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Selected Topics in Clinical Enzymology Volume 2 Proceedings (selected) of the Fourth International Congress on Clinical Enzymology Washington, D. C , USA July 30 - August 2,1983 Editors Mario Werner David M. Goldberg W DE G Walter de Gruyter Berlin • New York 1984

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Page 1: Selected Topics in Clinical Enzymology - Open Access LMU · Selected Topics in Clinical Enzymology Volume 2 Proceedings (selected) of the Fourth International Congress on Clinical

Selected Topics in Clinical Enzymology Volume 2

Proceedings (selected) of the Fourth International Congress on Clinical Enzymology Washington, D. C , USA July 30 - August 2,1983

Editors Mario Werner • David M. Goldberg

W DE

G

Walter de Gruyter • Berlin • New York 1984

Page 2: Selected Topics in Clinical Enzymology - Open Access LMU · Selected Topics in Clinical Enzymology Volume 2 Proceedings (selected) of the Fourth International Congress on Clinical

CONTENTS

I n t r o d u c t i o n b y M. W e r n e r a n d D.M. G o l d b e r g V

L i s t o f C o n t r i b u t o r s X I I I

SECTION I . CHANGING METHODS

I m p r o v i n g t h e A n a l y t i c a l S e n s i t i v i t y o f Enzyme A s s a y s b y R.C. R o c k 3

S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f Enzyme A s s a y s B a s e d o n D e t e r m i n a t i o n s b y R e f e r e n c e M e t h o d s b y D. L a u e 15

A U n i v e r s a l I n c l u s i v e R e f e r e n c e S y s t e m f o r C l i n i c a l E n z y m o l o g y . P r o p o s a l : The I n t e r n a t i o n a l C l i n i c a l Enzyme S c a l e b y G.y. B o w e r s , J r 23

A m y l a s e I s o e n z y m e s : I n f l u e n c e o f T e m p e r a t u r e and S t o r a g e o f S a m p l e s b y M. Z a n i n o t t o , P. R i z z o t t i , G* S a I m e r i , C\ C o c e o , D. Z a n i n i , M. P l e b a n i a n d A . B u r l i n a 43

4 - N i t r o p h e n y l O l i g o s a c c h a r i d e s a s S u b s t r a t e s f o r a Serum a - A m y l a s e : S e l e c t i o n o f Optimum C h a i n L e n g t h by E.G. H a g e l e 3 E. R a u s c h e r s E. S c h a l e h 3 P. L e h m a n n > //. B u r k a n d A.W, W a h l e f e l d 51

R e l i a b i l i t y o f a New A s s a y f o r C h y m o t r y p s i n A c t i v i t y i n S t o o l by P. K a s p a r „ U. N e u m a n n > K. W u l f f a n d A.W, W a h l e f e l d 65

A S e n s i t i v e M e t h o d f o r A s s a y o f L i p a s e A c t i v i t y by C o u p l i n g w i t h ß-Oxidation Enzymes o f F a t t y A c i d s b y S. I m a m u r a a n d H. M i s a k i 73

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D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f P s e u d o C h o l i n e s t e r a s e A c t i v i t y by an Enzyme C o u p l i n g M e t h o d i n t h e Serum o f P a t i e n t s w i t h L i v e r D i s e a s e b y K . - J . H s i a o >

S . - J . W u j ¥. K a s a h a r a a n d W.-K. T i n g 79

M e a surement o f Serum C h o l i n e s t e r a s e A c t i v i t y U s i n g a C e n t r i f u g a l A n a l y z e r b y G.C\ M o s e s a n d A.R. H e n d e r s o n 89

E n z y m a t i c D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f T o t a l B i l i r u b i n i n Serum b y A . K o s a k a , K. T s u d a , Y. M o r i s h i t a a n d K. N a k a n e 97

A s s a y o f Human M i t o c h o n d r i a l A s p a r t a t e A m i n o t r a n s f e r a s e b y R o c k e t I m m u n o e l e c t r o -p h o r e s i s a n d A u t o r a d i o g r a p h y b y 0. K o l d k j a e r 109

D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f C y t i d i n e D e aminase i n B l o o d by H i g h P e r f o r m a n c e L i q u i d C h r o m a t o g r a p h y b y T. R u s s o , A . C o l o n n a . j F. S a l v a t o r e a n d F. C i m i n o

F l u o r i m e t r i c A s s a y o f A n g i o t e n s i n - I - C o n v e r t i n g Enzyme i n C e r e b r o s p i n a l F l u i d b y H. S c h w e i s f u r t h a n d S. S c h i o b e r g - S c h i e g n i t z 125

SECTION I I . DIAGNOSIS

S t r a t e g i e s i n t h e E n z y m o l o g i c D i a g n o s i s o f M y o c a r d i a l I n f a r c t i o n b y A . B u r l i n a 133

How R e l i a b l e i s t h e L a b o r a t o r y D i a g n o s i s o f A c u t e M y o c a r d i a l I n f a r c t i o n b y /•/. W e r n e r 14 7

S t r a t e g i e s i n t h e E n z y m o l o g i c a l D i a g n o s i s o f P a n c r e a t i c D i s e a s e b y D.M. G o l d b e r g 171

P a n c r e a t i c C h o l e s t e r o l E s t e r H y d r o l a s e : E s t i m a t i o n o f I t s A c t i v i t y i n t h e S m a l l B o w e l U s i n g t h e P a n c r e o l a u r y l - T e s t and C o m p a r i s o n w i t h P a n c r e a t i c E x o c r i n e F u n c t i o n b y J . F r e i s e a n d F.W. S c h m i d t 199

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A s s a y o f M i t o c h o n d r i a l A s p a r t a t e A m i n o t r a n s -f e r a s e (m-AST) by I m m u n o p r e c i p i t a t i o n and Column C h r o m a t o g r a p h y i n S e r a o f P a t i e n t s w i t h L i v e r D i s e a s e b y F.W. S c h m i d t , E. S c h m i d t , S. O h l e n d o r f a n d R. R a u p a c h

P e r s i s t e n t A c i d L i p a s e A c t i v i t y i n a Case o f C h o l e s t e r o l E s t e r S t o r a g e b y A . L a g e r o n , I i B e u c l e r a n d J . - P . C h a g n o n

N a t u r e and C l i n i c a l S i g n i f i c a n c e o f A l k a l i n e P h o s p h a t a s e - I m m u n o g l o b u l i n C o m p l e x e s b y A . B u r l i n a , M* P l e b a n i , C. D e c h e c c h i , M.S. G r a z i a n i a n d P. R i z z o t t i

B i o c h e m i c a l T a r g e t s a n d I n d i c a t o r s o f Dr u g A c t i o n b y G. W e b e r

S t r a t e g i e s i n t h e E n z y m o l o g i c D i a g n o s i s o f M u s c u l a r a n d C o n n e c t i v e T i s s u e D i s e a s e by E. K a i s e r

C a r b o x y p e p t i d a s e N: S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c A s s a y and C l i n i c a l S i g n i f i c a n c e b y H. S c h w e i s f u r t h , J . H e i n r i c h a n d E. B r u g g e r

SECTION I I I . PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS

Enzymes i n I n f l a m m a t i o n : A s p e c t s o f P a t h o p h y s i o l o g y b y R.W. D o r n e r

G r a n u l o c y t e P r o t e i n a s e s a s M e d i a t o r s o f U n s p e c i f i c P r o t e o l y s i s i n I n f l a m m a t i o n : A R e v i e w b y H. F r i t z , M. L o c h u m , K.-H. D u s w a l d , H. D i t t m e r , H. K o r t m a n n , 5. N e u m a n n a n d H, L a n g

Enzymes i n C o l l a g e n S y n t h e s i s and D e g r a d a t i o n b y R. E. P r i e s t

P r o t e o l y t i c Enzymes R e l a t e d t o B l o o d P r e s s u r e R e g u l a t i o n b y M. R o t h ,

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U r i n a r y Enzyme P a t t e r n i n M a l i g n a n t H y p e r t e n s i o n o f S a l t - L o a d e d D a h l R a t s by D. M a r u h n , G. L u c k h a u s , D. P a a r , B. G a r t h o f f a n d 3. K a z d a 353

E f f e c t o f I n d o m e t h a c i n o n A c t i v e and I n a c t i v e R e n i n i n S o d i u m - R e p l e t e Man a t R e s t and Düring E x e r c i s e by P. L i e n e n , D. G r o e s e n e k e n , R. F a g a r d , J . S t a e s s e n a n d A . A m e r y 359

The Enzymes o f C a t e c h o l a m i n e M e t a b o l i s m i n Man: C a t e c h o l - O - M e t h y l t r a n s f e r a s e , Monoamine O x i d a s e and P h e n o l S u l f o t r a n s f e r a s e by R.M. W e i n s h i l b o u m 3^3

E n z y m a t i c C o n v e r s i o n o f GABA and 2 - P y r r o l i d o n e : An A p p r o a c h t o t h e B i o c h e m i s t r y o f A n x i e t y by L . G a l z i g n a , A . B e r t a z z o n , A . B a r t h e z a n d G. Q u a d r o 399

Serum C r e a t i n e K i n a s e F o l l o w i n g T h r o m b o l y s i s i n A c u t e M y o c a r d i a l I n f a r c t i o n b y T. G. K w o n g , P.G. F i t z p a t r i c k a n d R . L . R o t h b a r d 4.1

C r e a t i n e K i n a s e I s o e n z y m e C o m p o s i t i o n i n S k e l e t a l M u s c l e B i o p s i e s O b t a i n e d f r o m M a r a t h o n R u n n e r s by F.5. A p p l e , M.A. R o g e r s , W.M, S h e r m a n a n d J . L . I v y 4 i 9

U r i n e Enzyme P a t t e r n s i n t h e R a t A f t e r Damage t o D i f f e r e n t P a r t s o f t h e N e p h r o n by D. M a r u k n , F. B o m h a r d a n d D. P a a r 4 29

U r i n a r y Enzymes and I s o e n z y m e s o f N-Acetyl-ß-D - G l u c o s a m i n i d a s e i n t h e A s s e s s m e n t o f N e p h r o t o x i c i t y by ,7. H a l m a n , R. G. P r i c e a n d J . S . L . F o w l e r 435

E f f e c t o f P a r a t h y r o i d Hormone and C a l c i u m on L i v e r a n d K i d n e y Enzymes by F. B o g i n a n d y. E a r o n , 445

E n z y m a t i c Removal o f L i p i d H y d r o p e r o x i d e s i n R a t L i v e r M i t o c h o n d r i a and M i c r o s o m e s by L . C a v a l l i n i , IL V a l e n z e a n d A . B i n d o l i 4 53

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E f f e c t o f M e s e n t e r i c L y m p h a t i c O b s t r u c t i o n on S m a l l I n t e s t i n a l M u c o s a l Enzymes b y W. W e I l m a n n , K. T s a t c h e v , H. H u b e r t , K. S c h m i d , E. S c h m i d t a n d F.W. S c h m i d t 461

SECTION I V . ENZYME HETEROGENEITY

M o n o c l o n a l A n t i b o d i e s : New T o o l s f o r B i o c h e m i c a l , I m m u n o c h e m i c a l and G e n e t i c A n a l y s e s o f Enzymes and I s o z y m e s b y S. V o r a a n d S . L . M o r r i s o n 469

Gene R e - A r r a n g e m e n t a n d M e s s e n g e r P r o c e s s i n g As C a u s e s o f Enzyme H e t e r o g e n e i t y b y J . - C . D r e y f u s a n d A . K a h n 505

P o s t - T r a n s l a t i o n a l l y M o d i f i e d Forms o f Enzymes o f D i a g n o s t i c I m p o r t a n c e by D.W. M o s s 517

Human L i v e r S o r b i t o l D e h y d r o g e n a s e : E v i d e n c e f o r Two Forms by D.A. N e a l o n a n d R. R e j 535

S t u d i e s o f A l a n i n e A m i n o p e p t i d a s e , D i p e p t i d y l A m i n o p e p t i d a s e I a n d I I o f t h e Human S e m i n a l F l u i d and P r o s t a s o m e s by T. V a n h a - P e r t t u l a 54 5

SECTION V. VETERINARY

O v e r v i e w o f V e t e r i n a r y Enzyme P a t h o p h y s i o l o g y i n R u r a l a n d U r b a n P r a c t i c e b y S. N a t e l s o n 567

A n i m a l M o d e l s o f E r y t h r o c y t e G l y c o l y t i c P a t h w a y Enzyme D e f i c i e n c i e s : P y r u v a t e K i n a s e a n d C y t o c h r o m e bc R e d u c t a s e (NADH-M e t h e m o g l o b i n R e d u c t a s e ) b y J . J . K a n e k o 583

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A n i m a l M o d e l s o f E r y t h r o c y t e P e n t o s e P h o s p h a t e a nd G l u t a t h i o n e D e t o x i f i c a t i o n P a t h w a y s b y J . E . S m i t h 597

N a t u r a l l y - O c c u r r i n g M o d e l s o f I n b o r n E r r o r s o f M e t a b o l i s m : D e f i n i t i o n o f t h e E n z y m a t i c D e f e c t s by P.F. J e z y k , M.E. H a s k i n s a n d D.F. P a t t e r s o n 605

The U t i l i z a t i o n o f C l i n i c a l E n z y m o l o g y i n t h e P r a c t i c e o f V e t e r i n a r y M e d i c i n e b y J . W. H a r v e y .... 615

T r a n s f e r o f Gamma-Glutamyl T r a n s f e r a s e f r o m M a t e r n a l C o l o s t r u m t o t h e Serum o f Newborn G o a t s , F o a l s and C a l v e s by J . P . B r a u n , D. T a i n t u r i e r , P. B e z i l l e a n d A.C. R i c o 627

The P r o t e c t i v e R o l e o f S e l e n i u m i n G e n t a m i c i n -I n d u c e d R e n a l Damage i n t h e R a t b y E.G. 11 g a h a 635

S p e c i e s D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e I n V i t r o R e s p o n s e o f P l a s m a A n g i o t e n s i n - C o n v e r t i n g Enzyme t o P r e c u r s o r s and A c t i v e Forms o f C o n v e r t i n g Enzyme I n h i b i t o r s by D.-S. C h e n , U.R. B r u n n e r a n d B. W a e b e r 641

L e v o - C a r n i t i n e i n Serum, H e a r t , M u s c l e and T u m o r a l T i s s u e i n R a t s w i t h Y o s h i d a Tumor by E. D e L a M o r e n a , G.G. G o n z a l e z , L, S o l o r z a z o a n d L . C a n t e r o 647

S u b j e c t I n d e x 653

I n d e x o f C o n t r i b u t o r s 665

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10. P r i e s t R.E.: I n S e l e c t e d T o p i c s J.n C l i n i c a l Enzymo­l o g y , V o l . 2, D.M. G o l d b e r g , M. W e r n e r ( e d s ) , W a l t e r De G r u y t e r , B e r l i n , New Y o r k , 1985.

11. H a r r i s E.D., D i Bono D.R., K r a n e S.M.: J C l i n I n v e s t 48, 2104-2113 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .

12. A n d r i o p o u l o s N.A., M e s t e c k y J . , M i l l e r E . J . , B e n n e t t J.C.: C l i n Immunol I m m u n o p a t h o l 6, 209-212 ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

13. T r e n t h a m D.E., Townes A.S., Kang A.H. : J E x p Med 14 6, 857-868 ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

14. S t u a r t J.M., H u f f s t u t t e r E.H., Townes A.S., Kang A.H.: A r t h r i t i s Rheum 26, 832-840 ( 1 9 8 3 ) .

15. Hohn D.C., M e y e r s A . J . , G h e r i n i S.T., Beckman A., M a r k i s o n R.E., C h u r g A.M.: S u r g 88, 48-58 ( 1 9 8 0 ) .

16. W e b s t e r R.O., L a r s e n G.L., Henson P.M.: J C l i n I n v e s t 70, 1177-1183 (1982) .

17. J a c o b s H.S., G o l d s t e i n I.M., S h a p i r o I . , C r a d d o c k P.R., Hammerschmidt D.E., Weissman G.: A r c h I n t Med 1 4 1 , 134-136 (1981) .

18. W e t s e l R.A., K o l b W.P.: J Exp Med 157, 2029-2048 (1983) .

19. Weissman G., Z u r i e r R.B., S p i e l e r P . J . , G o l d s t e i n I.M.: J Exp Med 134, 149S-165S ( 1 9 7 1 ) .

20. S m i t h G.P., P e t e r s T . J . : B i o c h i m B i o p h y s A c t a 719, 304-308 (1982) .

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GRANULOCYTE PROTEINASES AS MEDIATORS OF UNSPECIFIC PROTEOLYSIS I N INFLAMMATION: A REVIEW

Hans F r i t z , M. Jochum

D e p a r t m e n t o f C l i n i c a l C h e m i s t r y and C l i n i c a l B i o c h e m i s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f M u n i c h , M u n i c h , FRG.

K.-H. D u s w a l d , H. D i t t m e r , H. K o r t m a n n

S u r g i c a l C l i n i c C i t y a n d S u r g i c a l C l i n i c G r o s s h a d e r n , U n i v e r ­s i t y o f M u n i c h , M u n i c h , FRG.

S. Neumann a n d H. L a n g

B i o c h e m i c a l R e s e a r c h D e p a r t m e n t , E. M e r c k , D a r m s t a d t , FRG.

A b s t r a c t

I n s e v e r e i n f l a m m a t o r y r e s p o n s e , v a r i o u s b l o o d and t i s s u e c e l l s , i n c l u d i n g p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r g r a n u l o c y t e s , r e l e a s e l y s o -s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s e x t r a c e l l u l a r l y and i n t o t h e c i r c u l a t i o n . S u c h e n z y m e s , a s w e l l as n o r m a l l y i n t r a c e l l u l a r o x i d i z i n g a -g e n t s p r o d u c e d d u r i n g p h a g o c y t o s i s , e n h a n c e t h e i n f l a m m a t o r y r e s p o n s e b y d e g r a d i n g c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e s t r u c t u r e s , membrane c o n s t i t u e n t s a n d s o l u b l e p r o t e i n s by p r o t e o l y s i s o r o x i d a t i o n . We f i r s t u s e d p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r e l a s t a s e (E) as a m a r k e r o f s u c h r e l e a s e r e a c t i o n s . The l i b e r a t e d P r o t e i n a s e c o m p e t e s w i t h s u s c e p t i b l e S u b s t r a t e s , i n c l u d i n g c t - ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i -t o r ( o ^ P I ) a n d a 2 - m a c r o g l o b u l i n , a n d i s e l i m i n a t e d f i n a l l y a s i n a c t i v e e n z y m e - i n h i b i t o r c o m p l e x e s by t h e r e t i c u l o - e n d o t h e -l i a l S y s t e m . U s i n g an e n z y m e - l i n k e d i m m u n o s o r b e n t a s s a y , we d e t e r m i n e d t h e p l a s m a l e v e l s o f E - a ^ P I f o l l o w i n g m a j o r abdom­i n a l s u r g e r y , m u l t i p l e t r a u m a a n d p a n c r e a t o g e n i c s h o c k , Whereas t h e o p e r a t i v e t r a u m a was f o l l o w e d b y up t o 3 - f o l d i n -c r e a s e o f t h e E - a ^ P I , p o s t o p e r a t i v e s e p t i c e m i a was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a 10- t o 2 0 - f o l d i n c r e a s e . The i n c r e a s e o f E - a , P I and a

Selected Toplcs in Clinical Enzymology, Vol. 2 © 1984 Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin • New York-Printed in Germany

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c o n c o m i t a n t d e c r e a s e o f p l a s m a f a c t o r s , s u c h a s a n t i t h r o m -b i n I I I , c l o t t i n g f a c t o r X I I I and e ^ - m a c r o g l o b u l i n , w e r e c o r -r e l a t e d . M u l t i p l e t r a u m a c a u s e s a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e o f E-a 1 P I up t o 14 h o u r s a f t e r a c c i d e n t . The r e l e a s e d e l a s t a s e seems t o c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e s e v e r i t y o f i n j u r y , b u t a s s e s s i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o c o n s u m p t i o n o f p l a s m a f a c t o r s i s c o m p l i -c a t e d by c o n c o m i t a n t t r a n s f u s i o n s . I n a c u t e p a n c r e a t i t i s , p e a k s o f E-a-^PI c o i n c i d e w i t h a m a s s i v e c o n s u m p t i o n o f a n t i -t h r o m b i n I I I and c ^ - m a c r o g l o b u l i n d u r i n g s h o c k .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

S e v e r e i n j u r y o r i n f e c t i o n t r i g g e r s an i n f l a m m a t o r y r e s p o n s e , i n c l u d i n g t h e a c t i v a t i o n o f (a) s u c h h u m o r a l S y s t e m s a s c l o t ­t i n g , f i b r i n o l y s i s , complement and k a l l i k r e i n - k i n i n c a s c a d e s , and (b) c e l l u l a r Systems, e s p e c i a l l y p h a g o c y t e s , mast c e l l s a nd l y m p h o c y t e s , b u t a l s o s t r e s s hormone p r o d u c i n g c e l l s . The h u m o r a l f a c t o r s a r e o f t e n p o t e n t s t i m u l a t o r s o f t h e i n ­f l a m m a t o r y c e l l s , a nd c o n v e r s e l y e f f e c t o r s f r o m t h e s e c e l l s may a c t i v a t e some h u m o r a l S y s t e m s . S i m i l a r l y , t h e r e p a i r m echanisms r e s u l t i n g f r o m i n f l a m m a t i o n i n t h e i r a g g r e g a t e e s -t a b l i s h m u l t i p l e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e o r g a n i s m ( 1 ) .

L y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s

We f o c u s o n t h e p o t e n t i a l p a t h o l o g i c a l r o l e o f l y s o s o m a l p r o ­t e i n a s e s r e l e a s e d e x t r a c e l l u l a r l y d u r i n g i n f l a m m a t i o n . P h a g o ­c y t e s s u c h a s p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r g r a n u l o c y t e s a n d m a c r o p h a g e s c o n t a i n many l y s o s o m e s w i t h a p o w e r f u l h y d r o l y t i c a n d p r o t e o -l y t i c p o t e n t i a l ( 2 ) . N o r m a l l y , t h e l y s o s o m a l e n z y m e s , a l o n g w i t h o x i d i z i n g a g e n t s p r o d u c e d when p h a g o c y t o s i s i s t r i g g e r e d , s e r v e two m a i n p u r p o s e s (3) : (a) i n t r a c e l l u l a r

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p r o t e i n c a t a b o l i s m i n c l u d i n g t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f i n t r a - a nd e x t r a c e l l u l a r e n d o g e n o u s s u b s t a n c e s , and (b) t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f p h a g o c y t i z e d v i r u s e s and b a c t e r i a .

I n summary, l y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s n o r m a l l y f u l f i l l t h e i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n i n s i d e t h e c e l l i n t h e p h a g o l y s o s o m e s , b u t u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , m a j o r e s c a p e o f l y s o s o m a l f a c ­t o r s f r o m t h e c e l l o c c u r s ( 3 , 1 9 ) . O n l y s m a l l amounts l e a k o u t d u r i n g n o r m a l p h a g o c y t o s i s , h i g h e r amounts e s c a p e d u r i n g f r u s t r a t e d p h a g o c y t o s i s , when t h e p h a g o c y t e i s u n a b l e t o t a k e up a l a r g e r s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s u c h as a p i e c e o f v a s c u l a r p l a s m a membrane o r c a r t i l a g e . D i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f p h a g o c y t e s c a u s e d b y e n d o g e n o u s o r exoge n o u s e n d o t o x i n s , p o s s i b l y i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h c omplement l y s i s , r e l e a s e s most o r a l l l y s o ­s o m al o r p h a g o l y s o s o m a l c o n s t i t u e n t s ( F i g u r e 1 ) •

L i b e r a t i o n and E f f e c t s of L y s o s o m a l F a c t o r s

° Proteases

° Hydro]ases

° Hyeloperoxidase

H

2°2

>v Endotoxins

v ^ v ^ \ (endogenous & exogenous)

V ( ^ ^ ) K.) Jm\ Antigen-antibody complexes

X ^ ^ s P ^ ^ Complement

>v Endotoxins

v ^ v ^ \ (endogenous & exogenous)

V ( ^ ^ ) K.) Jm\ Antigen-antibody complexes

X ^ ^ s P ^ ^ Complement

toxic peptides: blood pressure edema, heart toxic, clotting inh.

degradation/inactivation: meibranes, connective tissue, plasma factors

activ. of system-specific proteases: thrombin, plasmin, C1-esterase, kallikrein

F i g u r e 1. L i b e r a t i o n a nd e f f e c t s o f lysosomal f a c t o r s d u r i n g i n f l a m m a t i o n . D e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s p r e s e n t i n t h e p h a g o l y s o ­somes ( e . # . f t o x i c p e p t i d e s ) a r e l i b e r a t e d d u r i n g c e l l Stimu­l a t i o n o r d i s i n t e g r a t i o n . R e l e a s e d l y s o s o m a l o r p h a g o l y s o s o -n a l c o n s t i t u e n t s d e g r a d e o r i n a c t i v a t e n a t i v e s t r u c t u r a l a nd hu m o r a l f a c t o r s . S y s t e m - s p e c i f i c p r o t e i n a s e s a c t i v a t e t h e b l o o d S y s t e m c a s c a d e s . I n t h i s way, a c t i v a t e d p r o t e i n a s e s nay a l s o d e g r a d e h u m o r a l f a c t o r s , and t h e r e f o r e , t o x i c P o l y ­p e p t i d e s may be g e n e r a t e d as w e l l .

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R e l e a s e d e x t r a c e l l u l a r l y , l y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s may e n h a n c e i n f l a m m a t i o n i n two m a j o r ways ( F i g u r e 2 ) : (a) s e l e c t i v e p r o -t e o l y s i s a c t i v a t e s p r o e n z y m e s , c o f a c t o r s o r b o t h , a n d may g e n -e r a t e b i o l o g i c a l l y p o t e n t p e p t i d e s s u c h a s k i n i n s and a n a p h y l -a t o x i n s . The f o r m e d p r o t e i n a s e s a r e e l i m i n a t e d b y i n t e r a c -t i o n w i t h s p e c i f i c i n h i b i t o r p r o t e i n s , a s i s t r u e f o r t h e s p e c i f i c c o n s u m p t i o n o f f a c t o r s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e c l o t t i n g , f i b r i n o l y s i s , c o m p l e m e n t a n d k a l l i k r e i n - k i n i n c a s c a d e s ( c a l l -e d b l o o d S y s t e m s h e r e ) ; (b) u n s p e c i f i c p r o t e o l y s i s i n a c t i v a t e s s o l u b l e f a c t o r s s u c h a s a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I , o r d i g e s t s s t r u c ­t u r a l e l e m e n t s (4-8) . D e g r a d a t i o n i n d u c e d u n s p e c i f i c c o n ­s u m p t i o n may p r o d u c e t o x i c p e p t i d e s a s f i b r i n - f i b r i n o g e n d e g ­r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s w h i c h i n h i b i t c l o t t i n g ( 9 ) .

Granulocyfes Macrophages Endothelial cells Mast cells

I I I l L i b e r a t i o n o f P r o t e i n a s e s

l S e l e c t i v e p r o t e o l y s i s U n s p e c i f i c p r o t e o l y s i s

• proenzyme/cofactor activation • inactivation by degradation

» biol. active peptides released • toxic peptides produced

Specific consumption reaction Unspecific consumption reaction

E * I t E I ) AT III Q c t i v e i 2 Ü 5 ! ! * AT m i n a c t i v e

F i g u r e 2. R e a c t i o n p a t h w a y s c a u s e d by l y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s i f l i b e r a t e d f r o m v a r i o u s b o d y c e l l s . E = enzyme; I = i n h i ­b i t o r ; [ E I ] = e n z y m e - i n h i b i t o r c o m p l e x ; AT I I I = a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I .

C l i n i c a l o r g a n f a i l u r e p r e c i p i t a t e d by s e v e r e i n f l a m m a t i o n o r m u l t i p l e i n j u r y a f f e c t s p r i m a r i l y l u n g s , l i v e r a nd k i d n e y s . T h e s e o r g a n s a r e r i e h i n e n d o t h e l i a l c e l l s , mast c e l l s , f i b r o -b l a s t s , a n d m a c r o p h a g e s , w h i c h c o n t a i n many l y s o s o m e s . Above a l l , p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r g r a n u l o c y t e s may a c c u m u l a t e r a p i d l y i n t h e l u n g s d u r i n g t h e i n f l a m m a t i o n . H ence, t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s

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b e t w e e n t h e s e q u e n c e o f o r g a n f a i l u r e s a n d t h e l y s o s o m a l c o n ­t e n t o f d i f f e r e n t O r g a n s m e r i t s c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

Among known l y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s , t h e n e u t r a l p r o t e i n a s e s o f n e u t r o p h i l p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r g r a n u l o c y t e s , e l a s t a s e and c a -t h e p s i n G a r e o f s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t . They a r e s t o r e d i n t h e l y s o s o m e s i n f u l l y a c t i v e f o r m , l i k e t h e a c i d t h i o l a n d a s -p a r t a t e p r o t e i n a s e s . The most s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e o f b o t h e l a s ­t a s e and t h e c h y m o t r y p s i n - l i k e c a t h e p s i n G i s n o n - s p e c i f i c i t y ( 3 , 1 0 ) . B o t h enzymes d e g r a d e numerous h u m o r a l f a c t o r s , i n ­c l u d i n g P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s ( 4 , 1 1 ) , a s w e l l a s s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s , s u c h a s e l a s t i n (6) a n d c o l l a g e n t y p e I I I a n d I V ( 8 ) , u n d e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s ( F i g u r e 3 ) . The d i g e s ­t i v e p o t e n t i a l o f l y s o s o m e s i s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e d a i l y s y n -t h e s i s o f o v e r 1 g o f n e u t r a l p r o t e i n a s e s i n man.

Substrates of PMN Granulocyte Neutral Proteinases

P r o t e i n a s e * B i o l o g i c a l S u b s t r a t e s

E l a s t a s e • elastin, collagen III & IV, proteoglycans, FN+

* clotting & fibrinolysis factors

* canplement factors & Immunoglobulins

* Proteinase inhibitors (AT 1119 ot2 PI, C1 INA; ITI)

* transport proteins (transferrin, prealbumin)

C a t h e p s i n G • collagen II & I, proteoglycans, fibronectin

* clotting & complement factors

C o l l a g e n a s e * collagen I & II & III

* >1 g daily turnover + fibronectin ( R E S function)

F i g u r e 3. N a t u r a l Substrates o f n e u t r a l p r o t e i n a s e s f r o m p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r (PMN) g r a n u l o c y t e s . AT I I I = a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I . ; ot2PI = c t 2 - p l a s m i n i n h i b i t o r ; C l INA = C l - i n a c t i v a t o r ; I T I = i n t e r - a - t r y p s i n i n h i b i t o r .

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P l a s m a P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s

F u n c t i o n a l a s p e c t s . W i t h i n t h e c e l l , l y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s a r e k e p t u n d e r c o n t r o l f i r s t b y t h e i r l o c a l i z a t i o n i n membrane c o a t e d o r g a n e l l e s , and s e c o n d by P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s i n t h e c y t o s o l ( 1 2 ) . L y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s e s c a p i n g t h e c e l l f a c e p o t e n t a n t a g o n i s t s , s u c h as t h e P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r p r o t e i n s ( 1 3 ) . a 2 - M a c r o g l o b u l i n (a 2M) e f f e c t i v e l y i n h i b i t s s e r i n e p r o t e i n a s e s , a s w e l l as t h i o l ( c y s t e i n e ) , a s p a r t a t e a n d me-t a l l o p r o t e i n a s e s . The h i g h m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f c^M n o r m a l l y r e s t r i c t s i t s f u n c t i o n t o t h e v a s c u l a r b e d . a ^ - P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r ( c ^ P I , f o r m e r l y c a l l e d c ^ - a n t i t r y p s i n ) , t h e m a j o r a n t a g o n i s t o f l y s o s o m a l n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e , i s p r e s e n t i n h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n b l o o d , b u t o c c u r s a l s o i n i n t e r s t i t i a l f l u i d a n d mucous s e c r e t i o n s . a - ^ - A n t i c h y m o t r y p s i n (a^AC) , a r a p i d l y r e s p o n d i n g a c u t e p h a s e r e a c t a n t , r e a c h i n g up t o 6-f o l d c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n r e s p o n s e t o i n f l a m m a t i o n , i s a p o t e n t i n h i b i t o r o f l y s o s o m a l n e u t r o p h i l c a t h e p s i n G and mast c e l l c hymase. The p l a s m a c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a l l o t h e r i n h i b i t o r s a r e c l e a r l y l o w e r . S t i l l , t h e P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r p r o t e i n s r e p r e s e n t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60% o f t h e p l a s m a p r o t e i n s o t h e r t h a n a l b u m i n and I m m u n o g l o b u l i n s .

The i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s and t h e i r t a r -g e t enzymes i n p l a s m a a r e s k e t c h e d i n F i g u r e 4. E x c e s s i v e enzyme a c t i v a t i o n may be c h e c k e d by t h r e e m a i n i n h i b i t o r s : a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I (AT I I I ) r e g u l a t e s c l o t t i n g , a 2 - p l a s m i n i n ­h i b i t o r ( a 2 P I ) f i b r i n o l y s i s , and C l - i n a c t i v a t o r ( C l INA) b o t h t h e c l a s s i c a l c o mplement pathway and t h e i n t r i n s i c c o a g -u l a t i o n c a s c a d e . T h i s l a s t f u n c t i o n r e s u l t s f r o m i n h i b i t i o n o f p l a s m a k a l l i k r e i n , and Hageman f a c t o r o r t h e 28,000 d a l t o n Hageman f a c t o r f r a g m e n t .

The e x i s t e n c e i n p l a s m a o f c o m p l e x e s b e t w e e n a 2 - m a c r o g l o b u l i n a n d k a l l i k r e i n o r p l a s m i n s u g g e s t s an i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e r e g -u l a t i o n o f enzyme c a s c a d e s i n c e r t a i n p a t h o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s .

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H o w e v e r , t h e p r e d o m i n a n t r o l e o f c^M seems t o be p r e v e n t i o n o f u n s p e c i f i c p r o t e o l y s i s b y i n h i b i t i n g a l l t y p e s o f l y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s i n c l u d i n g n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e , c a t h e p s i n G, t h e t h i o l p r o t e i n a s e s c a t h e p s i n B, H, L, t h e a s p a r t a t e P r o t e i n ­a s e c a t h e p s i n D and m e t a l l o enzymes s u c h a s c o l l a g e n a s e . a-M

Toxins (exogenous, endogenous) or noxae - i

Cell St imulat ion / disintegration —K> Proteinase release

thromboplastins a i P I n _^ lysosomal elostase(s),

Plasminogen activators

A

ot 2M o^AC*

^ . cathepsin G*/B, H, L/D

Selective activation Proteinase Unspecific degradation of blood Systems inhibitors inactivation (0| )

•clotting >SFMK « AT III • blood system factors

• fibrinolysis > FDP «- or2PI • Proteinase inhibitors

• kallikrein > Kinins J C1 INA

• immunoglobulins

• complement > C3a/5a4 C1 INA • tissue etc. proteins

platelets, mast E+l — El phagocytes etc.

cel ls, phagocytes R E S

lymphocytes

F i g u r e 4. A c t i v a t i o n and c o n s u m p t i o n r e a c t i o n s c a u s e d b y p r o t e i n a s e s r e l e a s e d d u r i n g c e l l S t i m u l a t i o n or d i s i n t e g r a ­t i o n : S y s t e m - s p e c i f i c p r o t e i n a s e s { e . g . , t h r o m b o k i n a s e s and P l a s m i n o g e n a c t i v a t o r s ) t r i g g e r a c t i v a t i o n o f b l o o d S y s t e m s , w h e r e b y b i o l o g i c a l l y h i g h l y a c t i v e P o l y p e p t i d e s a r e f o r m e d , e . g . , SFMK ( s o l u b l e f i b r i n monomer c o m p l e x e s ) , FDP ( f i b r i n / o g e n d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s ) , k i n i n s , a n d a n a p h y l a t o x i n s (C 3a and C 5 a ; l e f t p a r t ) . U n s p e c i f i c d e g r a d a t i o n o r i n a c t i v a ­t i o n o f p l a s m a and t i s s u e f a c t o r s i s c a u s e d by lysosomal p r o ­t e i n a s e s a n d / o r o x i d i z i n g a g e n t s ( r i g h t p a r t ) . I n b o t h c a s e s , l i b e r a t e d P o l y p e p t i d e s may s t i m u l a t e s u i t a b l e c e l l u l a r Sys­tems. F i n a l l y , c o m p l e x f o r m a t i o n o f a c t i v a t e d o r l i b e r a t e d enzymes (E) o c c u r s w i t h t h e P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s ( I ) , e . g . , a ^ P I ( a ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r ) , a 2M ( c ^ - m a c r o g l o b u l i n ) , a^AC ( a ^ - a n t i c h y m o t r y p s i n ) , AT I I I ( a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I ) , ̂ P I ( a 2 ~ p l a s m i n i n h i b i t o r ) , a nd C l INA ( C l - i n a c t i v a t o r ) . The enzyme-i n h i b i t o r c o m p l e x e s [ E I ] a r e e l i m i n a t e d b y p h a g o c y t e s o f t h e r e t i c u l o - e n d o t h e l i a l s y s t e m (RES; c e n t r a l p a r t ) .

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i s a l s o t h e m o s t p o t e n t i n h i b i t o r o f p a n c r e a t i c t r y p s i n s w h i c h c a n a c t i v a t e enzyme c a s c a d e s i n b l o o d and r e l e a s e k i n ­i n s b y s e l e c t i v e p r o t e o l y s i s , o r c a n u n s p e c i f i c a l l y d e g r a d e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s a n d s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s w h i l e r e l e a s i n g t o x i c P e p t i d e s . D e s p i t e t h i s b r o a d i n h i b i t o r y s p e c i f i c i t y , c^M i s n o t an a c u t e p h a s e r e a c t a n t i n man. c ^ P I s t r o n g l y i n h i b i t s n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e a s w e l l a s p a n c r e a t i c e l a s t a s e , chymo-t r y p s i n a n d b a c t e r i a l e l a s t a s e s . o^AC i n h i b i t s p a n c r e a t i c c h y m o t r y p s i n , n e u t r o p h i l c a t h e p s i n G and mast c e l l chymase (13) .

I n h i b i t i o n o f p r o t e i n a s e s p r e v e n t s f o r m a t i o n o f v a s o a c t i v e o r t o x i c p e p t i d e s , s u c h a s k i n i n s o r a n a p h y l a t o x i n s , a s much as S t i m u l a t i o n by p r o t e o l y t i c products o f c e l l u l a r Systems, s u c h as t h r o m b i n - t r i g g e r e d p l a t e l e t a g g r e g a t i o n o r a n a p h y l a t o x i n -i n d u c e d C h e m o t a x i s o f g r a n u l o c y t e s .

I n e s s e n c e , p l a s m a P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s f o r m e q u i m o l a r com­p l e x e s w i t h t h e i r t a r g e t s by w h i c h c a t a l y t i c a c t i v i t y i s i r -r e v e r s i b l y b l o c k e d . c^M i s a n e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s r u l e , as i t c a n b i n d two enzyme m o l e c u l e s , and t h e r e s u l t i n g c o m p l e x c a n s t i l l c l e a v e P o l y p e p t i d e s b e l o w a b o u t 10,000 d a l t o n s ( 1 4 , 1 5 ) . H o w ever, t h e e n z y m e - i n h i b i t o r c o m p l e x e s f o r m e d a r e r a p i d l y c l e a r e d by t h e r e t i c u l o - e n d o t h e l i a l s y s t e m (16) .

C o n s u m p t i o n o f P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s by l y s o s o m a l f a c t o r s . R e d u c t i o n o f t h e P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t i n g p o t e n t i a l by u n s p e c i f i c p r o t e o l y s i s i s a s t r i k i n g p a t h o l o g i c a l e f f e c t o f l y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s . A n t i t h r o m b i n I I I ( 4 ) , f o r e x a m p l e , i s r a p i d l y i n a c t i v a t e d by c a t a l y t i c a mounts o f n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e . The same i s t r u e f o r o ^ - p l a s m i n i n h i b i t o r a nd C l - i n a c t i v a t o r (11) , a n d s i m i l a r l y , c ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r i s p r o t e o l y t i c a l l y i n ­a c t i v a t e d b y t h e l y s o s o m a l t h i o l P r o t e i n a s e c a t h e p s i n B, a m e t a l l o enzyme f r o m m a c r o p h a g e s , and by a b a c t e r i a l e l a s t a s e (13,17) . M o r e o v e r , o x i d a t i o n o f t h e m e t h i o n i n e r e s i d u e i n t h e e n z y m e - r e a c t i v e s i t e o f a , P I g r e a t l y r e d u c e s t h e a f f i n i t y t o

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n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e ( 1 8 ) . O x i d i z i n g a g e n t s a s S u p e r o x i d e , hy-d r o x y l r a d i c a l s a n d h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e , a r e p r o d u c e d i n l a r g e a m o unts i n t h e p h a g o l y s o s o m e s t o f a c i l i t a t e i n t r a c e l l u l a r p r o ­t e i n b r e a k d o w n , a nd t h e s e s u b s t a n c e s may be r e l e a s e d a l o n g w i t h l y s o s o m a l enzymes i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e same S t i m u l i ( 3 ) .

T h u s , i n j u r y o r i n f e c t i o n c a n i n d u c e c o n s u m p t i o n o f P r o t e i n ­a s e i n h i b i t o r p r o t e i n s i n t h r e e w a y s : (a) c o m p l e x f o r m a t i o n w i t h p r o t e i n a s e s , (b) i n a c t i v a t i o n b y p r o t e o l y t i c d e g r a d a t i o n , and (c) i n a c t i v a t i o n by o x i d a t i v e d e n a t u r a t i o n . The l a s t m e c h a n i s m d e s e r v e s s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h o x i d a ­t i v e e f f e c t s on O ^ P I on n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e b i n d i n g ( F i g u r e 5) .

Oxidation and Proteolysis (Met residuels) in o^PI oxidized to Met sulfoxide)

a i p , nat ive

H 2 0 2 & Myetoperoxidase or 0\

a i p , n a t i v e - E |

a.PI 1 n oxid

PHN Elastase or pancreas Elastase

Qf 1 PI oxjd - PHNE • pancreas E l a s t a s e

elastin high affinity Substrate

PMN E digestion

F i g u r e 5. A f f i n i t y o f n a t i v e a n d o x i d i z e d a ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n ­h i b i t o r ( c ^ P I ) t o p o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r (PMN) e l a s t a s e (E) a n d p a n c r e a t i c e l a s t a s e (E) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The o x i d i z e d a]_PI r e -a c t s much more s l o w l y ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2000 t i m e s ) w i t h PMN e l a s t a s e t h a n n a t i v e i P I * I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e l a s t a s e c o m p l e x w i t h o x i d i z e d c ^ P I i s d i s s o c i a t e d b y S u b s t r a t e s w i t h h i g h a f f i n i t y t o PMN e l a s t a s e , t h u s a g a i n l i b e r a t i n g t h e a c -t i v e enzyme. O x i d i z e d c ^ P I does n o t r e a c t w i t h p a n c r e a t i c e l a s t a s e .

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C l i n i c a l s t u d i e s

A s s a y o f l i b e r a t e d n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e . L i b e r a t e d n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e i s f o u n d i n b l o o d p r i m a r i l y i n t h e f o r m o f t h e e l a s -t a s e - a ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r ( E - a ^ P I ) c o m p l e x . A s m a l l amount o f n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e may be bound t o a ^ - m a c r o g l o b u -l i n , b u t t h e E-a^M c o m p l e x i s much more r a p i d l y e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h e c i r c u l a t i o n t h a n t h e E - a , P I c o m p l e x (tl ~10' v s , 1 h).

l -1 C o n s e q u e n t l y , a s s a y o f E-a 2M c o m p l e x i n p l a s m a r e q u i r e s e x ­tr e m e a n a l y t i c a l s e n s i t i v i t y ( 1 6 ) , b u t t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t may n o t a p p l y i n o t h e r body f l u i d s , s u c h a s s y n o v i a l f l u i d , w h e r e E-a 2M c o m p l e x e s may c l e a r s l o w l y ( 2 0 ) . We a s s a y E-a-^PI i n c l i n i c a l s t u d i e s by an e n z y m e - 1 i n k e d immunoassay ( F i g u r e 6 ) .

ontibodies + e l a s t a s e - — ^ a b - E / E - O t i P l - h a b t o O c r P I , to ! Prote inase inhibitor label led w i t h

elostose complex alk. P h o s p h a t a s e l o b - E J l E - a i P l ] l a b - 0 ^ P H - A P I ]

a b - E / E - O c i P I / a b - ( X i P I ( -AP)

p -n i t ropheno l ~ * p - n i t r o p h e n y l -

(00^05) P h o s p h a t e

F i g u r e 6. R e a c t i o n scheme o f t h e s o l i d p h a s e e n z y m e - l i n k e d immunoassay u s e d f o r d e t e c t i n g t h e c o m p l e x o f p o l y m o r p h o n u ­c l e a r (PMN) e l a s t a s e (E) w i t h a . - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r (a-^PI) i n b i o l o g i c a l s a m p l e s . AP = a l R a l i n e P h o s p h a t a s e .

The a s s a y i s p e r f o r m e d b y (a) i n c u b a t i n g S t a n d a r d s { i . e . , t h e c o m p l e x p r o d u c e d i n v i t r o ) o r unknowns f o r 1 h i n p o l y s t y r e n e

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t u b e s c o a t e d w i t h s h e e p a n t i b o d i e s t o e l a s t a s e , (b) w a s h i n g , (c) i n c u b a t i n g t h e t u b e s c o n t a i n i n g t h e f i x e d c o m p l e x o f e l a s ­t a s e w i t h c ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r f o r 1 h w i t h a l k a l i n e P h o s ­p h a t a s e l a b e l e d r a b b i t - a n t i b o d i e s t o o t - ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r , (d) w a s h i n g , a n d (e) d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s o l i d p h a s e f i x e d a l k a ­l i n e P h o s p h a t a s e a c t i v i t y w i t h p - n i t r o p h e n y l p h o s p h a t e a s t h e Substrate. The a b s o r b a n c e a t 405 nm i s m e a s u r e d and f o u n d t o be l i n e a r i l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e e l a s -t a s e - a ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r c o m p l e x i n t h e s a m p l e .

The d e t e c t i o n l i m i t o f t h e a s s a y was 0.25 ng o f c o m p l e x e d e l a s t a s e i n t h e t e s t s p e c i m e n . N o r m a l p l a s m a r e a c t e d l i n e a r -l y i n t h i s a s s a y w i t h s a m p l e v o l u m e s f r o m 1 t o 80 p 1 . R e c o v e r y o f t h e c o m p l e x p r o d u c e d i n v i t r o a n d added t o d i f f e r e n t p l a s ­ma s p e c i m e n s was e x c e l l e n t . W i t h i n - r u n V a r i a t i o n (CV) w i t h p o o l e d p l a s m a was 4 t o 8%, b e t w e e n - r u n V a r i a t i o n (CV) r a n g e d f r o m 3 t o 8%. The n o r m a l ränge i n c i t r a t e d p l a s m a was 98 + 26 ug/1 (mean + s . d . , n = 4 3 ) .

E l a s t a s e r e l e a s e i n d u c e d by m a j o r s u r g e r y and s e p t i c e m i a . I n a p r o s p e c t i v e s t u d y , p l a s m a E - a ^ P I c o m p l e x e s were e s t i m a t e d r e p e t i t i v e l y i n o v e r 120 c a s e s o f m a j o r a b d o m i n a l s u r g e r y f o l -l o w e d by e i t h e r u n c o m p l i c a t e d r e c o v e r y o r by s e p t i c e m i a ( 2 1 ) . Among t h e l a t t e r , 30 c a s e s met a c c e p t e d c r i t e r i a o f s e p s i s : u n e q u i v o c a l s i t e o f i n f e c t i o n w i t h p o s i t i v e c u l t u r e ; body t e m p e r a t u r e > 38.5° C; l e u k o c y t e s > 15,000 o r < 5,000/mm ; p l a t e l e t s < 100,000/mm 3 o r p l a t e l e t d r o p s > 30% b e l o w t h e p r e o p e r a t i v e v a l u e ; p o s i t i v e b l o o d c u l t u r e . Of t h e s e pa-t i e n t s , f o u r t e e n s u r v i v e d ( g r o u p B) w h i l e s i x t e e n succumbed t o s e p t i c e m i a ( g r o u p C ) ; e l e v e n c o n t r o l s ( g r o u p A) r e c o v e r e d w i t h o u t c o m p l i c a t i o n s .

P l a s m a l e v e l s o f E - c ^ P I a r e b e l o w 100 ng/ml i n h e a l t h y i n d i -v i d u a l s o r p r e o p e r a t i v e p a t i e n t s . The O p e r a t i o n c a u s e s up t o a 3 - f o l d i n c r e a s e ( F i g u r e 7 ) . R e t r o s p e c t i v e l y , we n o t e d t h a t t h e p r e o p e r a t i v e mean v a l u e o f g r o u p C was a l r e a d y e l e v a t e d ,

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ng/ml

1000

E - ^ P l (n.r. « 6 0 - 1 1 0 )

(meant S.E.M.)

p< 0.0025 n.s. p< 0.0005 p< 0.012 p< 0.0005 p< 0.0125

F i g u r e 7. Mean p l a s m a l e v e l s o f e l a s t a s e - a ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i ­b i t o r c o m p l e x ( E - a , P I ) i n g r o u p s o f p a t i e n t s s u b j e c t e d t o ma­j o r a b d o m i n a l s u r g e r y : G r o u p A p a t i e n t s (n = 11) b e i n g w i t h -o u t p o s t o p e r a t i v e i n f e c t i o n ; G r o u p B p a t i e n t s (n = 14) s u r -v i v i n g p o s t o p e r a t i v e s e p t i c e m i a ; G r o u p C p a t i e n t s (n = 16) d y i n g due t o s e p t i c e m i a . The E-a-.PI l e v e l s a r e g i v e n a s mean v a l u e s (+ SEM) f o r t h e d a y b e f o r e O p e r a t i o n , t h e d a y a f t e r O p e r a t i o n , a s w e l l a s f o r t h e p o s t o p e r a t i v e p h a s e b e f o r e s e p -s i s , a t o n s e t o f s e p s i s , and d u r i n g s e p t i c e m i a . L a s t d e t e r -m i n a t i o n s w e r e done o n d a y o f d i s c h a r g e (D) f o r G r o u p A, on da y o f r e c o v e r y (R) f o r G r o u p B, a n d b e f o r e d e a t h (D) f o r G r o u p C. n r = n o r m a l ränge; ns = n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ; p = s i g n i ­f i c a n c e .

p o s s i b l y due t o i n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n 6 p a t i e n t s i n f e c t -e d b e f o r e O p e r a t i o n . S u r g i c a l r e m o v a l o f t h e i n f e c t i o n f o c u s -e s may have c a u s e d t h e s l i g h t mean d e c r e a s e f o l l o w i n g O p e r a ­t i o n . ' C o n t r a s t i n g w i t h g r o u p A, g r o u p s B and C m a i n t a i n e d m o d e r a t e l y e l e v a t e d E-ct-^PI l e v e l s f o r s e v e r a l d a y s a f t e r O p e r ­a t i o n . When s e p t i c e m i a was d i a g n o s e d c l i n i c a l l y , E - a ^ P I l e v e l s w e r e i n c r e a s e d m a n y f o l d i n b o t h g r o u p s B a n d C, w i t h i n d i v i d u a l p e a k s a s h i g h a s 2,500 n g / m l . W i t h p e r s i s t i n g s e p t i c e m i a , E - c ^ P I r e m a i n e d h i g h u n t i l d e a t h ( g r o u p C ) , w h i l e r e c o v e r y was a c c o m p a n i e d b y a d e c r e a s e o f E - a ^ P I t o t h e n o r ­m a l ränge.

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E l a s t a s e r e l e a s e a n d p l a s m a f a c t o r c o n s u m p t i o n i n s e p t i c e m i a . O t h e r i n d i c a t o r s o f i n f l a m m a t i o n w e r e a s s a y e d i n p a r a l l e l w i t h E-a-^PI. C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I , t h e most i m p o r t a n t i n h i b i t o r o f t h e c l o t t i n g c a s c a d e , w e r e i n v e r s e l y r e l a t e d t o E-a-^PI ( F i g u r e 8) . P a r t i c u l a r l y a t o n s e t and d u r ­i n g t h e c o u r s e o f s e p t i c e m i a , a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I r e a c h e d c l i n i -

F i g u r e 8. Mean p l a s m a l e v e l s o f t h e i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y o f a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I (AT I I I ) i n g r o u p s o f p a t i e n t s s u b j e c t e d t o m a j o r a b d o m i n a l s u r g e r y . F o r d e t a i l s , s e e l e g e n d t o F i g u r e 7 . nv = n o r m a l v a l u e ; % d. NW = p e r c e n t o f n o r m a l v a l u e ( r e f e r ­e n c e p l a s m a = 1 0 0 % ) .

c a l l y c r i t i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s p o s i n g t h e r i s k o f h y p e r c o a g u -l o p a t h y o r d i s s e m i n a t e d i n t r a v a s c u l a r c o a g u l a t i o n . S i m i l a r -l y l o w e r e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d f o r c ^ - m a c r o g l o b u l i n a n d f o r c o a g u l a t i o n enzyme f a c t o r X I I I ( F i g u r e 9 ) .

S e v e r e c o n s u m p t i o n o f o ^ - m a c r o g l o b u l i n a l o n g w i t h t h e c a r r i e r s u b u n i t o f f a c t o r X I I I ( w h i c h i s e a s i l y s u s c e p t i b l e t o d e g r a -

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d a t i o n by l y s o s o m a l e l a s t a s e ) and t h e e n z y m a t i c a l l y a c t i v e s u b u n i t ( w h i c h i s p r i m a r i l y consumed d u r i n g c l o t t i n g ) e v i -d e n c e s t h e i m b a l a n c e among v a r i o u s b l o o d enzyme c a s c a d e s d u r ­i n g s e p t i c e m i a . The c o n c o m i t a n t e l e v a t i o n o f E - a ^ P I l e v e l s s u g g e s t t h e c a u s a l r o l e o f l y s o s o m a l p r o t e i n a s e s r e l e a s e d i n t o c i r c u l a t i o n and t h e r e c o n s u m i n g P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r p r o t e i n s .

Plasma levels, elevated (f) or decreased (I): (M) highly signif. M) signif. (n) normal

Parameter Sepsis Prefinal Survival

E - PI complex c H H n

Antithrombin m a it II n

Factor XDJ a ü II n

cx2 -Macroglobulin a Ii Ii n

c Ii II n-l

C - reactive protein c it ff n

oi 1 - Proteinase inhibitor a n-j n - | n- |

oc2-P(asnin inhibitor a n n n

-Antichymotrypsin c 1 n n

C1 Inactivator a n-| n n- |

c n n n

activity assay concentration assay

F i g u r e 9. C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n mean p l a s m a l e v e l s o f e l a s -t a s e - a - P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r c o m p l e x ( E - a , P I ) and o t h e r p l a s ­ma f a c t o r s i n p a t i e n t s s u f f e r i n g f r o m s e p t i c e m i a a f t e r m a j o r a b d o m i n a l s u r g e r y . S i g n i f i c a n t l y e l e v a t e d p l a s m a l e v e l s o f E - a , P I a nd t h e u n s p e c i f i c a c u t e p h a s e r e a c t a n t C - r e a c t i v e p r o ­t e i n a r e i n v e r s e l y c o r r e l a t e d t o a h i g h s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i -c a n t c o n s u m p t i o n o f a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I , f a c t o r X I I I and c^-ma-c r o g l o b u l i n d u r i n g s e p s i s and p r e f i n a l ; a l l p r o t e i n l e v e l s n o r m a l i z e d i n p a t i e n t s who s u r v i v e d t h e i n f e c t i o n . The o t h e r g i v e n P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s , w h i c h a r e a l s o a c u t e p h a s e r e a c -t a n t s , showed n o r m a l o r o n l y s l i g h t l y i n c r e a s e d p l a s m a l e v e l s .

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R e m a r k a b l y , a ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r , c^-plasmin i n h i b i t o r , a ^ -a n t i c h y m o t r y p s i n , a n d C l - i n a c t i v a t o r w ere n o t m e a s u r a b l y c h a n g e d a t t h e o n s e t o r d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f s e p t i c e m i a ( F i g ­u r e 9 ) . I n c o n t r a s t t o a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I and o ^ - m a c r o g l o b u l i n r

t h e s e i n h i b i t o r s a r e known t o be a c u t e p h a s e r e a c t a n t s , and t h e i r s y n t h e s i s c a n be e x p e c t e d t o be c o n s i d e r a b l y i n c r e a s e d d u r i n g p o s t o p e r a t i v e r e s p o n s e o r i n i n f e c t i o n . T h u s , i t c a n be h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e o r g a n i s m c o m p e n s a t e s f o r t h e consump­t i o n o f t h e i n h i b i t o r y p r o t e i n s b y c o m p l e x f o r m a t i o n w i t h t a r -g e t e n z y m e s , o r by o t h e r i n a c t i v a t i o n . Under t h e g i v e n c o n d i -t i o n s , t h e o p e r a t i v e t r a u m a p r e s e n t e d t h e f i r s t i n f l a m m a t o r y Stimulus i n n o n - i n f e c t e d p a t i e n t s , a l l o w i n g enough time f o r a füll a c u t e p h a s e r e s p o n s e of p l a s m a P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s t o o c c u r . C - r e a c t i v e p r o t e i n ( C R P ) , an a c u t e p h a s e r e a c t a n t w i t h o u t s p e c i f i c i n h i b i t o r a c t i v i t y , showed h i g h e s t p l a s m a c o n c e n t r a t i o n s up t o t h r e e d a y s a f t e r Operation, and no f u r ­t h e r i n c r e a s e d u r i n g s e p t i c e m i a . T h u s , CRP d i d n o t a l l o w d i s -c r i m i n a t i o n b e t w e e n g r o u p A and B o r C p a t i e n t s a t o n s e t o f t h e i n f e c t i o n and b e t w e e n g r o u p B and C p a t i e n t s i n t h e c o u r s e o f s e p t i c e m a ( F i g u r e 1 0 ) . We b e l i e v e t h a t E - a ^ P I more s p e c i -f i c a l l y r e f l e c t s b o t h o n s e t and s e v e r i t y o f t h e p o s t o p e r a t i v e i n f e c t i o n t h a n CRP.

A s s a y methods f o r P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s d e s e r v e s p e c i a l com-ment. J o i n t l y u s i n g a f u n c t i o n a l I n h i b i t i o n a s s a y , and a n i m m u n o l o g i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n a s s a y ( a s s a y i n g a c t i v e i n h i b i t o r , i n a c t i v e i n h i b i t o r and t h e e n z y m e - i n h i b i t o r c o m p l e x t o g e t h e r ) a l l o w s c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e a c t u a l c o n s u m p t i o n o f i n h i b i t o r s ( F i g u r e 1 1 ) . U n l e s s t h i s I n f o r m a t i o n i s d e s i r e d , a f u n c t i o n a l i n h i b i t i o n a s s a y i s t h e method o f c h o i c e . O n l y f o r ct2-macro-g l o b u l i n d i d b o t h a s s a y p r i n c i p l e s p r o d u c e s i m i l a r r e s u l t s ( F i g u r e 9 ) , p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e a 2 - M - p r o t e i n a s e c o m p l e x e s a r e r a p i d l y e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h e c i r c u l a t i o n .

P a n c r e a t o g e n i c s h o c k , and a c u t e i n f l a m m a t i o n i n g e n e r a l . I n a s e c o n d t r i a l , n i n e c a s e s o f a c u t e p a n c r e a t i t i s w e r e s t u d i e d .

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E-MP1 + CRP

" 1 5 10 15 20 30 [d] Operation

F i g u r e 10. C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e p l a s m a l e v e l s o f a c u t e p h a s e r e -a c t a n t C - r e a c t i v e p r o t e i n (CRP) and e l a s t a s e - a - ^ - P r o t e i n a s e i n ­h i b i t o r c o m p l e x ( E - a , P I ) o f t h r e e p a t i e n t s s u b j e c t e d t o m a j o r a b d o m i n a l s u r g e r y : P a t i e n t A b e i n g w i t h o u t p o s t o p e r a t i v e i n ­f e c t i o n ; P a t i e n t B s u r v i v i n g p o s t o p e r a t i v e s e p t i c e m i a ; P a ­t i e n t C d y i n g due t o s e p t i c e m i a . L a s t d e t e r m i n a t i o n was d o n e on d a y o f d i s c h a r g e f o r P a t i e n t A, o n d a y o f r e c o v e r y f o r P a ­t i e n t B and b e f o r e d e a t h f o r P a t i e n t C.

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Proteinase Inhibitors as Acute Phase Reactants

(o^PI • o^AT, oc2PI, C1 INA, o^AC)

Inhibitor level Concentration (immunol. assay)

enzyme - inhibitor complex formation

Antienzymatic activity resulting

Inflannarion (hours or doys)

F i g u r e 1 1 . R e a s o n s f o r t h e d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n m e a s u r e a b l e p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d a n t i - e n z y m a t i c a c t i v i t y o f p l a s m a P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s r e s p o n d i n g as a c u t e p h a s e r e a c t a n t s d u r ­i n g i n f l a m m a t i o n . C o n s u m p t i o n by c o m p l e x f o r m a t i o n and o t h e r i n a c t i v a t i o n p r o c e s s e s may be c o m p e n s a t e d by i n c r e a s e d p r o d u c -t i o n , r e s u l t i n g i n an i n h i b i t o r y a c t i v i t y c l o s e t o t h e n o r m a l ränge. See l e g e n d o f F i g u r e 4 f o r a b b r e v i a t i o n s .

I n t h e s e p a t i e n t s , p l a s m a E - a ^ P I was h i g h l y e l e v a t e d , p a r t i -c u l a r l y i n t h e s h o c k p h a s e ( F i g u r e 1 2 ) , As i n s e p t i c e m i a , p l a s m a E - a ^ P I was i n v e r s e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h o ^ - m a c r o g l o b u l i n and a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I , i . e . , t h e r e l e a s e o f n e u t r o p h i l e l a s ­t a s e was a g a i n a c c o m p a n i e d by c o n c o m i t a n t c o n s u m p t i o n o f P r o ­t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s a n d e f f e c t s on t h e b l o o d enzyme c a s c a d e s .

Our b i o c h e m i c a l a n d c l i n i c a l d a t a a c c o r d w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e s i s : I n a c u t e i n f l a m m a t i o n , s u c h a s s e p t i c e m i a a n d p a n c r e a t o g e n i c s h o c k , t h e l i b e r a t e d n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e c o r -r e s p o n d s t o t h e s e v e r i t y o f t h e i n f l a m m a t o r y r e s p o n s e as w e l l as t h e c l i n i c a l c o n d i t i o n ( f o r c l i n i c a l d a t a , s e e H. D u s w a l d (1982) a n d H. K o r t m a n n ( 1 9 8 4 ) , H a b i l i t a t i o n t h e s e s , M e d i c a l F a c u l t y o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M u n i c h ; t h e y w i l l be p u b l i s h e d i n d e t a i l e l s e w h e r e ) . I m b a l a n c e o f t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e q u i l i -

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2200 1800

I 1400 c 1000 ]

600-200-

Eiastase-fX/j PI Complex

100 80

% 60-40-20

a2-Macroglobulin

1001 80

% 60 40-20-

T Antithrombin III . k

I I I I I I l J/' I » t A 012 24 48 72 96h D

F i g u r e 12. a s o f AT I I g e n i c s h o c k p a t i e n t i s c o m p l e x i n t i t i s ; 0 = ( a b s c i s s a I I I I a r e r e l d i n a t e s ) . E-

Mean p l a s m a l e v e l s o f and a^M i n 9 p a t i e n t s I n t h e mean v a l u e o f

e x c l u d e d w h i c h showed 6 t h e s h o c k p h a s e . A = d p a n c r e a t o g e n i c s h o c k ph n h o u r s ) ; D = d i s c h a r g e a t e d t o p o o l p l a s m a a s a ^ P I l e v e l s a r e g i v e n i

t h e E-a-^PI c o m p l e x a s w e l l s u f f e r m g f r o m p a n c r e a t o -t h e l o w e r E - a , P I c u r v e , a

0 - f o l d i n c r e a s e i n E - a ^ P I i a g n o . s i s o f a c u t e p a n c r e a -a s e f o l l o w e d b y r e c o v e r y

The l e v e l s o f o^M a n d AT S t a n d a r d ( 1 0 0 % , c f . l e f t o r -n n g / m l .

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b r i u m b e t w e e n e n d o g e n o u s p r o t e i n a s e s and t h e i r i n h i b i t o r s may be a m a j o r r e a s o n f o r t h e u n d e r l y i n g p a t h o l o g i c a l m e c h a n i s m s . Our v i e w i s s u p p o r t e d by a n i m a l s t u d i e s ( 2 2 ) , i n w h i c h e a r l y a p p l i c a t i o n o f p o t e n t e x o g e n o u s P r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r s d i m i n -i s h e d t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f v a r i o u s p l a s m a f a c t o r s i n c l u d i n g a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I a n d f a c t o r X I I I i n d u c e d by e n d o t o x e m i a .

M u l t i p l e t r a u m a an d b l o o d t r a n s f u s i o n s . An i n t e r e s t i n g p a t ­t e r n o f p l a s m a E - a ^ P I was o b s e r v e d i n p a t i e n t s w i t h m u l t i p l e i n j u r i e s . To q u a n t i f y t i s s u e d e s t r u c t i o n and b l o o d l o s s i n a c c i d e n t s , an i n j u r y s c a l e was d e v e l o p e d , a n d as shown i n F i g ­u r e 1 3 , p l a s m a E - a ^ P l c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e d e g r e e o f i n j u r y so e x p r e s s e d , From 8 t o 14 h o u r s a f t e r a c c i d e n t , m o d e r a t e l y i n -j u r e d p a t i e n t s h a d mean E - a ^ P I l e v e l s 5 - f o l d n o r m a l . P a ­t i e n t s w i t h more s e v e r e i n j u r i e s showed 1 0 - f o l d mean i n c r e a s e s w h i l e t h e m o s t h e a v i l y i n j u r e d p a t i e n t s showed peak E - a ^ P I l e v e l s 2 0 - f o l d a b o v e t h e norm. I n a l l t h r e e g r o u p s , a s l o w b u t c o n t i n u o u s d e c r e a s e o f t h e E - c ^ P I l e v e l s t o w a r d s n o r m a l v a l u e s o c c u r r e d d u r i n g r e c o v e r y . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , we c o u l d n o t demonstrate a c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n l i b e r a t e d l y s o s o m a l e l a s t a s e and t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f P r o t h r o m b i n , P l a s m i n o g e n , p l a s m i n i n h i b i t o r , c ^ - m a c r o g l o b u l i n and antithrombin I I I f o r m u l t i p l e trauma p a t i e n t s . E x t e n s i v e S u b s t i t u t i o n o f blood i n t h e s e c a s e s may e x p l a i n t h i s i n c o n s i s t e n c y w i t h o u r o t h e r f i n d i n g s , a s t h e p l a s m a f a c t o r s i n q u e s t i o n a r e q u i t e s t a b l e d u r i n g b l o o d p r e s e r v a t i o n . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , a c o n t i n u o u s r e l e a s e o f e l a s t a s e f r o m n e u t r o p h i l s was o b s e r v e d w i t h s t o r -age ( F i g u r e 1 4 ) . T h u s , a l t h o u g h a p p r e c i a b l e E - a ^ P I i s a d m i n -i s t e r e d by t r a n s f u s i o n , d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n showed t h a t e x o g e n o u s E - a ^ P l d i d n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l t e r t h e e n d o g e n o u s l e v e l ( r e s u l t s n o t s h o w n ) , due t o t h e f a s t e r c l e a r a n c e o f E-a ^ P l f r o m c i r c u l a t i o n ^ ^ / l a b o u t 1 h) t h a n t h a t o f t r a n s -f u s e d p l a s m a f a c t o r s ( t j y 2 o f s e v e r a l d a y s n o r m a l l y ) . F u r ­t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e t o show w h e t h e r a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e ­tween n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e r e l e a s e and c o n s u m p t i o n o f b l o o d

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[ngAnl]

2500-

2000

1500-

1000

500

100

E - o c 1 P I

(Sit SEM)

1

^ ^ * 1 ^ * I (n = 12

~4 12 20 I 28 34 40 461 52 S V % 8 8 J 100 [h] After Accident 1 2 3 4 [d]

F i g u r e 1 3. Mean p l a s m a l e v e l s o f t h e e l a s t a s e - o ^ - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i b i t o r c o m p l e x (E-a..PI) i n 27 p a t i e n t s a f t e r m u l t i p l e t r a u m a s . On t h e b a s i s o f a h o s p i t a l i n t e r n a l s c a l e ( H I S ) , r e -f l e c t i n g t h e s e v e r i t y o f i n j u r y , p a t i e n t s w e r e a l l i e d t o 3 g r o u p s : I (n = 1 2 ) , m o d e r a t e l y wounded ( H I S : 6 . 3 + 0 . 6 ) ; I I (n = 1 1 ) , s e v e r e l y i n j u r e d ( H I S : 10.0 + 1 . 0 ) ; I I I (n = 4 ) , most h e a v i l y i n j u r e d ( H I S : 15.3 + 1 . 0 ) . The n o r m a l ränge o f E - a ^ P I (60 - 110 ng/ml) i s a l s o i n d i c a t e d .

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Plasma Levels of E-oc1 PI oc2M, AT III and FII in Stored Blood

[%]

120-

1 U 1 21 28 35 [d]

Days of Storage

F i g u r e 14. Mean p l a s m a l e v e l s o f e l a s t a s e - a - p r o t e i n a s e i n h i ­b i t o r c o m p l e x (E-a, P I ) , a ^ - m a c r o g l o b u l i n ( a ? M ) , a n t i t h r o m b i n I I I (AT I I I ) and P r o t h r o m b i n (F I I ) i n s t o r e d b l o o d s a m p l e s (n = 11) a s a f u n c t i o n o f s t o r a g e t i m e ( i n d a y s ) . The l e v e l s o f a 2M, AT I I I and F I I a r e r e l a t e d t o p o o l p l a s m a a s Stan­d a r d (100%, c f . l e f t O r d i n a t e ) . E-a^^PI l e v e l s a r e g i v e n i n ng/ml ( o f . r i g h t o r d i n a t e ) .

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c o m p o n e n t s i s m e a s u r e a b l e o n l y i n e f f l u e n t s a n d l a v a g e f l u i d s a s w e l l a s l y m p h and v e n o u s b l o o d s a m p l e s f r o m t h e wounded o r i n f l a m e d a r e a i n p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g l a r g e b l o o d t r a n s f u s i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e h i g h E - c ^ P I l e v e l s i n s e v e r e l y i n j u r e d p a ­t i e n t s i n d i c a t e t h e s t r o n g i n f l a m m a t o r y r e s p o n s e o f t h e o r -g a n i s m .

O t h e r c l i n i c a l s t u d i e s . The p o s s i b l e d i a g n o s t i c s i g n i f i c a n c e o f p l a s m a n e u t r o p h i l e l a s t a s e was s t u d i e d f u r t h e r i n g e s t o s i s (23) and i n r h e u m a t o i d a r t h r i t i s (20,23) ( F i g u r e 1 5 ) . Com-b i n e d w i t h c l i n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n , p l a s m a E-a-^PI seems t o a l l o w

PMN Elastase as a Marker of the Inflammatory Response

Range of application Meaning of elevated E -oc1 PI levels

Postoperative infections Diagnosis, course, prognosis (sepsis)

Multiple trauma Severity, course, complications (sepsis)

Pregnancy: gestosis Early diagnosis of ARDS

Rheumatoid arthritis Differen­inflammatory / non-inflammatory

Pleural effusion tiation inflammatory / malignant

Hemodialysis Suitability / effect of dialyzer membranes

Myelocytic leukemia Refined Classification: normal / defective

enzyme equipment of leukemic cells

F i g u r e 15. P o l y m o r p h o n u c l e a r (PMN) e l a s t a s e a s a m a r k e r o f t h e i n f l a m m a t o r y r e s p o n s e u n d e r v a r i o u s p a t h o l o g i c a l c o n d i -t i o n s . See t e x t f o r l i t e r a t u r e r e f e r e n c e s .

e a r l y d i a g n o s i s o f a d u l t r e s p i r a t o r y d i s t r e s s Syndrome (ARDS) and d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f an i n f l a m m a t o r y f r o m a n o n - i n f l a m m a ­t o r y S t a t e . The l a t t e r seems t o be t r u e a l s o f o r p a t h o l o g i ­c a l e v e n t s l e a d i n g t o p l e u r a l e f f u s i o n s ( 2 3 ) . F u r t h e r , E-a ^ P I i s a s e n s i t i v e m a r k e r f o r t h e s t i m u l a t o r y e f f e c t o f f o r -e i g n s u r f a c e s on n e u t r o p h i l s d u r i n g h e m o d i a l y s i s ( 2 3 , 2 4 ) .

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F i n a l l y , i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e l y s o s o m a l enzyme make-up o f l e u k e m i c c e l l s a n d t h e r e l e a s e o f e l a s t a s e i n m y e l o c y t i c l e u -k e m i a p a t i e n t s u n d e r c e r t a i n c l i n i c a l and t h e r a p e u t i c c o n d i -t i o n s r e p r e s e n t s y e t a n o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n n o t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o i n f l a m m a t i o n ( 2 1 , 2 5 ) .

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

S u p p o r t e d b y t h e D e u t s c h e F o r s c h u n g s g e m e i n s c h a f t , S o n d e r f o r -s c h u n g s b e r e i c h 51 (B/30) a n d 0207 (LP 8 ) , M u n i c h , FRG, a n d by t h e B u n d e s m i n i s t e r i u m f u e r F o r s c h u n g und T e c h n o l o g i e , B onn, FRG. We t h a n k M r s . U. Hof and M r s . C. S e i d l f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e .

R e f e r e n c e s

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