SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Antonovsky, Aaron. "Toward a Refinement of the 'Marginal Man Concept,''' Social Forces, XXXV (1956), 57-62.

Barker, G. C. "Social Functions of Language in a Mexican-American Community," Acta Americana, V (1947), 185-202.

Benyon, Erdmann D. "Social Mobility and Social Distribution among Hungarian Immigrants in Detroit," American Journal of Sociology, XLI (1936), 423-434.

Berelson, Bernard and Gary A. Steiner. Human Behavior: An Inventory of Scientific Findings. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964.

Bierstedt, Robert. "The Sociology of Majorities," American Sociological Re7liew, XIII (Dec. 1946), 705.

Borrie, W. D. (ed.). The Cultural Integration of Immigrants. Paris: UNESCO, 1959.

Broom, Leonard and J. 1. Kitsuse. "The Validation of Acculturation: A Condition to Ethnic Assimilation," American Anthropologist, LVII (Fall 1955), 44-48.

Brown, F. J. and J. S. Roucek (cds.). One America. 3rd ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 1952.

Bnmer, Edward M. "Primary Group Experience and the Process of Acculturation," American A nthropoligist, LVIII (1956), 605-623.

Burrows, Edwin G. Hawaiian Americans, an Account of the Mingling of Japanese, Chinese, Polynesian and American Cultures. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947.

Campisi, Paul J. "A Scale for the Measurement of Acculturation." Un­published doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1947.

Caudill, W. and G. DeVod. "Achievement, Culture and Personality: The Case of the Japanese Americans," A merican A nthropologist, LVIII (1956), 1102-1126.

Changes in Food Habits in the Yemenite and Iraqi Communities in Israel. Jerusalem: Israel Institute of Applied Social Research and the Department of Preventive Medicine of the Hebrew University­Hadassah Medical School, 1958.

Child, Irvin L. Italian or American. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1943·

Davie, Morris R. Refugees in America. New York: Harper, 1947. Diamond, Sigmund. "Some Early Uses of the Questionnaire: Views on

Education and Immigration," Public Opinion Quarterly, XXVII (1963), 528-542.

Dohrenwend, Bruce P. and Robert J. Smith. "Toward a Theory of

r08 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Acculturation," Southwestern Journal oj Anthropology, XVIII (Spring, 1962), 30-39.

Doob, Leonard W. Becoming More Civilized: A Psychological Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960.

Dozier, Edward P. The Hopi-Tewa of Arizona. Berkeley: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, 1954·

Eisenstadt, S. N. The Absorption of Immigrants. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954.

Fairchild, Henry P. Race and Nationality. New York: Ronald Press, 1947. Gillespie, James and Gordon Allport. Youth's Outlook on the Future: A

Cross-National Study. ~ew York: Doubleday Papers in Psychology, 1955·

Gillin, J. L. and J. P. Gillin. Cultural Sociology. New York: Macmillan, 1948 .

Glazer, Nathan. "The Integration of American Immigrants," Law and Contemporary Social Problems, XXI (Spring 1(56), 256-69.

-- and Daniel P. Moynihan. Beyond the Melting Pot. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963.

Gordon, Albert 1. Jews in Transition. Minneapolis: University of Minne­sota Press, 1949.

Gordon, Milton M. Assimilation in American Lije: The Role oj Race, Religion and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press, 19 64.

Grauman, R. A. "Methods of Studying the Cultural Assimilation of Immigrants." Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of London, 1951.

Hallowell, A. 1. "The Use of Projective Techniques in the Study of Sociopsychological Aspects of Acculturation," .Journal of Projective Techniques, XV (1951), 27-44.

--. Culture and Experience. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955.

--. "The Rorschach Technique in the Study of Personality and Culture," American Anthropologist, XLVII (1945), 195-210.

Hansen, Marcus Lee. The Atlantic Migration, I607-I860. New York: Harper, 1961.

Hartmann, Edward G. The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant. New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.

Herskovits, Melville J. Man and His Works. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1949·

--. Acculturation: The Study 0/ Culture Contact. New York: J. J. Augustin, 1938.

Hofstee, E. W. Some Remarks on Selective 1\!ligration. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1952.

Humphrey, N. D. "The Detroit Mexican Immigrant and Naturalization," Social Forces, XXIV (1944), 433-437.

Isaac, Julius. The Economics 0/ Migration. London: Oxford University Press, 1947.

Jones, Maldwyn A. American Immigration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Kallen, Horace M. Cultural Pluralism and the A merican Idea. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1956.

BIBLIOGRAPHY rog

Kent, Dona!d P. The Refugee Intellectual. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953.

Kerckhoff, Alan C. and Thomas C. McCormack. "Marginal Status and Marginal Personality," Social Forces, XXXIV (1955), 48-55.

Kessler, David. "~We1sh Farmers," London Jewish Chronicle, May 1,

1964, p. 9· Koranyi, E. K., A. Kerenyi, and C. J. Sarwer-Foner. "On Adaptive

Difficulties of Some Hungarian Immigrants," !vI edical Services Journal, Canada, XIV (June 1958), 383-405.

Kosa, John. Land ot Choice. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957. Kroeber, A. L. Anthropology. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1948. Kuycr, H. J. M. People on the Move: Personality and Adjustment of

Hungarian Working-Class Refugees in the Netherlands. Nijmegen: Institute of Applied Psychology, University of Nijmegen, n.d.

Lengyel, Emil. Americans from Hungary. New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1948.

Lindt, G. M. "The Cultural Assimilation of Immigrants." Unpublished }I. A. thesis, Columbia University, 1955.

Linton, Ralph. Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes. New York: Appleton, 1940.

--. The Study of ,Wan. New York: Appleton, 1940. Meszaros, A. F. "Adaptation to Life in Canada," Second Seminar on the

Hungarian Revolution of October I956. New York: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, 1958, pp. 67-81.

Mills, C. Wright, Clarence Senior and Rose Kohn Goldsen. The Puerto Rican Journey: New York's Newest Migrants. New York: Harper, 1950.

Park, Robert E. "Human Migration and the Marginal Man," American Journal of Sociology, XXXIII (1928), 881-893.

-- and Herbert Miller. Old World Traits Transplanted. New York: Harper, 1925.

Powdermaker, Hortense. After Freedom: A Cultural Study in the Deep South. New York: Viking, 1939.

Redfield, Robert, Ralph Linton and Melville J. Herskovits. "A Memo­randum for the Study of Acculturation," American Anthropologist, XXXVIII (1936), 149-152.

Ruesch, J., M. B. Loeb and A. Jacobson. "Acculturation and Disease," Psychological Monographs: General and Applied (1948).

Schermerhorn, R. A. These our People. Boston: D. C. Heath, 1949. Senter, D. and F. Hawley. "The Grammar School as the Basic Accul­

turating Influence for Native New Mexicans," Social Forces, XXIV (1946), 398-407.

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Shuval, Judith T. Immigrants on the Threshold. New York: Atherton, 1963. Sklare, Marshall. (ed.). The Jews: Social Patterns of an American Group.

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Sociological Review, VII (1942), 34-39. Spindler, L. and G. Spindler. "Male and Female Adaptations in Culture

Change," American Anthropologist, LX (1958), 217-233. Spindler, George and Walter Goldschmidt. "Experimental Design in the

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Spiro, Melford. "The Acculturation of American Ethnic Groups," American Anthropologist, LVII (1957), 1240-1252.

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Thompson, Laura. "Attitudes and Acculturation," American Anthro­pologist, L (1948), ·.Wo-215.

Vander Zanden, James. American J1.1inority Relations. New York: Ronald Press, 1963.

Wallace, Anthony F. Culture and Personality. Kew York: Random House, 196 1.

'vVarner, William L. Democracy in Jonesville. New York: Harper's, 1949. -- and Leo Srole. The Social System of American Ethnic Groups. New

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cultural Community: An Analysis," American Sociological Review, XIX (1954), 420.

'vVeinstock, S. Alexander. "The Composition of the CURPH 'A' Interview Sample," unpublished manuscript. New York: Columbia University Research Project on Hungary, 1958.

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'vVhyte, William F. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure 0/ an Italian Slum. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.

'vVilliams, Robin M., Jr. American Society: A Sociological Interpretation. 2nd ed. New York: Knopf, 1960.

Zborowsky, M. "Cultural Components in Attitudes towards Pain," Journal of Social Issues, VIII (1953), 16-31.

APPENDIX I

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

Age Sex Occupation Marital Status Time of arrival in U.S.

Birth date

PERSONAL HISTORY SINCE LEAVING HUNGARY

When did you leave Hungary? Did you have any intentions of migrating before 1947? If "yes," what steps had you taken in this direction? What was your main reason for leaving Hungary? Your major source of dissatisfaction? How long were you in Austria? Where? How did you get your American visa? When did you arrive in the United States? In which camp? How long did you stay there? 'What was your reaction upon arrival? Who sponsored you (name of agency) ? How do you feel about the help you received from the agency? Did you receive help from any other source? What was your main reason for choosing the U.S. as your place of immigration? Did you give thought to going to any country other than the U.S.? Are you sorry about your decision? When you arrived in the United States did you plan to settle here? Do you want to settle in the U.S.? Permanently? Why? Under what conditions would you return to Hungary?

RESIDENCES

How many places of residence have you had since your arrival in the U.S.? History of residence in the United States: Residence # I : How obtained?

Resided there how long? How much rent did you pay?

Why did you leave? Give the same information for each of your other residences in the United States. Do not include your present residence.

112 APPENDICES

Present residence: Do you live alone or with others? Are there any other Hungarians in the building? Are you satisfied with your present quarters? Describe in detail your living quarters and the neighborhood? \Vhat type of lodging would you like to have?

EDUCATION

Education in Hungary Education in the United States vVhat did you want to become in Hungary? What did you do in Hungary before you escaped? Before 1955?

OCCUPATIONS

vVhat is your present occupation? Describe the jobs you have had since your arrival in the United States. Job # I: How obtained?

vVorked there how long? Salary?

Reasons for leaving? Give the same information for each of the jobs you have held from the time of your arrival until the present. Do not include your present job.

Present occupation: Have you gotten a raise? vVhat are your chances for advancement? Are you a member of a union? Do you like your job? What kind of people work with you on the job? How do you get along with them? How do you get along with your superiors (foreman, supervisors, etc.) on the job?

ECONOMIC BACKGROUND

What is your father's education? What is your father's occupation at the present time? His previous occupations and their dates? vVhat is your mother's present occupation? Her previous occupations and their dates? Did the German take-over of Hungary affect you economically? Did the Communist take-over of Hungary affect you economically?

SOCIAL BACKGROUND

To what social class did you belong in Hungary before the revolution? To what social class did your father belong before the Communist take­over? To what social class did your father belong as of I956? To what social class do you belong in the United States? Do you feel that you have a greater chance to succeed here than you would have had in pre-revolution Hungary? In pre-Communist Hun­gary?

APPENDICES

FAMILY REMAINING IN HUNGARY

Are both of your parents alive? Where are they living? What are they doing? Are any other members of your family in HUllgary? Where are they living? What are they doing? Are any members of your family planning to leave Hungary?

II3

Are you making any attempts to get family or finances out of Hungary! If so, how and via whom? Was your family affected in any way by your flight? Do you know what they say about your flight? Are they "covering it up" ? How often do you write to your parents and to others in Hungary? Is anyone pressuring you to come back home?

FAMILY IN THE UNITED STATES

Do you have any relatives in the United States? What is their re­lationship to you? How long have they been here? Why did they leave Hungary? Where do they live? What do they do to earn a living? How often do you see them? If you are married, how long have you been married? If you were married within the past two years, where was the ceremony performed? Spouse's age and occupational history? How many children do you have? Ages and sex? Do you think American women make as good WIves as Hungarian women? What's your opinion of the equality of women? vor example, should a woman who is married and has no economic problems work? Who should do the dishes in the house?

FRIENDS

Do you have any friends here? Are your friendships different here than they were in Hungary? Are any of your friends so close that you can discuss everything with them? Would you mind telling me the first names of six of your closest friends? Did they come from Hungary with you or did you meet them here? Do you keep in close contact with any people you know in Hungary? In Austria? Did you make any close friends at Camp Kilmer? How often do you still see each other? Do you have any close friends among the Hungarian immigrants who came to the U.S. before 1956? How do you get along with such people?

CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

Did you own a car in Hungary?

II4 APPENDICES

Do you own a car here? If "yes," how did you finance the purchasc? 'When did you purchase it? Why this particular make? Do you make use of credit (timc payments)? Do you keep your money in a bank? Have you taken out any loans? Do you have trouble getting loans? If you've had to borrow money, from whom did you borrow it? Where do you usually buy your clothes? Do you have a personal physician? How did you COIlle in contact with him? Have you gone to any hospital clinics? Which ones? City or private? Have you joined HIP? Do you have Blue Cross insurance? Do you have a lawyer? How did you come in contact with him? Did you ever appear in court?

FOOD HABITS

Do you prefer Hungarian or American food? Do you have any favorite drinks? Do you cook for yourself? What do you usually cook? \Vhere do you do your marketing? Do you ever eat in restaurants? Which ones? How often? vVith whom?

ASSOCIATIONS

What is your religion? (Check on responses of Christianized Jews and self-conscious Jews. Get data on frequency of confession for Catholics and try to determine degree of reliance upon church and its organization.) Are you a member of a congregation? Which one? How often do you go to church? How often did you go to church in Hungary? Which church? What holidays do you celebrate? St. Nicholas day? Any national holidays? To what organizations do you belong? (Try to determine whether respondent has participated in any pickctings of leftist meetings, Russian Embassy, or parades of protest. Get complete details on types of organizations or clubs to which respondent belongs and whether membership is formal or active. If active, how active? Find out if they were recruited or joined voluntarily.) Are you active? Why did you join?

LEISURE ACTIVITIES

What do you like to do in your free time? Are you satisfied with the way you spend your free time here? What did you do last Sunday? Did you have more free time in Hungary? How did you spend your free time in Hungary? Do you read any newspapers in the United States? Which ones? Have you read any books recently? Which ones?

APPENDICES

What type of book do you like to read most? Do you listen to the radio? Do you own a radio? What are your favorite programs? What is your feeling about television? Do you own a television set? If not, where do you watch TV? How often do you watch TV? What are your favorite programs? How did you buy the TV set (cash or credit) ? Do you go to the movies often? Are you interested in sports? Which sports do you like to watch?

!IS

Do you participate in any sports? Which ones? Where? How often and with whom?

LANGUAGE

Did you study English before you came to the U.S.? Did you have any practice in speaking English before you came to the U.S.? How would you compare your proficiency in English now to the way you spoke English when you first came to the U.S.? Have you taken any English courses in the U.S. ? Where? When? What language do you speak to your children? Did you ever change your name in Hungary? Now that you are living in the U.S., have you ever given any thought to changing your name? If "yes," have you? If "no," why not? What are your children's names? Nicknames? In what language do you think? In what language do you dream?

SELF-APPRAISAL

What are your plans for the future? What do you think you will be doing five years from now? How have your plans changed since you've been in the U.S.? What are some of the changes that have taken place in you personally since you came to the United States? Do you like these changes? What is your real ambition? Have you changed your ambitions now that you have been in the U.S. over a year? If so, why? Could you name some people who in your opinion are successful? Explain why? Could you name some refugees who, in your opinion, are more successful than you? Explain why you think this so? Could you name some persons your own age in Hungary who have succeeded? Explain why you think this so. Do you think that you are different from the average Hungarian in the United States? Give reasons. Whose opinion do you value the most? Why?

INTEREST IN POLITICS

What do you think of American politics? Do you follow American internal developments?

II6 APPENDICES

Do you follow American foreign policy? Do you follow developments in Hungary? How?

PERSONALITY FACTORS

What two things would you like to have that you don't have? As a parent, what two specific lessons will you try hardest to teach your children? What two things would you like your child to have that you yourself did not have? For what end would you be willing to make the greatest sacrifice of personal comfort, time, and money? Concerning your personal future, would you say that in general you feel: enthusiastic, hopeful, indifferent, resigned, or embittered? What three activities in your life do you expect to give you the most satisfaction? Please number them in order of importance to you. What are the two worst things that could conceivably happen to you during your lifetime? What are the two worst things that are likely to happen to you during your lifetime? What are some of the bad things that people who know you can say about you? What would you do if you had unlimited resources and possibilities? What within you would help you to realize this goal? What things within you would prevent you from reaching this goal? N arne three goals of your life. How would you go about reaching these goals? Suppose I could tell you anything you wanted to know about this country. What two questions would you be interested in asking? What is the biggest problem that people in the same circumstances as yourself face in life? What do you think people in the same circumstances as yourself can do to solve this problem? Suppose you were made the President of the United States, what are some of the things you would do ? In what way has the United States been a disappointment to you?

MEASURES OF ACCULTURATION

I. THE CAMPISI SCALE

(Note: This scale was filled in by the respondent himself in the presence of the interviewer.)

Section A Check all that apply to you:

I. Which of the following persons are members of clubs and societies to which you belong? (a) Americans of American descent? (b) Americans of Hungarian nationality? (c) Hungarian immigrants?

2. With which of the following categories of persons are you frienrlly at work?

APPENDICES

(a) Americans of American descent? (b) Americans of Hungarian background? (c) Hungarian immigrants?

3. With which of the following persons do you feel most at ease? (a) Americans of American descent? (b) Americans of Hungarian background? (c) Hungarian immigrants?

4. When you go to the movies, lectures or meetings is it with

Il7

(a) Americans of American descent? Usually Almost never (b) Americans of Hungarian background? Usually Almost never (c) Hungarian immigrants? Usually Almost never

5. When you have intimate and friendly little talks are they with (a) Americans of American descent? Usually Almost never (b) Americans of Hungarian background? Usually Almost never (c) Hungarian immigrants? Usually Almost never

6. When you are invited to parties, are they given by (a) Americans of American descent? Usually Almost never (b) Americans of Hungarian background? Usually Almost never (c) Hungarian immigrants? Usually Almost never

7. When you receive Christmas, birthday, anniversary or other types of greeting cards, are they from (a) Americans of American descent? (b) Americans of Hungarian background? (c) Hungarian immigrants?

Usually Usually Usually

Almost never Almost never Almost never

Section B

Place a check mark to show what language you use when speaking to the following persons:

8. Parents 9. Brothers and sisters

10. Best friends II. Family doctor 12. Priest, minister or

rabbi 13. Neighborhood grocer 14. People at work 15. Nephews and nieces 16. Wife (Husband) 17. Children

Occas­Almost ionally Always Mostly Either English English Language

Language you use in the following situations: 18. To write letters 19. To tease and to joke 20. To do arithmetic 21. Say your prayers

Mostly Almost Hun- Always garian Hungarian

rr8

22. To think 23. What language is

spoken in clubs and societies to which you belong?

24. In wath language are books and magazines which you read?

Section C

APPENDICES

Occas­Almost ionally Always Mostly Either English English Language

(Continued)

Mostly Almost Hun- Always garian Hungarian

Place a check mark next to category which most accurately describes your eating habits:

25. Fruit juice and fruit cock­tail

26. American salads of all kinds, such as shrimp, gelatin, fruit and cottage cheese

27. Hungarian style salads: lettuce, cucumber

28. American-style meats such as baked ham and creamed chicken

29. Hungarian style meats such as bacon, chicken paprika, stuffed cabbage

30. American breakfast foods such as corn flakes, doughnuts, and cooked cereals

3I. Vegetables of all kinds such as escalloped corn, buttered peas, boiled squash

32. Hungarian style vegeta­bles such as squash, cab-

As Part of Your About About About Regular Every Once A Twice Almost Diet 2 Weeks Month A Year Never

APPENDICES

bage with tomatoes cook­ed with rantas

33. American beverages of all kinds, such as milk shakes, soda pop and iced tea

34. Catsup, mustard, or may­onnaise

Section D

As Part of Your Abou t Regular Every Diet 2 Weeks

II9

(Continued)

About About Once A Twice Almost Month A Year Never

Place a check mark in one of the 5 columns to show how you feel about the following questions:

35. Do you resent it when people say harsh things about Hun­garians although they do not refer to you personally?

36. Do you feel that American­born Hungarians should keep alive some of the Hungarian traditions?

37. Do you feel that in many ways your nationality group is su­perior to other nationality groups?

38. Are you moved when you hear the Hungarian anthem or see the Hungarian flag?

39. Do you feel that Hungarians should stick together?

40. Have you ever had a feeling of homesickness?

41. Do you feel that it is all right for a person to change (Americ­anize) his first name?

42. His last name?

Very Much

Some-Much what Little None

120 APPENDICES

43. Would you be happier if your child married a person of Hun­garian descent than an Ameri­can of American descent or an American of another nation­ality?

44. Do you believe it is better for a person to "pal around" more with people of his own nation­ality than with others?

Section E

Very Much Much

Some­what

(Continued)

Little None

Have you ever wished your way of living to be different trom what it is now? If you could have your way completely and no one would object, ot what nationality - American or Hungarian - would you prefer the tollowing usages and customs to be? Check all items, even if you are satisfied with things the way they are.

I would wish these ....

45. Food 46. Games of all kinds 47. Holidays 48. Your neighborhood 49. Language 50. Clubs and societies 5I. Songs 52. Dances 53. Books and magazines 54. Etiquette and good man-

ners 55. Gestures used in talking 56. Ways of having fun 57. Spelling and pronunci­

ation of your first name 58. Way of celebrating Christ­

mas and New Year's Eve

To Be To Be To Be Com- To Be Both Com- To Be pletely Mostly American pletely Mostly Ameri- Ameri- and Hun- Hun- Hun-can can garian garian garian

APPENDICES 121

I would wish these ....

59. Ways of courtship 60. Way members of a family

behave toward each other 61. Way of celebrating wed­

dings, baptisms and birth­days

(Continued)

To Be To Be To Be Com- To Be Both Com- To Be pletely Mostly American pletely Mostly Ameri- Ameri- and Hun- Hun- Hun-can can garian garian garian

If you could have your way completely and no one would object, which of the following persons would you choose as your very best friends? Check more than one if necessary.

62. (a) Americans of American descent (b) Americans of Hungarian descent (c) Hungarian immigrants

Section F

The following is a list of statements which may be completed so that they best describe you. For example:

EXAMPLE:

My style of dress is:

Com- Both Com-pletely Mostly American Mostly pletely Ameri- Ameri- and Hun- Hun- Hun-can can garian garian garian

If you think that your manner of dressing is mostly American, put a check ( v) in the column headed " Mostly American." If you tMnk that your manner of dressing is mostly Hungarian, put a check (v) in the column headed' • Mostly Hungarian."

122 APPENDICES

(Continued)

Com- Both Com-pletely Mostly American Mostly pletely Ameri- Ameri- and Hun- Hun- Hun-

63. The gestures that I use in talking are

64. My ideas on etiquette and good manners

65. My attitude toward teasing and joking is

66. My way of celebrating Christmas and New Year's Eve

67. My ideas of how members of a family should behave toward each other are

68. My ideas on how a man should court his wife are

69. My idea of having fun is 70. My first name is spelled

and pronounced in a way which is

7I. The type of dances which I know best are

II. THE INFORMATION SCALE

can can garian

(Note: This scale was administered orally.) I. What is a Thunderbird? 2. Who is the present Chief Justice? 3. What is the Reader's Digest? 4. How many men play on a baseball team? 5. Where is Little Rock? 6. What do the letters "F.B.I." stand for? 7 . What do the letters "A. E. C." stand for? 8. What is a "coke" ? 9. Who is "Li'l Abner" ?

IO. Who is Walter Reuther?

garian garian

II. Who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces? I2. Who wrote The Old Man and the Sea? I3. Who was Henry James? I4. Who is "Satchmo" ? IS. Who is Ted Williams? I6. What kind of tree did George Washington cut down? I7. Who is Cole Porter? I8. What is Reno famous for? I9. Who invented the lightning rod? 20. Who wrote "Rhapsody in Blue"?

APPENDICES 123

21. What is "the $64,000 question"? 22. What is a Mixmaster? 23. What is the Nautilus? 24. Who is Bishop Sheen? 25. Who is Norman Rockwell? 26. What is the "Spirit of '76" ? 27. What is the New Deal? 28. What does it mean to be "on the ball"? 29. What is a sundae? 30. What is a rain check? 31. Where is the Golden Gate Bridge? 32. Who said" ... that government of the people, by the people, for the

people shall not perish from the earth" ? 33. What is "Jim Crow"? 34. What is a mortgage? 35. What is an IBM machine?

MEASURES OF PERSONALITY VARIABLES

1. F SCALE

(Note: The respondents were asked to fill out a Hungarian version of this scale.)

Do you agree or disagree with these statements?

1. The artist and the professor are probably more impor­tant to society than the busi­nessman and the manu­facturer.

2. The findings of science may someday show that many of our most deeply held beliefs are wrong.

3. Human nature being what it is, there must always be war and conflict.

4. People ought to pay more attention to new ideas even if they seem to go against "the American way of life."

5. What people need most of all is strict discipline by their parents.

6. Most people who don't get ahead just don't have enough will power.

Don't Agree Agree Disagree Disagree Know Lot Little Lot Little

124 APPENDICES

(Continued)

Don't Agree Agree Disagree Disagree

7. It is highly unlikely that astrology will ever be able to explain anything.

8. Sex criminals deserve more than prison; they should be whipped in public or worse.

9. An urge to jump from high places is probably the result of unhappy personal ex­periences rather than some­thing inborn.

10. Bosses should say just what is to be done and exactly how to do it if they expect us to do a good job.

Know Lot Little Lot Little

II. STRODTBEC[( ACHIEVEMENT SCALE

(Note: the respondents were asked to fill out a Hungarian version of this scale.)

Section A Do you agree or disagree with these statements? Check one.

I. Planning only makes a per­son unhappy since your plans hardly work out any­how.

2. When a man is born, the success he is going to have is already in the cards, so he might as well accept it and not fight against it.

3. Nowadays, with world con­ditions the way they are, the wise person lives for today and lets tomorrow take care of itself.

4. Even when teenagers get married, their main loyalty still belongs to their father and mother.

Agree Agree Disagree Disagree Strongly Slightly Strongly Slightly

APPENDICES I25

5. When the time comes for a boy to take a job, he should stay near his parents, even if it means giving up a good job opportunity.

6. Nothing in life is worth the sacrifice of moving away from your parents.

7. The best kind of a job to have is one where you are part of an organization all working together even if you don't get individual credit.

s. It's silly for a teenager to put money into a car when the money could be used to get started in business or education.

III. MACH TV SCALE

Agree Agree Strongly Slightly

(Continued)

Disagree Disagree Strongly Slightly

(Note: the respondents were asked to fill out a Hungarian version of this scale.)

Do you agree or disagree with these statements? Check one.

I. One should never tell any­one the real reason for doing something unless it is useful to do so.

2. One should take action only when sure it is morally right.

3. Anyone who . completely trusts anyone else is asking for trouble.

4. There is no excuse for lying to someone else.

5. The biggest difference be­tween most criminals and other people is that crimi­nals are stupid enough to get caught.

Agree Agree Disagree Disagree Strongly Slightly Strongly Slightly

126 APPENDICES

(Continued)

Agree Agree Disagree Disagree

6. All in all, it is better to be humble and honest than im­portant and dishonest.

7. Most people who get ahead in the world lead clean, mo­rallives.

8. Most men forget more easily the death of their father than loss of property.

9. Every person should have complete faith in a super­natural power whose de­cisions he obeys without question.

10. Most men are brave.

Strongly Slightly Strongly Slightly

APPENDIX II

RAN KINGS OF OCCUPATIONAL STATUS

The following rankings were based on Edwards (1943) and on the United States Bureau of the Census classification and represent an adap­tation to this sample:

9 - Professionals and graduate students 8 - Owners and managers 7 - Shopkeepers 6 - Clerical and sales 5 - Skilled workers 4 - Semi-skilled, artisan 3 - Unskilled, farm 2 - Unemployed I - Institutionalized

X - Housewives, too young and other

This classification was also used for classifying occupations in Hungary before and after the Communist regime. According to Inkeles and Rossi (1956). occupational classifications are roughly interchangeable. Also, according to the experts of the Free Europe Committee, this classifi­cation is applicable to the sample used in this study. This is possible only

APPENDICES 127

because the respondents range from lower- to upper-middle class without any upper-class respondents.

APPENDIX III

THE INDEX OF RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY

The Index of Residential Mobility was constructed on the basis of al the residences the respondent had occupied since his arrival in the United States. Taking his first residence as a base line, all subsequent residences are rated as follows: the same as previous, I; worse than the previous, 0; or better than the previous residence, 2. The rating was based on the amount of rent paid, plus any additional information provided by the respondent. The ratings were added and then divided by the number of residences.

APPENDIX IV

THE VALUE PROFILE

The value profile is based on a series of open-ended questions from Allport and Gillespie (1955). The following were the questions used: I. What two things would you like to have that you do not have? 2. For what end would you be willing to make the greatest sacrifice of

personal comfort, time and money? 3. What two things would you like your child to have that you yourself

did not have? 4. What three activities in your life do you expect to give you the most

satisfaction? 5. What would you do if you had unlimited resources and possibilities? 6. Name three goals of your life.