self acting engine

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Tesla's"Self:Actig"Engieby PeterA. Lindemann

NJune of the year 1900,Nikola Tesla published

an article in Century Magazine titJed The

Problcms of Increasing Human Energy. Never be

fore or since has there been such a masterful and

exhaustive discussion of how to extract useful energ7

from the environment. In its original magazine for-

mat, this article is 3l pages in length. After discussing

every known method for energy generation then in

use, Tesla begins a discussionof "a departure from

known methods - possibility of a'self-acting' engine

- the ideal way of obtaining motive power".

Beginning on page 200, and continuing to Page

204 of the original Century Magazinearticle' Tesla

outlines his ideas. The following quotations are

exhacted from this section of the article.

"...a survey of the various ways of utilizing the

energy of the medium convinced me, ..that to arrive

at a practcal solution, a radical departure from the

methods then known had to be made. The windmill,

the solar engine, the engine driven by terrestrial hea!

had their limitauons in the amount of power obtain-

able. Some new way had to be discovered which

would enable us to get more energy."

"..the problem was to discover some new method

which would make it possible both to utilize more of

the heat+nergy of the medium and also to draw it

away from the same at a more rapid rate."

"I was vainly endeavoring to form an idea of how

this might be accomplished, when I read some statements from

Camot and Lord Kelvin which meant virtually that it is impossibl€

for an inanimate mechanism or self'acting machine o coolaportion of

thc mcdium below he emperatureof the surrounding,and operateb1 he

heat extracted.These statements nterested me intensely. Evidently,

a living being could do this very thing, and since the experiences of

my early life...convinced me that a iving being is only an automaton,

or, otherwise stated, a'self-acting eng:ine,'I came to the conclusion

that it was possible to consEuct a machine which would do the

same.'

"Suppose that an extremely low temperature could be main-

tained by some process n a given space; he surrounding medium

would then be compelled to give off heat,which could be converted

into mechanical or other form of energy, and utilized. By realizing

such a plan, we should be enabled to get at any Point of the globe

a continuous supply of energy, day and night."

"A closer investigation of the principles involved, and calcula-

tion, now showed that the result aimed at could not be reached n

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a practicalmanner by ordinary machinery. as had in the beginning

expected.This led me, as a next step, o the study of a type of engine

generallydesignatedasturbine,' which at first seemed o offer better

chances or a realization of the idea."

"..my conclusions showed that if an er.rgine f a peculiar kind

could be brought to a high degree of perfechon, the plan I had

conceived was realizable, and I resolved to proceed with the

development of such an engine, he primary object of which was to

secure he greatesteconomy of transformationof heat nto mechani-

cal energy."

"(In early 1895)Dr. Carl Linde announced the liquefaction of airby a self-coolingprocess,demonstrating that it was practicable to

proceed with the cooling until liquefactionof air took place.This was

the only experimental proof which I was still wanting that energy was

obtainable from the medium in the manner contemplated by me."

"Much of this task on which I have a bored so ong remains to be

done. A number of mechanica.ldetails are still to be perfected and

some difficulties of a different nature to be mastered, and I cannot

6 ThirdQuarter 995 BORDERTANDS



hope to produce a self-acting machine deriving energy from the

ambient medium for a long time yet, even if all my expectations

should materialize."

Tesla's idea was radical. Design a machine powered by the heat

resident in the ambient air that produced an output of mechanical

energy and refrigeration simultaneously. He called it "the ideal way

of obtaining motive power". Such a machine would be able to

produce useful energy at any time of the day or nighl at any

location on the globe, drawing upon the vast heat reservoir of the

atmosphere. He worked for years toward this goal and absolutelyconvinced himself, by the power of his own nearly infallible logic,

of its potential reality.

To my knowledge, Tesla never finished the work on this

invention. But his pioneering efforts clearly conceived the idea, as

well as outlined most of the engineering problems to be solved.

It's remarkable to me, that with all of the attention given to

Nikola Tesla in the last few years, I have not heard any mention of

this aspect of his work. Volumes have been written on so-called

" f ree energy" dev ices ,

wherein the would-be in-

ventors are searching in

vain for a ubiquitously

present , inexhaus t ib le

source of energy from

which their machines may

draw. Imaginative theories

have postulated "tachy-

ons', "zero-points", an d

"magnetism" as the source

of choice from which to

exhact energy. And, while

future work may prove that

these sourcescan be made

practical, it is still surpris-

ing that the most readily

available, untapped source

of energy from which to

When I first read this article from Century Magazine, I w

fascinated by the section on the "self-acting" engines. But Tesl

idea of gaining energy by dumping heat into an inexhaustible "co

spot" seemed unrealizable. My mind could not penetrate t

unknowns involved. Luckily, other minds were not so dull.

To begin to get an understanding of Tesla's idea, let's first lo

at the fundamentals of fluid dynamics. Follow along if you can.

a gaseous fluid (like air) is con{ined in a closed space, thr

properties of this gas become interdependent upon each oth

These properties are: l) Volume, how much space t occupies

Temperature, how much heat it contains, and 3) Pressure,homuch force it exerts on the walls of the container. For instance

the container remains the same size and we increase the tempe

ture of the air inside, the pressure it exerts on the walls also ris

Likewise, if the volume stays he same and we reduce t}re pressu

the temperature must also drop. Conversely, if we increase t

volume, either the temperature or the pressure will go down

both). From this we may see that temperature and pressure a

directly related to each other, but are inversely related to t

volume. This is how D

Carl Linde liquefied

by his "self<ooling" p

cess. By manipulating t

pressure and volume oquantity of gaseousair,

was able to lique$ som

of it by taking advanta

of these principles.

One hundred yea

ago, this was an amazi

accompl ishment . No

these processesare us

commercially every da

To illustrate, we need

no further than a use

novelty available in a m

order catalog. Many co

hrgh-lemperature resetuotr. .

Figure l - SteamEngine

w,

syslem I

bondary |

I

draw, atrnosphericheal has been all but neglected.

The patent office is crammed with hundreds of "permanentmagnet motors", none of which work, to my knowledge.Tesladismisseshese deaswith a short stroke, We may even ind waysof applying forces such as magnetism or gravity for drivingmachinerywithoutusingany othermeans.Such ealizations, hilehighly improbable, are not impossible."While leaving the dooropen,Teslaconsiden this areaof researchworthy of only a briefmention.He then goes on for four pages,discussing is efforts otap the ambient temperature $ a sourceof power.

Tesla wasa master hinker and inventor.His mind penehatedthe ultimate solution o humanity'senergy needs.Like a scientificSherlockHolmes using he power of his own deduction,when allof the "improbables" and "impossibles"were removed, whatremainedmust be the solution.Atmosphericheat wasthe largestuntappedreservoirofenerry on the planet.Tesla refused o over-looked theobvious.He was hat rare rshcapableof contemplatingthe waterhe was swimming n. Few were able to follow his ideas.Even fewer were able 0o ollow-upon his work

pressed ases reavailatoday.One of them is carbon dioxide. For less han$30,you cbuy a special nozzle that attaches o a canisterof comprescarbon dioxide.When thegas s released hrough his nozzle, dice" is formed. Room temperaturecompressedcarbon dioxidwhen allowed to expand rapidly under controlled conditiorefrigeratestself o form " dry ice".By this method, about 20% f tcompressedg:rscan be liquefied, or in this case,solidilied. Thillushateswhat Tesla refers to as the "selfcooling" process hallowed Dr. Carl Linde to lique$ air in 1895.Tesla immediatunderstood he implications.He states hat his inventioncould designed o run on liquid air, but that "its temperatures unnec

sarily ow." A[ that wasneededwas a working fluid that changfrom a gas o a liquid at a temperahrrebelow the ambient.Dr. Linde's process required a mechanical energ'y nput

compresshe air. But Teslaknew that mechanicalprocesses ereversible.The machine he envisionedused he methods discered by Dr. Linde, but ran them backwards.To understandhothis can be done, we need go no further than our own medicicabinet. f room temperaturesopropyl alcohol s rubbed on yo

low. em9eratue resaO(x, fi

BORDERLANDS Third Quarter l'995



arm, it "feels cold". It feels cold because it is evaporating. It is

evaporating because of a change in "vapor pressure" between the

closed bottle and the open air. This change of pressure is "forcing"

the evaporation to take place. Bul for the alcohol to evaporate

(change from a liquid to a gas), it needs heat. Since no heat source

is available, it must get the necessary heat from the immediate

environment. So, it extracts that heat from your arm. That's why

your arm feels cold (refrigeration). Believe it or not, Tesla saw art

enerry machine in all of this. The one part of the equation that is

not so apparent here, is that the volume of space occupied by the

evaporating alcohol is increasing dramadcally. This increasingvolume of gas could be confined to form a pressure that could drive

an engine. Tesla saw it all, and knew what it meant. He spentyears

trying to solve all of the engineering problems associated with it, so

that a future society could have all of its energy needs supplied by

these processes.

So, what does Tesla's "selfacting" engine really look like? In

orderto visualize his, t may

be helpful first to review he

workings of two different

kinds of heat systems that

operate on "two phase flu-

ids"; the first is a steam en-

gineand the second is a heat

pump. In Figure I, water is

boiled in the boiler to be-

come pressurizedsteam.This

high temperature, high pres-

sure steam is then used to

drive a hrrbine engine to

convert the vapor pressure

into mechanical work. The

low temperature, low pres-

sure steam coming out of the

hrrbine is then allowed to

mechanical energy is removed from the system at the turbine. That

amount of heat that was not successfully transformed to mechanical

energy at the turbine, is then thrown away at the condenser and

represents a loss of efliciency. In the heat pump, mechanical energJ'

is added to the system at the compressor and heat energy is

removed from the system at the condenser. That amount of liquid

that vaporizes at the throttle represents a loss of efficiency because

no heat is absorbed from the environment to creabe he vaporiza-

tion.

The main difference between these two systems s that the steam

engine runs ona working fluid (water) that changes phase from a

liquid to a gasat 212' Fahrenhei! whereas the heat Pump runs on

a working fluid (freon) that changes phase from a liquid to a gas at

-50' Fahrenheit. Tesla's "self-acting" engine was a unique hybrid

between these two sYstems.

Tesla knew that his system, if it was to work, had to be much

more efficient than standard systems. n our steam engine example,

for instance, f we could elimi'

nate the condenser, the sys-

tem would be more efficient.

In our heat pump example, if

we integrated the throttle into

the evaporator so that all of

t he expans ion h a p p e n e d

there, the system would be

more efficient. These are the

kinds of engineering problems

Tesla was attempting to solve.

By taking elements from

both of these systems,we can

begin to understand what

Tesla had discovered. Figure

3 showssuch a system. t runs

on a low temperature phase

change material, like freon.

F i g u r e 2 - H e a t P u m p

The first element acts like a combination of the pump and the

compressor. ts ob is to take the "two phase fluid", part liquid and

partvapor, and compress t until it is 100%iquid. The next element

of the system takes the place of the boiler. It is really a heat

exchanger that allows the working fluid to absorb heat from the

environment withoutboiling. On the outside, his element getscold

and produces refrigeration effects. On the inside, the working fluid

is gaining in its stored heat potential. The next element of the

system s the throttle or control va-lve.This component allows the

pressurized, iquid material to experience a rapid pressure drop

that promotes instant vaporization of someof the working fluid.

Sinceno heat source s available here, he heat of vaporization must

come from the stored heat in the working fluid itself.This rapidly

expanding vapor/iquid combination is then harnessedby the next

element of the system, he turbine. As Tesla said, his is "an engine

of a peculiar kind." It must be able to efficiently oPerateon the part

vapor, part liquid material coming through it. When the volumetric

expansion is spenl the "two phase fluid" is then re-compressed o

a liquid, and the cycle startsover. Tesla envisioned that his turbine

would produce more mechanical energy than the compressor

required, so that the systemwould produce a net gain of mechani-

cal energy.

cool further in the condenser, becoming liquid water again. The

liquid water is then pumped back into the boiler, and the cycle

begins again. In this example, we can easily see that the system

takes in heat at the boiler and gives off heat at the condenser.

Figure 2 is a diagram of a heat pump. low temperature vapor

enters the compressor and is compressed to a high pressure and

temperature. This vapor is then condensed to a liquid in the

condenser. Then, the pressurized liquid is throttled through a

special nozzle to low pressure and temperature. Releasing the

pressure allows some of the liquid to vaporize. This "two phase

fluid", part liquid and part vapor, now enters the evaporator, in

which the remaining liquid is boiled. The resultant low tempera-

ture vapor then enters he compressor,completing the cycle. In this

example, we can see that the system takes in heat at the evaporator

andSves

off heat at the condenser.

There is a high degree of similarity between these two systems.

Both have a location where heat is absorbed (boiler and evapora-

tor). Both have a location where the Pressure is released (turbine

and throttle). Both have a location where heat is released(condens-

ers). And both have a location where the working fluid is Pressur-

ized to complete the cycle (pump and compressor). In the steam

engine, heat energy is added to the system at the boiler and

lr€h- arn9sahre reses, 7-

l@-tso€ratye .esdof . /

8 ThirdQuarter 1995 BORDERLANDS



Unlike the two previously discussed systems, Tesla's "self-

acting" engine has no condenser where unused heat is thrown

away. Heat energy is absorbed from the ambient, mechanical

energy is removed frr-rm he turbine and all of the remaining heat

potential in the working fluid is recycled for the next go-round.

The whole thing is an amazing idea, but will it work? Can the

necessary efficiencies actually be attained? In the 1930's, an

Austrian engineer named Rudolf Doczekal successfully built a

steam engine that ran on a combination of water and benzene. To

his amazement it could run with or without the condenser in the

system. Is efficiency was well above the calculated Carnot Cyclemaximum. He was granted a Patent on this system n 1939 (NR.

155744).It took 39 years, and someone else to prove it, but Tesla

was right a high efficiency heat engine could be run without a

condenser.

But can all of the other efficienciesbe attained? s there a device

that can efficiently compress he "two phase luid" back to a liquid?

The answer s yes. Today, the

Copeland Scroll Compressor

can perform this function. Is

there a turbine that can run

efficiently on the rapidly ex-

panding "two phase fluid?"

Again, the answer is yes. Im-

pulse turbines with the pres-

sure nozzlesbuilt directly into

the housing can perform this

function, so that all of the fluid

expansion occurs inside the

engine. In fact al l of the other

engineering problems have

been solved.

Today there are working

models of machines thar con-

vert the arnbient bemperature

designsare explored along with complete mathematical mode

the system.For copi es of thesebooks, write to: Eagle Research,

145,Faqtport ID, 8 3826 USA. Each book is $15, post paid in N

America. Add $5 more for over-seaspostage. Buy both book

they cover different aspects of the system.

One hundred years ago, Nikola Tesl a discovered the ultim

way to harness he energy of the sun by converting the amb

t€mperature of the ai r into rnechanical energy. He outlined

entire method and even solved many of the difficulties himself

forces during his ifetime prevented him from completing this w

His "self-acbng" engine is a true fuel-lesspower planl capabproducing useful energy at any location on the planel at any

of the day or night. It has taken one hundred years for other

finally complete this work, but that day has now arrived. Wh

do not wish to minimize the irreplaceable and outstanding co

budons by Wi seman, Schaeffer, Doczekal and others, still, it

Tesla that the future owes its thanks once again.

Figure - Tesla'sSelf-Acting"ngine

When Tesla f irst

ceived of this invention

started by deciding that

basic assumptions emb

ied in the "Second Law

Thermodynamics" were

universally true and th

fore could not act as an a

lute limiting case. These

sumptions are built into

lives today by the idea th

I want the temperature

my environment to be e

warrner or cooler than

ambienl I have to exp

energy to do it. Tesla

not afraid to quesbon or e

disagree with these assu

tions. Even the stature and historic "authority" of Sadi Carnot

l,ord Kelvin, whose work was the basis of the "Laws of Thermo

namics", did not intimidate him. He was willing to rethink all o

fundamentals in the light of his own experiments and insighg

draw his own conclusions.By doing so, he was able to conceiv

an invention that has taken 100 vears to create. I

REFERENCES

Enclclopediarilannica, ection n Thermodynamics,98!)editionPlanetary ssociafon orCleanEneryy,PACENeuslettcr,Yol.S,#2, eb.Schaeffer, and Bauer,W. D., Hou to uin energl ith an adiabatic-isoadiabatic tcleoaerabilc states f theP-V-diagraz,WDB-Verlag, 99lTesla,Nikola, The hoblemsof Increasing uman Enng1, The CentuIllurtrated monthly Magazine,June, 1 00Wisernann,Geolge, Heat Technology, Books l, 2, and 3, EResearch,9!)4

D** LINoeirarc,f.rNecamenterestedn altemative nergyand h

I technologiesinl9T3.HejoinedBSRFinl9T5,studyingRadionimplosion,nd elated ublects. is frs t rticlewas ublishedn BORDERI-in l98tion ELFdevices.n 1988, e oined heBoardofDirectors f BSRF ashelped uperviseesearchtBorderland.abs.Since hat imehehaswrittFizixKomer columns, nd contributed umerous rHcles n MWO rese

Radionics,ndFreeEnergy.

of the air into mechanical energy, while creating refrigeration as a

by-product. One hundred years after Tesla identified the "ideal

way of gaining motive power", the gigantic reservoir of atmospheric

heat has been successfully tapped. Real "free energy" has arrived

on planet Earth. Obviously, the working details of these machines

are complicated. The average reader will not have a thorough

understanding of them without considerable study. Still, the basic

principles upon which they operate have been outlined here with

only minor over-simplifi cation.

As ofJune, 1995, here are two slightly different processes eing

pursued that give the same basic result. The first is a machine

designed by a German physicisl Dr. Bernhard Schaeffer, along

with a Russian inventor, Albert Serogodski, building on the

pioneering work of Doczekal. Their latest machine has been

granted German Patent # D8 4244016 A l, and is capable of being

embodied as a refrigerator that produces electricity rather than

consumes it . The other development is based on the work of

Canadian engineer, George Wiseman, building more directly on

Tesla's ideas. Wiseman has writlen three books that fully outline

the principles of this amazing invention. His HEAT Tech-ol-

ogy Series, Book l, Book 2, and Book 3 are must reading

for anyone interested in this subject. In these books, turbine

heal sxchangor

BORDERLANDS ThirdQuarter 19

self acting engine

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