-79

German Navy, 106, 155-183, 274 German Students' War Letters, 199,

229-233 Germans, 259, 264, 290 Germany, xx-xxiv, xxvi-xxix, xxxii­

xlv, 97, 121, 183, 185-186, 271, 294

blockade of, 272, 275, 324, 328 bombing of, 187-188 mobilization of, xxxix-xl rearmament of, 321 and Schlieffen Plan, 1-22 and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk,

289-318 and Treaty of Versailles, 318-

334 war diplomacy and, 273-289

Giesl, Baron, xxxvii Giordana, Carlo (colonel), 124--125,

127-134 Givet, 12, 24 Goodbye to All That (Graves), 197,

199 excerpt from, 199-219

Goodenough, W. E. (commander), 157-158, 161, 164

Goring, Herman, 188 Gosch en (ambassador), xlii Gouraud (general), 30 Grand Couronne, 38-39 Grand Morin, 35 Grasser (lieutenant colonel), 83 Graves, Robert, 197-198

quoted, 199-219 Great Britain, xx-xxiv, xxvii, xxxiv,

xxxvi, xxxix, xli-xliii, xlv, 3, 5, 7, 21, 139, 183, 185, 271-275, 277-278, 282, 289, 302, 321, 330-331

INDEX

Great Britain (cont'd.) blockade of, 274, 276 bombing of, 186-188 home front in, 233-247. See also

British Greece, xliii Grey, Sir Edward, xxii, xxxvi,

xxxviii-xxxix, xlii Gulevich (general), 60 Gurski, M., 70 Guynemer, Georges, 185

Hague, The, xx, xxviii, xxxvi, xxxviii Hague Convention, 186 Haig, Sir Douglas (field marshal),

259 Hakki, 301 Hamidje, Fort, 99 Hamilton, Sir Ian (general), 94-96,99 Hapsburgs, xxii, xxiv-xxv, xxix, xliv Hart, B. H. Liddell (captain), 2 Hausen, von (general), 23, 28, 36-37 Heath, W. L. (rear admiral), 181-

182 Hejaz, 136, 138-139 Herr (general), 88 Hersing (lieutenant), 110 Herding, Count, 300-301 Herzegovina, xxii, xxiv-xxv Hindenburg, von (general), 50-51,

276-277,291,294,307-308 Hindenburg Line, 260 Hipper, Franz (vice admiral), 156-

157 Hirson, 5, 10, 12 History, wars and, xix Hitler, Adolf, xliv, 294 Hoeppner, von (general), 185 Hoffmann, Maximilian von (gen-

eral), 291, 293-294 biography of, 294 quoted, 295-318

Hohenzollerns, xliv Holland, xxxviii, 2-3, 5, 11, 18, 21,

282 Holtzendorff, Henering von (ad­

miral), 277-278 Home front, 233-258 Home Front, The (Pankhurst), ex­

cerpt from, 235-247 Hoover, Herbert, 325-326 Horne, Alistair, 79

345

Honhy, Nicholas (admiral), xliv Hotham (captain), 162 .. Hoyos, Count Alexander von, xxxu Hungary, xliv-xlv, 326, 332-333 Hunger strikes, 245 Hussein, 136-137 Huy, 7-8

Ilich, Danilo, xxxi lmbros,96,99, 108,110,120 lmmelmann, Max, 185 Imperialism, xx, xxii-xxiii Import restrictions, xlvi Inflation, 327-328, 331-332 Ingenohl, Friedrich (admiral), 275 Intelligence, British, 278

French,23,80, 183 German, 290 Russian, 76

International law, 273, 277, 279-280 Internationalism, xlvi Isvolsky (foreign minister), xxv Italian front, 120-135 Italy, xx, xxiii, xxvii, xxxvi, xi, xliii­

xliv, 121, 185, 278, 318, 328, 331

lvangorod, 57-58,69 Ivanov (general), 51

Jagow, Gottlieb von, xxxv, xxxvii, xxxix, 276-277

Janushkevich (general), xxviii-xxix Japan, xx, xxii, xxiv, xliii, 278 Jaroslav, 66 Jellicoe, Sir John (admiral), 155-161

biography of, 160-161 quoted, 161-183

Jerram, Sir Martyn (vice admiral), 156, 181

Jerusalem, 138-139, 149, 152 Joffe,296-299, 301,303-304,308 Joffre, Joseph (general), 22-26, 79-

81, 85-86, 90, 92, 183 biography of, 25-26 memoirs of, quoted, 26-50

Johnson, J. E. (air vice marshal), 185 Jovanovich, Ljuba, xxx Jura, 5, 15 Jutland, 18

Battle of, 154-183 British losses in, 160

346

Kameneff, 296, 299, 301, 304, 310 Karachan, 2 96 Kerensky, Alexander, 292 Keynes, John Maynard, 318-321

biography of, 318-319 quoted, 322-334

Khibitse, 7 5 Khmyelnki, 70, 72 Kitchener, Lord, 41, 94-96, 114 Klehmet (lieutenant colonel), 114 Klimontov, 61 Kluck, Alexander von (general), 3,

23-25,28,32,35,40,42-43,45-46, 183

Knox, Sir Alfred, 51-52 Kornilov (general), 292 Kovess (general), 53 Krasnik, 53, 56-58 Krylenko (commander-in-chief),

295 Kuhlmann, von, 300-303, 305, 307-

310, 315 Kurland, 301, 303-304

La Fere, 5, 7, 9-11, 13-14, 17 La Ferte, 45 Laffaux, 263 La Follette, William L., 278

quoted, 283-289 Lagov, 72-73 Land warfare, 1-94 Landwehr, 8, 11-12, 16, 23, 55 Langle de Cary, Fernand de (gen­

eral), 23-24, 36-37, 41, 47-48, 85,88,90

Lanrezac, Charles (general), 23-24 Lansing, Robert, 122, 272, 276 Laon, 13-14 Latvia, xliv Lautrez (sergeant), 8 3 Lawrence, T. E. (captain), 136-139

quoted, 138-154 League of Nations, xlvi Lechitski (general), 60 Lefevre, Chasseur, 83 Lehmann (captain), 118 Lehmann, Ernest A., 185 Lemberg, 50-51 Le Mesurier (commodore), 177, 180 Lemnos,94,96,99, 110,112 Lenin,291-293, 327-328

INDEX

Lichnowsky (prince), xxxv-xxxvi, xxxviii-xxxix, xlii

Liege, 2, 7-8, 12, 18-19, 21-23, 79-80, 184

Lille, 5, 10, 12 Lithuania, xliv, 301, 303-304 Liubinski, M., 312, 314 Lloyd George, David, 96, 160, 322 Lochow (general), 88 Loginov (general), 68 London, air raids on, 186

Treaty of, xxiii, xli-xlii, 121 London Maritime Conference of

1908-9, Declaration of, 272, 274

Longwy, 9, 12 Lorraine, 4, 16, 24, 30, 39, 262, 282,

319. See also Alsace-Lorraine Lothes (major), 114 Low Countries, 2-3 Ludendorff, Erich (general), 50, 259,

276-277, 291, 294, 305-308, 311 Luke, Frank, 185 Lusitania, 275, 2PO Luxembourg, xli, 5, 11, 24, 31 Lvov, George (prince), 290, 292 Lyncker, von, xxxiii Lyublin, 56-58

Maginot Line, 81 Maidos, 104-106, 108 Malleson, Miles, 246 Manjewicze, 190-192 Mannerheim (general), 57 Mannock, Edward, 185 Mantoux, Etienne, 320-321 Marix, R. L. G. (lieutenant), 184 Marmora, Sea of, 97, 106, 109, 120 Marne, 10, 183

Battle of, 1, 22-50 Joffre's memoirs of, 26-50

Martens, Hans, 230 Marxists, xx, 293 Maubeuge,5, 10, 12,24,40,42 Maunoury (general), 25, 33, 35, 39,

42-46, 48-49 May, Ernest R., 271-272 Mecca, 136 Medina, 136-137 Mendere River, 101-102 Messimy Bey, 301, 303

INDEX

Mestre, 123 Metz, 7-9, 13-18 Meuse River, 5, 7-11, 13, 18-19, 23,

37-38, 41, 47, 79-80, 82, 85-86, 90

Mexico, 278 Mezieres, 5, 7-10, 12 Militarism, xxvi-xxix

Prussian, 281-282 Millerand, M., 27 Milovanovic (foreign minister), xxv Mines,94,99,273,275 Mlada B<;>sna (Young Bosnia), xxvi,

XXIX Mobilization, xxxix-xli, xliii, 50 Moltke, Helmuth von (general),

xxvii, xxxv, xxxix-xl, 1, 3, 20, 23-24, 31

Monmedy, 9, 12 Monro, Sir Charles (general), 96 Mons, 23 Montenegro, xlii, 277 Monts-de-Champagne, 260, 269 Morhange, 24 Morocco, xxi Moselle, 8, 10-11, 13, 15-17 Motkovitse, 71 Mountain warfare, 121-135 Mount Sainte-Genevieve, 38-39 Munition factory workers, 244-245 Munitions Act, British, 235-238 Murray (general), 26 Muslims, 136 Mussolini, Benito, xliv Mutiny, in French Army, 258-270

Namur, 2, 7-9, 12, 18-19, 24, 79-80 Nancy,4-5, 8,15-16,30,38-39 Narodna Odbrana, xxxv-xxxvi Nationalism, repressed, xxiv, xxvi Navalism, xxvii Near East, xix, xxiv Netherlands. See Holland Neutrality, xxxviii-xxxix, xli, 121,

273-274 violation of, 2, 5, 21, 271

New Zealanders, 108 Nicholas, Grand Duke, 50, 94, 290 Nicholas II (tsar), xxviii-xxiv,

xxxviii, 289-290 Nicolai (colonel), 101 Nida, 68-69, 71

Nikolaev, Rotmeister, 67 Nitti, Signor, 332

347

Nivelle, Robert (general), 93, 258 North Sea, 155, 273, 275 Novikov (general), 60-61 Nungesser, Charles, 185

Oise, the, 5, 10-11, 14-15 Ost-Auffenberg, von (general), 50,

52-53 Otsyesenki, 72 Ottoman Empire, xxiii Oughton, Frederick, 189 Ourcq, 33,35-36,42-43,46-49 Owen, Wilfred, 198-199

quoted, 223-226

Pacific, xxii, xxiv Palazzoli, Domenico (lieutenant),

123, 125, 134-135 Paleologue, Maurice, 1 Palestine, xxiii, 138-139 Palovski, Count, 65 Pan-Slavism, xxi-xxii, xxiv, xxxii Pankhurst, E. Sylvia, 234

quoted, 235-247 Paris, 10-11, 13-16, 18, 44

bombing of, 188 Pasich (prime minister), xxix-xxxi Passaga (general), 88, 89n. Pau (general), 24 Permanent Court of International

Arbitration, xx, xxviii, xxxvi, XXXVlll

Petain, Henri Philippe (general), 80-82, 259-260

quoted, 82-94 Peter (king), xxv, xxix Petit Morin, 40-41 Petrograd, 290-293 Pezarches, 35 Phillpotts (captain), 169 Pill boxes, 80 Pinchov, 68 Plehve (general), 52-53, 55, 60, 66 Plessen, von (general), xxxiii Plotnikov, Rotmeister, 68 Plundering, 119 Pohl, Hugo von (admiral), 275 Poincare, Raymond, xxxiv-xxxv Pokorny (lieutenant colonel), 296 Pokrovsky (professor), 301, 304

348

Poland, xliv-xlv, 50-51, 301, 303-304, 306-307, 312-313, 326, 328, 332

Poles, 66 Polish partisans. See Sokols Popoff (minister), 302-303 Portugal, xliii Potiorek (general), xxxi Pourtales (ambassador), xxviii, xxxiv,

xxxviii, xl Princip, Gavrilo, xxxi Prinetti (foreign minister), 24 Prisoners, 290

German, 56 Prussia, xxv

East, 50-51, 56 Prussians, 69

militarism of, 281-282 Pustkuchen, Herbert (commander),

276

Quadruple Alliance, 300, 302, 317

Rasputin, Grigori, 290 Raynal (major), 92-93 Reconnaissance tactics, 184 Red Army. See Russian Army Red battle flyer, 183, 190 Rennenkampf (general), 56 Renouard (major), 83 Reparations, 108-109, 275, 319-322,

324 Rethel, 5, 7, 9 Rheims, 9-11, 13-14 Rhine, 11, 16-17 Rhodes, Cecil, xxi Richthofen, Baron Manfred von,

185, 190 biography of, 188-189 quoted, 190-196

Rickenbacker, Edward V., 185 Rifugio, Garibaldi, 125, 127, 131, 134 Ritter, Gerhard, 1, 3 Rivieres, Sere de, 2 Robeck, Sir John de (admiral), 95-96 Romanovs, xliv Roosevelt, Theodore, 2 72 Rosenberg, von (ambassador), 296,

315, 317 Ross (captain), 172 Royal Naval Air Service, 183. See

also British Royal Flying Corps

Ruffey (general), 23-24 Ruhr, xxi, xxiii, 319

INDEX

Rumania, xxxii, xliv, 277,317,326 Russell, Bertrand, xx Russia, xx-xxix, xxxiii, xxxv-xxxvi,

xl-xlii, xliv-xlvi, 1-2, 21, 50-52,264,271,273,277,282,289-318, 323, 326, 328, 332-334

bombing in, 190-194 and Treaty of Brest Litovsk,

289-318 Russian Army, 50, 52-79, 94, 291,

299, 316 Russian casualties, 289-290 Russian flyers, 191 Russian revolutions, 289-291, 299 Russky (general), 51, 53,55-56,60

Saar, 8-9 Saarbourg, 24 Saar Valley, xxiii Saint-Mihiel, 37, 47 Saint Quentin, 2 Salonika, 96, 112, 117 Salza (general), 52 Sambre, 23-24 Samsonov (general), 50 Sanders, Liman von (general), 95-96

quoted, 96-121 Sandormir, 59, 61 Sapojnikov (captain), 62-63, 65-66,

68, 76 Sarajevo, xxx-xxxii, xxxiv, xxxvi Saros (Xeros), Gulf of, 101, 104-106,

113, 120 Sarrail (general), 37-38,41,47-49,96 Sassoon, Siegfried, 198

quoted, 219-223 Savy (colonel), 93 Sazonov (foreign minister), xxviii-

xxix, xxxiv, xxxviii Scapa Flow, 156, 160 Scheer, Reinhard (admiral), 155-159 Scheidt, 7, 18 Schlieffen, Count Alfred von, 1-3,

17, 20,22 Schlieffen Plan, xxxviii-xxxix, xli, 1-

22,24, 50 critique of, 3-17 general observations on, 20-22 supplement to, 17-20

Schmidt, Walter, 232

INDEX

Schmieder, Richard, 231 Schoen, von (ambassador), xl, xlii Schweiger, Walter (commander),

275 Sea warfare, 155-183, 272 Seddulbar, (Sedd-el-Bahr), 97, 105-

107, 110-112, 116-118 Seine, 10-11 Serbia, xxii, xxv-xxix, xxxi-xxxix,

xlii-xliv, 50, 96, 277 Serbian Army, 50, 96 Serret (lieutenant colonel), 2 7 Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Law-

rence), 139 excerpt from, 139-154

Sevruk, M., 312 Shaw, G. B., 246 Shipping, 272-279 Sinai Peninsula, 13 8 Sitsina, 77-78 Slavs, xxii, xxiv-xxvi, xxix, xxxii, 290 Social Democrats, xi, xliv Socialism, military, xliv Sodenstern, von (colonel), 107 Sokolnikov, 299, 317 Sokols (Polish partisans), 64-66 Soleika Volya, 77-78 Somme, 10, 14 Sompins, 37 Sordet (general), 40, 44-45 Souchon (admiral), 99, 111 Spears, Sir Edward L. (general), 24,

259 biography of, 259-260 quoted, 260-2 70

Speranza, Florence Colgate, 122 Speranza, Gino, 121-122

excerpt from diary of, 122-135 Spies, 1, 281 Starvation, 323-324, 326 Stashov, 73 Stolberg, M., xxxv Stopnitsa, 62-63 Storrs, Ronald, 136-137 Strafing, 184 Strategy

Arab, 138 Austro-German, 51 British, naval, 155 French, 81 German, 1, 3 Russian, 50

349

Sturgkh (prime minister), xxxiv Submarines, 106, 109-111, 271, 274-

279 Sweden, xlv Switzerland, 5, 15, 17,21 Sykes-Picot Agreement, xxiii, 139 Szapary (ambassador), xxxiv Szogyeny (ambassador), xxxii-xxxiii

Taiping Rebellion, xix Talaat Bey, 136, 317 Tankosich, Voya. (major), xxix-xxx,

XXXV-XXXVI Tanks, German, 81 Tannenberg, Battle of, 24 Tardenois, 262, 267 Tariffs, xlvi Taylor, A. ]. P., xix, xxvi, xxix-xxxi,

xl, xliv Temu, 125, 127 Tenedos, 96, 120 Termonde, 18 Third International, xlv Thomas, A. A. B. (captain), 184 Thrace, 117-118, 120 Tirpitz, Admiral von, 274, 276-277 Tisza, Count Stephen, xxxii, xxxiv Torpedo boats, 106, 110 Torpedoes, 159, 170, 172-173, 176-

177, 275-276 · Toul, 4-5, 8, 14 Trenchard, Hugh (major general),

186 Trenches, 79-80, 108, 184, 197 Trench life, 197, 199-219 Trevor Roper, H. R., xl Trier, 17 Tripartite Agreement, 289, 293 Triple Alliance, xx, xxiii, xxxii-xxxiv,

121 Triple Entente, xx, 302-303, 317-318 Trotsky, Leon, 291-293, 303, 308-315 Troyon, 37, 47 Tschirschky (ambassador), xxxii­

xxxiv, xxxvii, xxxix Turkey, xxi, xliii-xliv, 97, 108-109,

111, 121, 136,296, 301 Turkish Army, 95-121 Turkish Navy, 106, 109 Turko-G~rman fleet, 106, 110 Turks, 94-95, 136-139, 150, 152-154

350

Two Men Who Saved France (Spears), 259-260

excerpt from, 260-270

U-boats, 155, 271, 273, 275-278 Udine, 123-124, 135 Ukraine, 293, 309, 311-315 United States, xxiii, xliii, xlv-xlvi,

185, 330 blockade of, 279-280 enters the war, 271-289, 294. See

also Americans U sedom, von (admiral), 99, 106

Vasnev, 74-75 Vaux, Fort, 92-94 Verdun, 4-5, 7-8, 10-11, 14, 16, 23,

25, 28, 37-38, 49, 266, 290 Battle of, 79-94

Petain on, 82-94 Versailles Conference, 318-334 Versailles, Treaty of, xxiv, xliii-xlvi,

318-319, 321-334 V eselovski, Count, 65 Villa, Pancho, 277-278 Vincent (captain), 83 Vistula, 55-56, 58, 63, 76 Viviani (premier), xxxv, xl, xlii Vosges, 16, 38, 41,262

Waldersee, Count Alfred, 1-2 War guilt, xliii-xliv War of Lost Opportunities, The

(von Hoffmann), 293 excerpt from, 295-318

Wars, preventive, xxvii Warsaw, 55-56, 58,67 Watteau (lieutenant), 183 Weapons,64, 73, 80,184-186 Webb, Beatrice, 246 Webb, Sidney, 245 Weber (colonel), 104, 111 W ehib Pasha, 111-112 Wehrli (colonel), 98-99 Weimar Republic, xliv Wejh, 137-138 Westphalen (colonel), 62,76 Weygand (colonel), 41

INDEX

Wiegand, Karl von, 274 Wiesner, Friedrich von, xxxii, xxxiv,

316 Wilhelm (crown prince), 28, 80 William II (kaiser), xxxii-xxxiii,

xxxv, xxxvii, xxxix, 186, 276-277, 306-308

William of Wied (prince), xxvi Wilson (general), 26-27 Wilson, Woodrow, xlvi, 187, 271-

273, 275-278, 320 Woevre, 38, 85-86 Women, enfranchisement of, xlv

and war, 233-258 World War I, xix

attitudes toward, 197-258 casualties in, xix, xliv-xlv, 58,

65, 71, 96, 120, 160,289, 318 civilian, 186

causes of, xx-xxviii consequences of, xliv cost of, 318 countries involved in, xliii diplomacy in, 271-334 effect of, on customs and man­

ners, xlv misery of, 196-270 mobilization for, xxxix-xli, xliii,

50 women and, 233-258

World War II, 2 Wossidlo (captain), 99 Woyisch (general), 52 Wiirtemberg, Prince of, 28

Yanov, 75 Y asenn, 68-69 Yeats, W. B., quoted, 226-228 Young Turks, 81, 136 Yugoslavia, xxii, xxix, xliv Yugoslavs, xxv-xxvi

Zekke (adjutant-general), 296 Zenker (captain), xxxiii Zeppelins, 183-184, 186, 188 Zimmerman, Arthur, 277-278 Zlota, 64, 66 Zvolya-Sarnya, 73

DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION Edited by Eugene C. Black and Leonard W. Levy

ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF THE WEST

Morton Smith: ANCIENT GREECE *

A. H. M. Jones: A HISTORY OF ROME THROUGH THE FIFTH CENTURY Vol. I: The Republic Vol. II: The Empire

Deno Geanakoplos: BYZANTINE EMPIRE *

Marshall W. Baldwin: CHRISTIANITY THROUGH THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

Bernard Lewis: ISLAM TO 1453 *

David Herlihy: HISTORY OF FEUDALISM

William M. Bowsky: RISE OF COMMERCE AND TOWNS*

David Herlihy: MEDIEVAL CULTURE AND SOCIETY

EARLY MODERN HISTORY

Hanna H. Gray: CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE RENAISSANCE*

Florence Edler de Roover: MONEY, BANKING, AND COMMERCE, THIRTEENTH THROUGH SIXTEENTH CENTURIES *

V. J, Parry: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE * Ralph E. Giesey: EVOLUTION OF THE DYNASTIC STATE *

J, H. Parry: THE EUROPEAN RECONNAISSANCE: Selected Documents Hans J. Hillerbrand: THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

John C. Olin: THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION"'

Orest Ranum: THE CENTURY OF LOUIS XIV * Thomas Hegarty: RUSSIAN HISTORY THROUGH PETER THE GREAT *

Marie Boas Hall: NATURE AND NATURE'S LAWS

Barry E. Supple: HISTORY OF MERCANTILISM*

Geoffrey Symcox: IMPERIALISM, WAR, AND DIPLOMACY, 1550-1763 * Herbert H. Rowen: THE LOW COUNTRIES *

C. A. Macartney: THE HABSBURG AND HOHENZOLLERN DYNASTIES IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES

Lester G. Crocker: THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Robert and Elborg Forster: EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

REVOLUTIONARY EUROPE, 1789-1848

Paul H. Beik: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION *

David L. Dowd: NAPOLEONIC ERA, 1799-1815 *

Rene Albrecht-Carrie: THE CONCERT Of EUROPE

John B. Halsted: ROMANTICISM

R. Max Hartwell: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION *

Mack Walker: METTERNICH'S EUROPE

Douglas Johnson : THE ASCENDANT BOURGEOISIE *

John A. Haw good: THE REVOLUTIONS Of 1848 * NATIONALISM, LIBERALISM, AND SOCIALISM, 1850-1914

Eugene C. Black: VICTORIAN CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Eugene C. Black: BRITISH POLITICS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Denis Mack Smith: THE MAKING OF ITALY, 1796-1870

David Thomson: FRANCE: Empire and Republic, 1850-1940

Theodore S. HameroW: BISMARCK'S MITTELEUROPA * Eugene 0. Golob: THE AGE Of LAISSEZ FAIRE *

Roland N. Stromberg: REALISM, NATURALISM, AND SYMBOLISM: Modes of Thought and Expression irt Europe, 1848-1914

Melvin Kranz berg: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -If.

Jesse D. Clarkson: TSARIST RUSSIA: Catherine the Great to Nicholas II* Philip D. Curtin: IMPERIALISM*

Massimo Salvadori: MODERN sociALISM

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Jere C. King: THE FIRST WORLD WAR*

S. Clough, T. and C. Moodie: ECONOMIC HISTORY Of EUROPE: Twentieth Century

W. Warren Wagar: SCIENCE, FAITH, AND MAN: European Thought Since 1914

Paul A. Gagnon: INTERNATIONALISM AND DIPLOMACY BETWEEN THE WARS, 1919-1939 *

Henry Cord Meyer: WEIMAR AND NAZI GERMANY*

Michal Vyvyan: RUSSIA FROM LENIN TO KHRUSHCHEV*

Charles f. Delzell: MEDITERRANEAN FASCISM, 1919-1945

Donald C. Watt: THE SECOND WORLD WAR*

* In preparation