self learning material - subhartidde.com
TRANSCRIPT
fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl
BAHINDI-202
Self Learning Material
Directorate of Distance Education
SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY
MEERUT-250005
UTTAR PRADESH
SIM Module Developed by :
Reviewed by :
•
Assessed by:Study Material Assessment Committee, as per the SVSU ordinance No. VI (2).
Copyright © Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission from the publisher.
Information contained in this book has been published by Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd and has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its author shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specially disclaim and implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use.
Published by : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd., 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002.Tel: 43532500, E-mail: [email protected]
DEM C—Typeset at: Printed at: Edition: 2020
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 1
fo"k;&lwph
bZdkbZ&1 ¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl dh Hkwfedk vkSj vkfndky
1- dky foHkktu ,oa ukedj.k 1&6
1-1- mís';(Objectives) 1 1-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 1 1-3- dkyfoHkktu 2 1-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 5 1-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 5 1-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 5 1-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 6
2- vkfndky dh i`"BHkwfe 7&12
2-1- mís';(Objectives) 7 2-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 7 2-3- vkfndky%;qxdhi`"BHkwfe 7 2-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 11 2-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 11 2-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 11 2-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 12
3- vkfndkyhu lkfgR; ijaijk % tSu] fl¼] ukFk lkfgR;] jklks dkO; ,oa ykSfdd lkfgR; 13&34
3-1- mís';(Objectives) 13 3-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 13 3-3- vkfndkyhulkfgR;ijaijk 14 3-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 32 3-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 33 3-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 33 3-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Review Readings) 34
bZdkbZ&2 HkfDrdkyhu lkfgR;
4- fuxqZ.k HkfDr lkfgR; dh oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe ,oa izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡] izeq[k lar dfo ,oa mudk ;ksxnku 35&42
4-1- mís';(Objectives) 35 4-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 35 4-3- fuxqZ.kHkfDrlkfgR;dhoSpkfjdi`"BHkwfe 35 4-4- izeq[klardfovkSjmudhjpuk,¡@;ksxnku 36 4-5- lardkO;dhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡ 39 4-6- lkjka'k(Summary) 41
2 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
4-7- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 41 4-8- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 41 4-9- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 42
5- fuxZq.k izseekxhZ lwiQh dkO;èkkjk 43&46
5-1- mís';(Objectives) 43 5-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 43 5-3- fganhlwiQhdkO;ijaijkrFkklwiQherdkoSpkfjdvk/kj 43 5-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 45 5-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 45 5-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 45 5-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 46
6- fuxqZ.k KkuekxhZ lar dkO; èkkjk 47&55
6-1- mís';(Objectives) 47 6-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 47 6-3- fuxqZ.kKkukekxhZlardkO;èkkjkosQizeq[kdfo 47 6-4- fuxqZ.kdkO;dhfo'ks"krk,¡ 48 6-5- fuxqZ.kdkvFkZ%fuxqZ.kdkO;èkkjkeasKkukekxhZèkkjk 48 6-6- fuxqZ.kHkfDrlfgrdhoSpkfjdi`"BHkwfe 49 6-7- izeq[klardfovkSjmudhjpuk,¡@;ksxnku 49 6-8- lardkO;dhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡ 53 6-9- lkjka'k(Summary) 54 6-10- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 54 6-11- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 54 6-12- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 55
bZdkbZ&3 jhfrdkyhu lkfgR;
7- jhfrdkyhu dfork dh i`"BHkwfe vkSj vkèkkj 56&66
7-1- mís';(Objectives) 56 7-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 56 7-3- jhfrdkyhudforkdhi`"BHkwfevkSjvkèkkj 57 7-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 65 7-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 65 7-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 65 7-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 66
8- jhfrdkyhu dfork dh izeq[k dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡&jhfrc¼] jhfrfl¼ ,oa jhfreqDr 67&71
8-1- mís';(Objectives) 67 8-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 67 8-3- jhfrdkydhfofoèkdkO;èkkjk,¡ 67 8-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 70 8-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 70
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 3
8-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 70 8-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 71
bZdkbZ&4 vkèkqfud lkfgR;
9- vkèkqfud lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfe 72&77
9-1- mís';(Objectives) 72 9-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 72 9-3- vkèkqfuddkydhi`"BHkwfe 72 9-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 76 9-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 76 9-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 76 9-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 77
10- Hkkjrsanq ;qx % izeq[k dfo ,oa dkO; izo`fÙk;k 78&86
10-1- mís';(Objectives) 78 10-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 78 10-3- Hkkjrsanq;qx 78 10-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 85 10-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 85 10-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 86 10-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 86
11- vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh ,oa mudk ;qx % jk"Vª dkO;èkkjk ,oa ledkyhu dfork 87&92
11-1- mís';(Objectives) 87 11-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 87 11-3- f}osnh;qx]fganhuotkxj.kvkSjljLorh]jk"Vªh;lkaLÑfrd/kjkosQizeq[kdfo 87 11-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 91 11-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 91 11-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 91 11-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 92
12- Nk;kokn 93&128
12-1- mís';(Objectives) 93 12-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 94 12-3- Nk;kokndhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡ 94 12-4- lkjka'k(Summary) 126 12-5- 'kCndks'k(Keywords) 127 12-6- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 127 12-7- lanHkZiqLroasQ(Further Readings) 128
lsesLVj fnrh;
fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (BAHINDI-202)ch , fgUnh f}rh; o’kZ
IkkB~;de
bZdkbZ 1 fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl dh Hkwfedk vkSj vkfndky
● dky foHkktu vkSj uke dj.k
● vkfndky dh i`"BHkwfe
● ukFk] fl) vkSj tSu lkfgR;
● jklks dkO; ,oa ykSfdd lkfgR;
bZdkbZ 2 HkfDrdkyhu lkfgR;
● HkfDrdky dh i`"BHkwfe
● fuxqZ.k KkuekxhZ lar dkO;/kkjk
● fuxqZ.k izseekxhZ lwQh dkO;/kkjk
bZdkbZ 3 jhfrdkyhu lkfgR;
● jhfrdkyhu dfork dh i`"BHkwfe vkSj vk/kkj
● jhfrdkyhu dfork dk
bZdkbZ 4 vk/kqfud lkfgR;
● vk/kqfud lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfe
● HkkjrsUnq ;qx
● f}osnh ;qx
● Nk;kokn
IkkB~;iqLrdsa & 1 fgUnh lkfgR; MkW Hkskyk ukFk frokjh
2 HkfDrdkyhu lkfgR; Mk jkeewfrZ f=ikBh
3 jhfrdky lkfgR; MkW uxsUnz
4 vk/kqfud lkfgR; MkW jktukFk ‘kekZ
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 1
dky foHkktu ,oa ukedj.k
1- dky foHkktu ,oa ukedj.k
:ijs[kk1.1 mís';(Objectives)1.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)1.3 dkyfoHkktu
1.3.1 ¯gnhosQizeq[kbfrgkldkjksa}kjkfd,x,dkyfoHkktu
1.3.2 feJcaèkqvksaosQdkyfoHkktudh=kqfV;k¡
1.3.3 fofHkUudky[kaMksaosQukedj.k
1.4 lkjka'k(Summary)1.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)1.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)1.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
1-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• dkyfoHkktuosQvkèkkjdkstkuusgsrqA
• bfrgkldkjksa}kjkfd,x,dkyfoHkktudkstkuusgsrqA
• dky[k.MksaosQukedj.kdkstkuusgsrqA
1-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
dkyfoHkktuosQdbZvkèkkjgksldrsgSaA;Fkkµ
1- drkZ osQ vkèkkj ijµizlkn;qx]Hkkjrsanq;qx]f}osnh;qxA
2- izo`fÙk osQ vkèkkj ijµHkfDrdky]lardkO;]lwiQhdkO;]jhfrdky]Nk;kokn]izxfroknA
3- fodklokfnrk osQ vkèkkj ijµvkfndky]vkèkqfuddky]eè;dkyA
4- lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd ?kVukvksa osQ vkèkkj ijµjk"Vªh; èkkjk] Lokra=;ksÙkjdky]LoPNanrkoknvkfnAbllacaèkesamYys[kuh;¯cnqfuEuor~gSaµ
1- dkyfoHkktulkfgfR;dizo`fÙk;ksadhlekurkosQvkèkkjijgksukpkfg,A
2- dkyksadkukedj.k;FkklaHkoewypsruk(izèkkuizo`fÙk)dksvkèkkjcukdjdjukpkfg,A
3- ;qxksa(dkyksa)dklhekaduewyizo`fÙk;ksaosQvkjaHkvkSjlekiuosQvuqlkjgksukpkfg,A
4- dkydhewyizo`fÙkdkfuèkkZj.kizeq[kxazFkksaosQvkèkkjijdjukpkfg,A
bZdkbZ&1 ¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl dh Hkwfedk vkSj vkfndky
2 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 1-3- dky foHkktu
1-3-1 ¯gnh osQ izeq[k bfrgkldkjksa }kjk fd, x, dky foHkktu
1- xklkZ&n&rklh] f'ko¯lg lsaxjusdkyfoHkktudkdksbZiz;klughafd;kA
2- fxz;lZu us viuh iqLrd ^n ekMuZ oukZD;wyj fyVjspj vkiQ fganqLrku*dksX;kjgvè;k;ksaesafoHkDrfd;kgSAizR;sdvè;k;,ddky[kaMdksO;DrdjrkgSAbUgksausys[kdksa,oadfo;ksadkdkyØekuqlkjoxhZdj.kfd;kgSA
bldkyfoHkktuesaoSKkfudrkdkvHkkogSrFkkvè;k;ksadhla[;kvfèkdgksuslsmlsdkyfoHkktuekuukmi;qDrughagSA
3- feJcaèkqvksa dk dky foHkktuµfeJcaèkqvksausviuhiqLrd^feJcaèkqfouksn*(1913bZ-)esafuEudkyfoHkktuizLrqrfd;kµ
1-vkjafHkddky (d)iwokZjafHkddky(700&1343fo-)
([k)mÙkjkjafHkddky(1344&1444fo-)
2-ekè;feddky (d)iwoZekè;feddky(1445&1560fo-)
([k)izkS<+ekè;feddky(1561&1680fo-)
3-vyaÑrdky (d)iwokZyaÑrdky(1681&1790fo-)
([k)mÙkjkyaÑrdky(1791&1889fo-)
4-ifjorZudky (d)(1890&1925fo-)
5-orZekudky ([k)(1926fo-lsvcrd)
1-3-2 feJcaèkqvksa osQ dky foHkktu dh =kqfV;k¡
1- dky[kaMksaosQukedj.kesa,dtSlhi¼frughaviukbZxbZAvkjafHkd]ekè;fed]orZekudkyfodklokfnrkosQvkèkkjijgSarksvyaÑrdkyvkarfjdizo`fÙkosQvkèkkjijA
2- bldkyfoHkktudkdksbZlqLi"VvkèkkjughagSA
3- ¯gnhlkfgR;osQbfrgkldkizkjaHk700fo-(64bZ-)lsekudj¯gnhosQvarxZrviHkaz'kdhjpukvksadkslesVfy;kx;kgSA¯gnhlkfgR;dkizkjaHk1000bZ-osQvkliklgqvkFkkA
4- ifjorZudkyvlaxrgSrFkkdkyksadhla[;kHkhvfèkdgSA
bUghaU;wurkvksadksè;kuesaj[kdjvkpk;Zjkepanz'kqDyusmDrdkyfoHkktuijO;aX;djrsgq,fy[kkgSµ^^lkjs jpuk dky dks osQoy vkfn] eè;] iwoZ] mÙkj] bR;kfn [kaMksa esa vk¡[k ewandj ck¡V nsukµ;g Hkh u ns[kuk fd fdl [kaM osQ Hkhrj D;k vkrk gS vkSj D;k ughaµfdlh o`Ùk laxzg dks bfrgkl ugha cuk ldrkA**
4- vkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy dk dky foHkktuµvkpk;Z'kqDyus^¯gnhlkfgR;osQbfrgkl*(1929bZ-)esafuEudkyfoHkktufd;kµ
1-ohjxkFkkdky(laor~1050&1375fo-)
2-HkfDrdky(laor~1375&1700fo-)
3- jhfrdky(laor~1700&1900fo-)
4-x|dky(laor~1900&1984fo-)
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 3
dky foHkktu ,oa ukedj.k
oLrqr%'kqDythusvius¯gnhlkfgR;osQbfrgklesanksgjkukedj.kdjrsgq,mldkizk:ifuEuizdkjlsfn;kgSµ
1-vkfndky(ohjxkFkkdky) (1050&1375fo-)
2-iwoZeè;dky(HkfDrdky) (1375&1700fo-)
3-mÙkjeè;dky(jhfrdky) (1700&1900fo-)
4-vkèkqfuddky(x|dky) (1900&1984fo-)
Li"VgSfdyksxftlsvkfndkydgrsgSa'kqDythmldkyesas^ohjrk*dhizo`fÙkdksizèkkuekudjmldkukeohjxkFkkdky j[kukpkgrsgSaAblhizdkjiwoZeè;dkydksHkfDrdky] mÙkjeè;dkydksjhfrdkyrFkkvkèkqfuddkydksosx|dkydgstkusosQi{kesagSAmuosQvuqlkjohjxkFkkdkyesaohjrkdh]HkfDrdkyesaHkfDrdh]jhfrdkyesajhfrrRofu:i.kdhvkSjvkèkqfuddkyesax|dhizèkkurkgS]blfy,izèkkuizo`fÙkosQvkèkkjijghbudky[kaMksadkukedj.kdjukmfprgSA
'kqDythdkyfoHkktui¼frosQnksvkèkkjgSaµ
1- izèkku izo`fÙk] 2- xzaFkksa dh izflf¼A
ftldky[kaMesa,dfo'ks"k<axdhjpuk,¡vfèkdfeyhamls,dvyxdky[kaMekukx;kvkSjjpukvksadhizpqjrkosQvkèkkjijizèkkuizo`fÙkdkfuèkkZj.kdjfy;kx;kAizèkkuizo`fÙkosQfy,yksdizfl¼xazFkksadksghvkèkkjcuk;kx;kgSA
'kqDythosQdkyfoHkktuesalokZfèkdvkifÙkfo}kuksadksohjxkFkkdkyukeijgSAbldkydhvfèkdka'klkexzhvkèkkjghu,oavizkekf.kdgSAvr%mlosQvkèkkjijizèkkuizo`fÙkdkfuèkkZj.kughagksldrkAoqQNvkykspdksausblukedksvuqfprcrkdjblsvkfndkydgukghmi;qDrekukgSA
,dizo`fÙkdksizèkkurknsdj'ks"kdksxkS.kekuysusdkn`f"Vdks.kHkhoqQNyksxksaosQerls,dkaxhgStksbfrgkldhvèkwjh,oa,di{kh;O;k[;kdjrkgSftlsoSKkfudughadgldrsA
fiQjHkh;gdgukmfprgSfd'kqDythdhdkyfoHkktui¼frdkvkèkkjroZQlaxr,oaiq"VgSAmudkdkyfoHkktuljy,oalqLi"VgSAvfèkdrjijorhZbfrgkldkjksausmlhdkvkèkkjxzg.kfd;kgSA
5- MkW- jkeoqQekj oekZ dk dky foHkktuµMkW-jkeoqQekjoekZusviusbfrgklxzaFk^¯gnhlkfgR;dkvkykspukRedbfrgkl*(1938bZ-)esafuEuizdkjdkyfoHkktufd;kµ
1- lafèkdky (750fo-&1000fo-)
2- pkj.kdky (1000fo-&1375fo-)
3- HkfDrdky (1375fo-&1700fo-)
4- jhfrdky (1700fo-&1900fo-)
5- vkèkqfud dky (1900fo-&vcrd)
lafèkdkyesa mUgkasusviHkaz'kdh jpuk,¡lekfo"VdhgSaApkj.kdkyvkSj 'kqDythosQohjxkFkkdkyesadksbZekSfydvarjughagSAohjxkFkkvksaosQ jpf;rkpkj.kdgykrsFksA'kqDythusukedj.kjpukdhizo`fÙkosQvkèkkjijfd;ktcfdMkW-oekZusjpukdkjosQvkèkkjijfd;kA
6- MkW- x.kifr panz xqIr dk dky foHkktuµbUgksaus^¯gnhlkfgR;dkoSKkfudbfrgkl*(1965bZ-)esafuEudkyfoHkktufd;kµ
4 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 1- izkjafHkd dky (1184&1350bZ-)
2- eè;dky 1-iwoZeè;dky(1350&1500bZ-)
2-mÙkjeè;dky(1500&1857)
3- vkèkqfud dky(1857&1965bZ-)
MkW-x.kifrpanzxqIrdk;gHkhergSfd¯gnhosQizkjafHkddky,oaeè;dkyesarhuizdkjdkdkO;feyrkgSµ(i) èkekZfJrdkO;](ii) jkT;kfJrdkO;](iii) yksdkfJrdkO;A
fofHkUudky[kaMksaesafodflrdkO;ijaijkvksadkfooj.kMkW-xqIrusblizdkjfn;kgSµ
1- izkjafHkd dky 1- èkk£edjkldkO;ijaijk èkekZfJrdkO;
2- lardkO;ijaijk
2- eè;dky 1- lardkO;ijaijk
2- ikSjkf.kdxhfrijaijk èkekZfJrdkO;
3- ikSjkf.kdizcaèkdkO;ijaijk
4- jfldHkfDrdkO;ijaijk
1- eSfFkyhxhfrijaijk
2- ,sfrgkfldjkldkO;ijaijk
3- ,sfrgkfldpfjrdkO;ijaijk jkT;kfJrdkO;
4- ,sfrgkfldeqDrddkO;ijaijk
5- 'kkL=kh;eqDrdijaijk
1- jksekaflddFkkdkO;ijaijk yksdkfJrdkO;
2- LoPNanizsedkO;ijaijk
1-3-3 fofHkUu dky [kaMksa osQ ukedj.k
1- vkfndky
(v)ohjxkFkkdky µ vkpk;Zjkepanz'kqDy
(c)vkfndky µ gtkjhizlknf}osnh
(l)pkj.kdky µ MkW-jkeoqQekjoekZ
(n)chtoiudky µ egkohjizlknf}osnh
(;) fl¼lkear;qx µ jkgqylkaÑR;k;u
(j)vkjafHkddky µ feJcaèkq
(y)izkjafHkddky µ MkW-x.kifrpanzxqIr
2- iwoZ eè;dkyµHkfDrdkyA
3- mÙkj eè;dkyµjhfrdky]vyaÑrdky]Ük`axkjdky]dykdkyA
4- vkèkqfud dkyµx|dky]orZekudkyA
Li"VgSfdizFkedky[kaMosQukedj.kijghvfèkdfookngSA¯gnhlkfgR;osQbfrgklxzaFkksaesatksukelokZfèkdizpfyrgSa]osblizdkjgSaµ
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 5
dky foHkktu ,oa ukedj.k
1- vkfndky (1000bZ-ls1350bZ-)
2- HkfDrdky (1350bZ-ls1650bZ-)
3- jhfrdky (1650bZ-ls1850bZ-)
4- vkèkqfud dky (1850bZ-lsvcrd)
mDrukeghvcloZLohÑrgSaAbfrgklxzaFkksaesabUghadkiz;ksxgksrkgSA
1-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• yksxftlsvkfndkydgrsgSa'kqDythmldkyesas^ohjrk*dhizo`fÙkdksizèkkuekudjmldkukeohjxkFkkdky j[kukpkgrsgSaAblhizdkjiwoZeè;dkydksHkfDrdky] mÙkjeè;dkydksjhfrdkyrFkkvkèkqfuddkydksosx|dkydgstkusosQi{kesagSaAmuosQvuqlkjohjxkFkkdkyesaohjrkdh]HkfDrdkyesaHkfDrdh]jhfrdkyesajhfrrRofu:i.kdhvkSjvkèkqfuddkyesax|dhizèkkurkgS]blfy,izèkkuizo`fÙkosQvkèkkjijghbudky[kaMksadkukedj.kdjukmfprgSA
• ;gdgukmfprgSfd'kqDythdhdkyfoHkktui¼frdkvkèkkjroZQlaxr,oaiq"VgSAmudkdkyfoHkktuljy,oalqLi"VgSAvfèkdrjijorhZbfrgkldkjksausmlhdkvkèkkjxzg.kfd;kgSA
1-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- vçekf.kd% ftldkdksbZçek.kugksA
2- vkèkkjghu %ftldkdksbZvkèkkjugksA
3- bfrgkldkj %bfrgklfy[kusokyk
1-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- feJcaèkqvksaosQdkyfoHkktudh=kqfV;ksalsD;krkRi;ZgS\le>kb,A
2- 'kqDythosQdkyfoHkktuosQnksvkèkkjD;kgSa\mYys[kdhft,A
3- fofHkUudky[kaMksaosQukedj.kijlaf{kIrfVIi.khfyf[k,A
4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsaµ
1-xklkZ&n&rklh]f'koflaglsaxjus---------------------dkdksbZç;klughafd;kA
2- feJcaèkqvksausviuhiqLrd---------------------1913bZ-esadkyfoHkktuizLrqrfd;kA
3-orZekudky1890µ1925fo----------------------lsvcrdA
5- cgqfodYih; iz'uµ
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6 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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1-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
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2- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR;µMkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 7
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2- vkfndky dh i`"BHkwfe
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2.4 lkjka'k(Summary)2.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)2.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)2.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
2-1- mís'; (Objectives)
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2-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 9
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10 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 11
vkfndky dh i`"BHkwfedkslansgo'kadkdhn`f"Vlsns[krhjghaAbldkyesavcfgUnwlaLo`Qfr/hjs&/hjseqfLyelaLo`QfrlsizHkkforgksusyxhaAvcHkkjrosQmRlo]esyksa]R;ksgkjksa]os'kHkw"kk]vkgkj]fogkjrFkkeuksjatuvkfnijeqfLyejaxp<+usyxkA;gk¡osQxk;u]oknurFkku`R;ijeqfLyeNkiLi"VgSAHkkjrh;laxhresalkjaxh]rcykrFkkvyxkstktSlsok|ksadklekos'kbldkLi"Vizek.kgSAeqfLyeckn'kkgksaosQvuqdj.kijfgUnwujs'kkasaosQjktnjckjksaesaeqfLyedyk,¡izos'kikusyxhaAewfrZdykdksNksM+djvU;Hkkjrh;yfyrdykvksaesaeqfLyedykdhdyexgjs:ilsizdVgksusyxhaA
2-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• mÙkjhHkkjresanloha&X;kjgoha'krkfCn;ksaesaizfrgkjksadkjkT;cukjgkfiQjHkhmlosQnwjosQizkUrLora=kgksx;sAbuu;sjkT;ksaeasfof'k"VFkspsfn(nf{k.khcqansy[kaM)]tq>kSrh(mÙkjhcqansy[kaM)]ekyok]xqtjkr]lkaHkjvkSjxkSM+A9oha'krkCnheascq[kkjkosQrqoZQvkØe.kdkfj;ksalsMjdjfgUnwjktkvksausdkcqylsgVdjvVdosQlehimnHkkaMiqj(vksfgan)dksviuhjkt/kuhcuk;kAoqQNle;osQckn'kkafgblosQLokehgksx,A
• 10oha'krkCnhosQvaresaxtuhdkjkT;egewnxtuohosQgkFkvk;kAmlusmDr'kkafgjkT;dkscM+hdfBuRkklsthrkAfiQjiatkcvkSjdkaxM+kdksfy;kvkSjvUrosZnijp<+kbZdjosQeFkqjkvkSjdUukStywVsrFkkdUukStdksdjnjkT;cukdjXokfy;jvkSjdkfyatjdksywVkAblosQvuUrjlkSjk"Vªijp<+kbZdjosQlkseukFkefUnjlsvikj/ujkf'kywVhA
• ftl;qxesa/eZvkSjjktuhfrdhnhu&ghun'kkgksmlesamPplkekftdrkdhfo'ks"kvk'kkughadhtkldrhgSAvctkfr]xq.kvkSjdeZosQvk/kjijugksdjo.kZosQvk/kjijekuhtkusyxhaA,dtkfrdhvusdmitkfr;kagksusyxhaANqvkNwrosQfu;eHkhcM+sdM+sgksrsx;sAfgUnwtkfrdhikpu'kfDrdkizk;%ßklgkspqdkFkkA
• fu%lUnsg;g;qxHkhrjhdygksavkSjckála?k"kks±dk;qxFkkA fiQjHkhblesalaLo`QfrdkfuekZ.kgksrk jgkAT;ksfr"k]n'kZuvkSjLe`frvkfn fo"k;ksaijVhdk,avkSjVhdkvksaijHkhVhdk,afy[khtkrhjghaAukVd]dforkvkfnosQ{ks=kesatgkaigysHkoHkwfrvkSjjkt'ks[kjtSlsJs"BlkfgR;dkjgq,ogk¡vcikafMR;&izn'kZuvkSjvyadkj&peRdkjfn[kkukghdfodeZle>ktkusyxkA
• ckjgoha'krkCnhesaJhg"kZdk^uS"k/&pfjr*blckrdkizek.kgSA/kjdk'kkldHkksttgkaLo;amPpdksfVdkfo}kuFkkogkadfo;ksadkvkJ;nkrkvkSjikydHkhFkkAHkkstosQ^ljLorhd.BkHkj.k*vkSj^Ük`axkjizdk'k*laLo`QrdkO;'kkL=kdhvejfuf/;k¡gSaA
2-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
HkkokRed µ Hkkols;qDr
yksdfgrdkjh µ yksdfgrdjusokyk
vkpkjfoghu µ vkpkjlsjfgr
2-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- vkfndkydhjktuhfrdifjfLFkfr;ksadkmYys[kdhft,A
2- jktkHkkstdhjktlHkkesadkSu&dkSulsfo}kuvkSjdfoFks\o.kZudhft;sA
3- ^vkfndkyfganw&eqfLyelaLÑfr;ksaosQijLijfeyusdkdkygSA*blijfVIixhdhft,A
12 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 4- lezkVg"kZoèkZudkfuèkudcgqvkFkk\
5- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsa (Fill in the blanks) :
1-lkfgR;ekuo&lektdhHkkokRedfLFkfrvkSj---------------------dhvfHkO;fDrgSA
2-lezkVg"kZoèkZudkdkygS&lu~605ls---------------------A
3- ---------------------esaizfrgkjfefgjHkkstesamÙkjhHkkjrdksfiQjlesVkvkSjlqO;ofLFkrfd;kA
4- fdlhHkhdkyosQ---------------------dksle>usosQfy,mlifjos'kdksBhdizdkjlsle>ukvko';gksrkgSA
6- cgqfodkYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions) :
1- ---------------------esarRdkyhuvjclsukifrusflaèklsdPN]nfD[kuhekjokM+]mTtSuvkSjmÙkjhxqtjkrdksèoLrdjykVesaizos'kfd;kA
(d) 739bZ- ([k) 839bZ-
(x) 939bZ- (?k) buesalsdksbZugha
2- ---------------------'krkCnhesafnYyhesarksej]vtesjesapkSgkuvkSjdUukStesaxkgM+okyksaosQ'kfDr'kkyhjkT;FksA
(d) 10ohaµ11oha ([k) 11ohaµ12oha
(x) 14ohaµ15oha (?k) buesalsdksbZugha
3- ---------------------esavtesjosQchlynsopkSgkuusrksejksalsfnYyhysyhvkSjgkalhlsysdjfgeky;rdviukjkT;iSQykfy;kA
(d) 1150 ([k) 1250
(x) 1350 (?k) 1450
4- ---------------------esacq[kkjkosQrqoZQvkØe.kdkfj;ksalsMjdjfganwjktkvksausdkcqylsgVdjvVdosQlehimnHkkaMiqjdksviuhjktèkkuhcuk;kA
(d) 7oha'krkCnh ([k) 9oha'krkCnh
(x) 11oha'krkCnh (?k) 12oha'krkCnh
2-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- ¯gnhlkfgR;µMkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
2- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR;µMkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
3- jhfrdkylkfgR;µMkW-uxsUnz
4- vkèkqfudlkfgR;µMkW-jktukFkoekZ
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 13
vkfndkyhu lkfgR; ijaijk % tSu] fl¼] ukFk lkfgR;] jklks dkO;
,oa ykSfdd lkfgR;3- vkfndkyhu lkfgR; ijaijk % tSu] fl¼] ukFk lkfgR;] jklks dkO; ,oa ykSfdd lkfgR;
:ijs[kk3.1 mís';(Objectives)3.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)3.3 vkfndkyhulkfgR;ijaijk
3.1.1 fl¼&lkfgR;
3.1.2 tSu&lkfgR;
3.1.3 ukFk&lkfgR;
3.1.4 jklks&dkO;
3.1.5 ykSfddlkfgR;
3.1.6 vehj[kqljks
3.1.7 fo|kifr
3.4 lkjka'k(Summary)3.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)3.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)3.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
3-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• vkfndkyhulkfgR;ijaijkosQfo"k;esatkuusgsrqA
• fl¼lkfgR;rFkktSulkfgR;dksle>usgsrqA
• ukFklkfgR;vkSjjklksdkO;osQlanHkZesatkuusgsrqA
• ykSfddlkfgR;dksle>usgsrq
3-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
vkfndkyhulkfgR;ijaijkfl¼&lkfgR;]tSu&lkfgR;]ukFklkfgR;rFkkjklksdkO;dkizpkjdjusosQfy,,dfo'ks"kdkyekuktkrkgSAbldkyesabulkfgR;dk[kwcizpkj&izlkjfd;kx;kAfl¼ksausckS¼&dkyosQoTkz;kurRodkizpkjdjusosQfy,tkslkfgR;tu&Hkk"kkesafy[kk]ogfganhosQfl¼&lkfgR;dhlhekesavkrkgSAif'peh{ks=kesatSulkèkqvksausHkhviuserdkizpkjfganh&dforkosQekè;elsfd;kAblhizdkjukFkiaFkhjpukvksadhvusdfo'ks"krk,¡lar&dkO;esa;Fkkor]fo|ekugSaSjklksdkO;ksadhjpukvkfndkyesagqbZFkhAoqQNjklksxzaFkgSa][kqek.kjklks]fclynsojklks]gEehjjklks]ijekyjklks]i`FohjktjklksA
14 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 3-3- vkfndkyhu lkfgR; ijaijk
3-1-1 fl¼&lkfgR;
fl¼ksausckS¼&èkeZosQotz;kurRodkizpkjdjusosQfy,tkslkfgR;tu&Hkk"kkesafy[kk]og¯gnhosQfl¼&lkfgR;dhlhekesavkrkgSAjkgqylkaÑR;k;uuspkSjklhfl¼ksaosQukeksadkmYys[kfd;kgS]ftulsfl¼ljgikls;glkfgR;vkjaHkgksrkgSAbufl¼ksaesaljgik]'kcjik]yqbik]MksfEHkik]d.gik,oaoqQDoqQfjik gnhosQeq[;fl¼dfogSaA;gk¡la{ksiesabuosQO;fDrRovkSjÑfrRodkifjp;nsdjgelkfgR;osQfodklesabudhHkwfedkdksLi"Vdjusdhps"VkdjsaxsA
ljgikµ;sljgikn]ljkstotz]jkgqyHknzvkfndbZukeksalsiz[;krgSaAtkfrls;sczkã.kFksAbuosQjpuk&dkyosQfo"k;esalHkhfo}ku,derughagSaAjkgqythusbudkle;761bZ-ekukgS]ftllsvfèkdka'kfo}ku~lgergSaAbuosQ}kjkjfprcÙkhlxzaFkcrk,tkrsgSa]ftuesals^nksgkdks'k*¯gnhdhjpukvksaesaizfl¼gSAbUgksausik[kaMvkSjvkMacjdkfojksèkfd;kgSrFkkxq#&lsokdksegÙofn;kgSA;slgtHkksx&ekxZlsthodksegklq[kdhvksjystkrsgSaAbudhHkk"kkljyrFkkxs;gS,oadkO;esaHkkoksadklgtizokgfeyrkgSA,dmnkgj.kizLrqrgSµ
ukn u ¯cnq u jfo u 'kf'k e.My]
fpvjkv lgkcs ewdyA
vtqjs mtq NkfM+ ek ysgq js cad]
fuvfg cksfgek tkgq js ykadA
gkFksjs dkadk.k ek yksm nki.k]
vi.ks vik cq>rq fuvUe.kA
ljgikdhbldforklsLi"VgSfdmudhHkk"kkrksfganhghgS]osQoymlij;=k&r=kviHkza'kdkizHkkogSAHkkovkSjf'kYidhtksijaijklar&lkfgR;esatkdju,:iesamHkjh]mldkcht&:iljgikosQdkO;esanz"VO;gSA
'kcjikµbudktUe{kf=k;oqQyesa780bZ-easgqvkFkkAljgiklsbUgksausKkuizkIrfd;kFkkA'kcjksadk&lkthouO;rhrdjusosQdkj.k;s'kcjikdgstkusyxsA^p;kZin*budhizfl¼iqLrdgSA;sek;k&eksgdkfojksèkdjosQlgtthouijcynsrsgSavkSjmlhdksegklq[kdhizkfIrdkekxZcrykrsgSaAbudhdforkdhoqQNiafDr;k¡blizdkjgSaµ
gsfj ;s esfj rbyk ckM+h [kles lerqyk
"kqdM+, lsjs diklq iqQfVykA
rbyk okfM+j iklsj tksg.kk okM+h rk,yk
fiQVsy vaèkkfj js vkdk'k iqQfyvkA
yqbikµ;sjktkèkeZikyosQ'kklu&dkyesadk;LFk&ifjokjesamRiUugq,FksA'kcjikusbUgsaviukf'k";cuk;kFkkbudhlkèkukdkizHkkons[kdjmM+hlkosQrRdkyhujktkrFkkea=khbuosQf'k";gksx,FksApkSjklhfl¼ksaesabudklclsm¡QpkLFkkuekuktkrkgSAbudhdforkesajgL;&HkkoukdhizèkkurkgSA,dmnkgj.knsf[k,µ
Økvk r#oj iap foMky] papy ph, ibBks dkyA
fnV dfjv egklqg ifjek.k] yqb HkjebZ xq# iwfPN vtk.kAA
MksfEHkikµexèkosQ{kf=k;&oa'kesa840bZ-osQyxHkxbudktUegqvkFkkAfo:iklsbUgksausnh{kkyhFkhAbuosQ}kjkjfprbDdhlxzaFkcrk,tkrsgSa]ftuesa MksfEc&xhfrdk*] ;ksxp;kZ*] v{kjf}dksins'k*vkfnfo'ks"kizfl¼gSaAbudhdforkdk,dmnkgj.kblizdkjgSaµ
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 15
vkfndkyhu lkfgR; ijaijk % tSu] fl¼] ukFk lkfgR;] jklks dkO;
,oa ykSfdd lkfgR;
xaxk tmuk ek>sjs cgj ukbA
rkafg cqfM+yh ekrafx iksbvkyh ys ikj djbZA
ckgrq MksEch ckg yks MksEch okVr Hkby mNkjkA
ln~xq# ikmQ i, tkbc iq.kq ft.kmjkAA
d.gikµbudktUedukZVdosQczkã.k&oa'kesa820bZ-esagqvkFkkAfcgkjosQlkseiqjhLFkkuij;sjgrsFksAtkyaèkjikdksbUgksausviukxq#cuk;kFkkAdbZfl¼ksausbudhf'k";rkLohdkjdhFkhAbuosQfy[kspkSgÙkjxzaFkcrk,tkrsgSa]ftuesavfèkdka'knk'kZfudfo"k;ksaijgSaAjgL;kRedHkkoukvksalsifjiw.kZxhrksadhjpukdjosQ;s¯gnhosQdfo;ksaesaizfl¼gq,AbUgksaus'kkL=kh;:f<+;ksadkHkh[kaMufd;kgSAbudhdforkdk,dmnkgj.knsf[k,µ
vkxe osv iqjk.ks] iafMr eku cgafrA
iDdflfjiQyvfy]ftlokgsfjrHkze;afrAA
oqQDoqQfjikµbudktUedfiyoLrqosQ,dczkã.k&oa'kesaekuktkrkgSAbuosQtUe&dkydkirkughapyldkgSApiZVh;kbuosQxq#FksAbuosQ}kjkjfprlksyg&xzaFkekustkrsgSaA;sHkhlgtthouosQleFkZdFksAbudhdforkdk,dmnkgj.kblizdkjgSµ
gkam fuoklh [ke.k Hkrkjs] eksgksj foxksvk dg.k u tkbA
isQVfym xks ek, var mfM+ pkfg] tk ,Fkq ckgke lks ,Fkq uk¯gA
buizeq[kfl¼dfo;ksaosQvfrfjDrvU;fl¼dfoHkhtu&Hkk"kkesaviuhok.khdkizpkji|esadjrsFks_¯drqmlesadfoRodkmrukva'kugha]ftlosQvkèkkjijmlslkfgR;osQfodklesa;ksxnkrkekuktklosQftudfo;ksadhigysppkZdhxbZgS]mudklkfgR;gh¯gnhosQfl¼&lkfgR;osQfy,xkSjodkfo"k;gSAbudfo;ksaus¯gnh&lkfgR;esadforkdhtksizo`fÙk;k¡vkjaHkdha]mudkizHkkoHkfDrdkyrdpyrkjgkA:f<+;ksaosQfojksèkdkvD[kM+iu]tksdchjvkfndhdforkessafeyrkgS]bufl¼dfo;ksadhnsugSA;ksx&lkèkukosQ{ks=kesaHkhbudkizHkkoigq¡pkAlkekftdthouosQtksfp=kbUgksausmHkkjs]osHkfDrdkyhudkO;osQfy,lkekftdpsrukdhihfBdkcux,AÑ".k&HkfDrosQewyesatksizo`fÙk&ekxZgS]mldhizsj.kkosQlw=kHkhgesabuosQlkfgR;esafeyrsgSaA
3-1-2tSu&lkfgR;
ftlizdkj¯gnhosQiwohZ{ks=kesafl¼ksausckS¼èkeZosQotz;kuerdkizpkj¯gnh&dforkosQekè;elsfd;k]mlhizdkjif'peh{ks=kesatSulkèkqvksausHkhviuserdkizpkj¯gnh&dforkosQekè;elsfd;kAbudfo;ksadhjpuk,¡vkpkj]jkl]iQkxq]pfjrvkfnfofHkUu'kSfy;ksaesafeyrhgSaAvkpkj&'kSyhosQtSu&dkO;ksaesa?kVukvksaosQLFkkuijmins'kkRedrkdksizèkkurknhxbZgSAiQkxqvkSjpfjr&dkO;'kSyhdhlekurkosQfy,izfl¼gSA^jl*'kCnlaLÑr&lkfgR;esaØhM+kvkSju`R;lslacafèkrFkkAHkjreqfuusbls ØhMuh;d*dgkgSAokRL;k;uosQ dkelw=k*osQjpuk&dkyrd jkl*esaxk;udkHkhlekos'kgksx;kFkkAvfHkuoxqIrus^jkl*dks,dizdkjdk:idekukgSAyksd&thouesaJhÑ".kdhyhykvksaosQfy,^jkl*'kCn:<+gksx;kFkkvkSjvktHkhlkekU;turkmlhvFkZesabldkiz;ksxdjrhgSAtSu&lkèkqvksausjkldks,dizHkko'kkyhjpuk&'kSyhdk:ifn;kAtSu&rhFk±djksaosQthou&pfjrrFkkoS".kovorkjksadhdFkk,¡tSu&vkn'kks±osQvkoj.kesa^jkl*ukelsi|c¼dhxbZAtSueafnjksaesaJkodyksxjkf=kosQle;rkynsdj^jkl*dkxk;udjrsFksApkSngoha'krkCnhrdbli¼frdkizpkjjgkAvr%tSu&lkfgR;dklclsvfèkdyksdfiz;:i^jkl*xzaFkcux,AohjxkFkkvksaesa^jkl*dksgh^jklks*dgkx;kgS]¯drqmudhfo"k;&HkwfetSujkl&xzaFkksalsfHkUugksxbZgSA
iwoksZDrizeq[k'kSfy;ksaesafyf[krvkfndkyhu¯gnh&tSu&lkfgR;dklaf{kIrifjp;;gk¡izLrqrfd;ktkrkgSµ
16 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl Jkodkpkjµnsolsuukedizfl¼vkpk;Zus933bZ-esabldkO;dhjpukdhFkhA;s,dvPNsdforFkkmPpdksfVosQ¯prdFksAbUgksausviHkza'kesaHkh^nCc&lgko&i;kl*ukeddkO;fy[kkFkkA¯gnhesafyf[krbudhvU;jpuk,¡^y?kqu;pØ*rFkk^n'kZulkj*gSa]tksdkO;dhlhekesaughavkrhaA^Jkodkpkj*esa250nksgksaesaJkod&èkeZdkizfriknufd;kx;kgSAdfousx`gLFkosQdÙkZO;ksaijHkhfoLrkjlsfopkjfd;kgSAbldhjpuknksgkNaanesagqbZgSA,dmnkgj.kblizdkjgSµ
tks ft.k lkl.k Hkkf"k;m] lks eb dfgem lk#A
tks ikyb lb Hkkm dfj] lks lfj ikob ik#AA
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cksyg ckgqcyh cyoarA yksg [kf.M rm xjohm garA
pØ ljhlm pwum dfjmaA l;yga xks=kg oqQy lgjmaAA
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fo|kifrdkdkO;vkSjO;fDrRofofoèkeq[khgSA,dvksjtgk¡fo|kifrosQ}kjkfefFkykHkk"kkosQdfoxksfoUnklrFkkykspuvkfndfoizHkkforgq,oghanwljhvksjÑ".kHkDrodkO;dkjHkDrojlwjnklvkfnHkhblizHkkolsvNwrsujgsAgkykafdlwjesaHkfDrHkkouk]dykRedrkvkSjla;evfèkdgSAblosQvfrfjDrjhfrdkydklkfgR;dbZfn'kkvksaesafo|kifrlsvR;fèkdizHkkforgqvkgSA
3-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• tSu&rhFk±djksaosQthou&pfjrrFkkoS".kovorkjksadhdFkk,¡tSu&vkn'kks±osQvkoj.kesa^jkl*ukelsi|c¼dhxbZAtSueafnjksaesaJkodyksxjkf=kosQle;rkynsdj^jkl*dkxk;udjrsFksApkSngoha'krkCnhrdbli¼frdkizpkjjgkAvr%tSu&lkfgR;dklclsvfèkdyksdfiz;:i^jkl*xzaFkcux,AohjxkFkkvksaesa^jkl*dksgh^jklks*dgkx;kgS]¯drqmudhfo"k;&HkwfetSujkl&xzaFkksalsfHkUugksxbZgSA
• ukFk&iaFklsghHkfDrdkyosQlar&erdkfodklgqvkFkk]ftlosQizFkedfodchjFksAblearO;dkleFkZudF;vkSjf'kYinksuksan`f"V;ksalsgkstkrkgSµukFkiaFkhjpukvksadhvusdfo'ks"krk,¡lar&dkO;esa;Fkkor~fo|ekugSaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 33
vkfndkyhu lkfgR; ijaijk % tSu] fl¼] ukFk lkfgR;] jklks dkO;
,oa ykSfdd lkfgR;
• xksj[kukFkusgB;ksxdkmins'kfn;kFkkAgB;ksfx;ksaosQ^fl¼&fl¼kar&i¼fr*xzaFkosQvuqlkj^g*dkvFkZgSlw;ZrFkk^B*dkvFkZgSpanzAbunksuksaosQ;ksxdksgh^gB;ksx*dgrsgSAxksj[kukFk us gh "kV~pØkasokyk;ksx&ekxZ ¯gnh&lkfgR;esapyk;k FkkA blekxZesa fo'okldjusokykgB;ksxhlkèkuk}kjk'kjhjvkSjeudks'kq¼djosQ'kwU;esalekfèkyxkrkFkkvkSjoghaczÞedklk{kkRdkjdjrkFkkA
• ^i`Fohjktjklks*dhHkk"kkosQlacaèkesaHkhfooknjgkgSAoLrqr%;gdkO;¯ixy'kSyhesafy[kkx;kgStkscztHkk"kkdkog:igSftlesajktLFkkuhcksfy;ksadkfeJ.kgSAdfousrRdkyhulHkhizpfyr'kCnksadkLora=krklsiz;ksxfd;kgSA'kCn&p;ujlkuqowQygS]vr%ohjjlosQfp=k.kksaesaizkÑrvkSjviHkza'kosQ'kCnHkh;=k&r=kfeytkrsgSaA
• <ksyk ek: jk nwgkµ;glans'kjkldosQlekuyksddkO;gSvkSjchlynsojklksdhrjgfojgxhrgSAbldkO;dhdFkkblizdkjgSµl;kuhgksusijek:thviuscpiuosQifr<ksykdhppkZlqurhgSavkSjfojgesaO;koqQygkstkrhgSaA
• thou&o`Ùkµvehj[kqljksbudkmiukegS]budkvlyhukevCnqygluFkkAbudktUelu~1312esaifV;kyhftyk,VkesagqvkA
• thou&o`Ùkµfo|kifrdktUela-1425esafcgkjosQnjHkaxkftysesafolihxk¡oesagqvkFkkA;sfo}kuoa'klslacaèkj[krsFksA
3-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- fo}kuµvfèkdKkuj[kusokykO;fDr]cqf¼eku
2- fooknµ>xM+k]dyg
3- jpf;rkµjpusokyk]cukusokyk
3-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- fl¼&lkfgR;osQeq[;fl¼ksaosQfo"k;esamYys[kdhft,A
2- tSu&lkfgR;lsD;krkRi;ZgS\foLrkjlscrkb,A
3- jklks&lkfgR;lsD;kvfHkizk;gS\foLrkjlsmYys[kdhft,A
4- ykSfddlkfgR;ijizdk'kMkysaA
5- vehj[kqljksdkSuFks\muosQthouo`Ùk,oalkfgfR;d;ksxnkuksadkmYys[kdjsaA
6- ¯gnhlkfgR;esafo|kifrosQv{kq..kdh£rosQvkèkkjD;kgS\foospukdjsaA
7- tSulkfgR;dkla{ksiesamYys[kdjsaA
8- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r djsaµ
1- jkgqythusljgikdkle;761bZ-ekukgS]ftllsvfèkdka'k---------------------lgergSaA
2- ---------------------fl¼ksaesayqbiklclsmQ¡pkLFkkuekuktkrkgSA
3-Ñ".k&HkfDrosQewyesatksizo`fÙk&ekxZgS]mldhizsj.kkosQlw=kHkhbuosQ---------------------esafeyrsgSaA
34 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 9- cgqfodkYih; iz'u
1- ---------------------osQtSu&dkO;ksaesa?kVukvksaosQLFkkuijmins'kkRedrkdksizèkkurknhxbZgSaA
(d) iQkxq&'kSyh ([k) jkl&'kSyh
(x) pfj=k'kSyh (?k) vkpkj&'kSyh
5-JkodkpkjesafdrusnksgksaesaHkkodk&èkeZdkizfriknufd;kx;kgS\
(d) 300 ([k) 250
(x) 800 (?k) 600
6-dkO;dhHkk"kkijviHkza'kdkizHkkovfèkdgS]fiQjHkhbldhHkk"kkdkewy:i---------------------gSA
(d) laLÑr ([k) eSfFkyh
(x) czt (?k) fganh
10- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crk,¡µ
1-xksj[kiaFkhlkfgR;osQvuqlkjvkfnukFkLo;af'koFksA
2-;q¼ksaosQvR;arizHkko'kkyho.kZuksadhijekyjklksdkO;esaHkjekjughagSaA
3-i`FohjktjklksesaoLrq&o.kZudkHkho.kZugSA
3-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Review Readings)
1- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
2- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
3- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
4- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 35
fuxqZ.k HkfDr lkfgR; dh oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe ,oa izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡] izeq[k lar dfo ,oa mudk
;ksxnku4- fuxqZ.k HkfDr lkfgR; dh oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe ,oa izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡] izeq[k lar dfo ,oa mudk ;ksxnku
:ijs[kk4.1 mís';(Objectives)4.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)4.3 fuxqZ.kHkfDrlkfgR;dhoSpkfjdi`"BHkwfe
4.4 izeq[klardfovkSjmudhjpuk,¡@;ksxnku
4.5 lardkO;dhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡
4.6 lkjka'k(Summary)4.7 'kCndks'k(Keywords)4.8 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)4.9 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
4-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• fuxqZ.kHkfDrlkfgR;dhoSpkfjdi`"BHkwfetkuusesaA
• izeq[klardfovkSjmudhjpuk,¡@;ksxnkule>usesaA
• lardkO;dhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡tkuusesaA
4-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
'kadjkpk;Z,oamifu"knksa}kjkizfrikfnrv}Srn'kZu]ukFkiaFk]lwiQhèkeZ,oabLykelardkO;dkoSpkfjdvkèkkjgS]mifu"knksaesafu:firczã]tho]txr,oaHkk"kkosQLo:idkslardfo;ksausT;ksadkR;ksaxzg.kfd;kAlarksadklkèkuki{kvkSjHkfDrHkkouk'kadjosQv}Srn'kZudhnsugSAjkekuanusHkfDrdk}kj'kwnzksa,oafuEuoxks±osQfy,[kksyfn;kFkkAbldkizHkkoHkhlardkO;ijfn[kkbZiM+rkgSA
4-3- fuxqZ.k HkfDr lkfgR; dh oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe
lardkO;dkoSpkfjdvkèkkjgS'kadjkpk;Z,oamifu"knksa}kjkizfrikfnrv}Srn'kZu]ukFkiaFk]lwiQhèkeZ,oabLykeAmifu"knksaesafu:firczã]tho]txr,oaek;kosQLo:idkslardfo;ksausT;ksadkR;ksaxzg.kfd;kAlarksadklkèkuki{kvkSjHkfDrHkkouk'kadjosQv}Srn'kZudhnsugSAnksuksaghthodksfo'kq¼czãekursgSarFkktksfHkUurkfn[kkbZiM+rhgSogek;kosQdkj.kgSAvkRekdhloZ:irk]loZ'kfDreÙkkHkhv}Srn'kZuosQvuq:igSA
ukFkiafFk;ksalsmUgksaus'kwU;okn];ksxlkèkuk]xq#dhizfr"BkdkrRofy;kAbLykeosQizHkkolsmUgksaus,osQ'ojoknxzg.kfd;k]ewfrZiwtkdk[k.Mufd;kvkSjvorkjokndkfojksèkfd;kA
bZdkbZ&2 HkfDrdkyhu lkfgR;
36 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl lwfiQ;ksalsmUgksausizseHkkoxzg.kfd;kvkSjnkEiR;izrhdksadkiz;ksxHkfDrHkkoukdhvfHkO;fDrgsrqfd;kAfl¼ksadhxw<+mfDr;ks¡]myVckafl;k¡]oSfndijaijkvksa,oackákpkjdkfojksèklardkO;esaHkhfeyrkgSAjkekuanusHkfDrdk}kj'kwæksa,oafuEuoxks±osQfy,[kksyfn;kFkkAbldkizHkkoHkhlardkO;ijfn[kkbZiM+rkgSA
4-4- izeq[k lar dfo vkSj mudh jpuk,¡@;ksxnku
1- dchjµ^chtd*ukelsmudhjpukvksadkladyuèkeZnkl}kjkfd;kx;kgSAftlosQrhuHkkxgSaµlk[kh]lcn]jeSuhAdchjdktUe1398bZ-vkSje`R;q1518bZ-esagqbZAdchjtkfrosQtqykgsFks]dk'khesajgrsFksrFkkjkekuanmuosQxq#FksAdchjdhiRuhdkukeyksbZ]iq=kdkukedeky,oaiq=khdkukedekyhFkkAmudhdforkessamins'kksadhizo`fÙkgS]jgL;oknhHkkoukgSrFkkizrhdksadkiz;ksxmudhHkk"kkesagSA
dchjfuj{kjFksALo;amUgksausLohdkjfd;kgSµ
efl dkxn Nw;kS ugha dye xákS u¯g gkFkA
mudhjpukvksadkladyucknesamuosQf'k";ksausfd;kA^dchjchtd*esarksmudhjpuk,¡ladfyrgSaghblosQvfrfjDrckcw';kelqanjnklusmudhjpukvksadkladyu^dchjxazFkkoyh*esafd;kgSA
mUgksausewfrZiwtk]ekyk]fryd]Nkik]rhFkkZVu]xaxkLuku]jkstk] glk]tkfrizFkk]m¡Qp&uhpdhHkkoukvkfndk[kaMufd;kA;Fkkµ
1-ekyk isQjr tqx x;k x;k u eu dk isQjA
dj dk eudk Mkfj osQ eu dk eudk isQjAA
2-m¡Qps oqQy dk tufe;k djuh m¡Qp u gks;A
lqcju dy'k lqjk Hkjk lkèkw fuUnr lks;AA
3-ikgu iwtS gfj feySa rkS eSa iwtw¡ igkjA
?kj dh pkdh D;ksa u¯g iwtSa ihfl [kk; lalkjAA
¯gnqvksavkSjeqlyekuksadksiQVdkjrsgq,dgkµ
vjs bu nksmu jkg u ikbZ
¯gnw viuh djSa cM+kbZ xkxj Nqvu u nsabZA
os';k osQ ik;u rj lksoSa ;g ns[kkS ¯gnqvkbZAA
eqlyeku osQ ihj vkSfy;k eqxhZ&eqxkZ [kkbZA
[kkykosQjh csVh C;kgSa ?kj gh esa djSa lxkbZAA
os'kkL=kijughavk¡[kksans[khckrij;dhudjrsgSaµ
rw dgrk dkxn dh ys[kh] eSa dgrk vk¡f[ku dh ns[khA
eSa dgrk lqj>kou gkjh rw jk[kk mj>ks; jsAA
xq# dh egÙkk ij mUgksaus lokZfèkd cy fn;k gSA blosQ vfrfjDr uSfrdrk] lnkpkj]ijksidkj]{kek]lR;Hkk"k.k]larks"kvkfndksmUgksausJs"BekuoosQfy,vko';dekukgSA
dchjusthoudksczãdkva'kekukgStksek;kosQdkj.kviusLo:idksHkwykgqvkgSAek;kosQu"VgksrsghthokRek,oaijekRekdkfeyugkstkrkgSµ
tyesaoqQaHkoqQaHkesatygSckgjHkhrjikuhA
iwQVkoqQaHktytyfglekuk;grrdFksgqfx;kuhAA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 37
fuxqZ.k HkfDr lkfgR; dh oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe ,oa izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡] izeq[k lar dfo ,oa mudk
;ksxnku
;gk¡?kM+kek;kdkizrhdgStks?kM+sosQty(thokRek)dksckgjosQty(ijekRek)lsvyxfd,gq,gSAtSlsgh?kM+k(ek;k)iwQVrkgSnksuksatyfeydj,dgkstkrsgSaAosdgrsgSafdlrxq#ghO;fDrdksek;kosQcaèkulsNqM+krkgSrFkkbZ'ojdklk{kkRdkjdjkrkgSAdchjusxq#efgekdkikBukFkiafFk;ksalslh[kkgSA
lrxq# dh efgek vur vur fd;k mixkjA
ykspu vur m?kkfM+;k vur fn[kko.kgkjAA
dchjosQdkO;esagB;ksxlkèkuk,oaoqQaMfyuh;ksxdktksfooj.kfeyrkgSmldklacaèkHkhukFkiaFklsgSAikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkoyhmUgksausukFkiarlsxzg.kdhgSAoqaQMfyuhlkèkukokysmuosQinksaesavkpk;Zjkepanz'kqDyuslkèkukRedjgL;oknekukgSA,slk,dinm¼`rgSµ
voèkw xxu eaMy ?kj dhtSA
ve`r >jS lnk lq[k mitS cadukfy jl ihtSAA
oqaQMfyuhewykèkkjpØesalq"kqIrkoLFkkesajgrhgSA;ksxhlkèkuk}kjkblstkxzrdjrkgSvkSj;g"kVpØksadkHksnudjrhgqbZlglzkjpØesaigq¡prhgStgk¡czãjaèkls>jusokysve`rjldkikudjrhgSA
dchjdkjgL;oknHkkokReddksfVdkHkhgSAtgk¡thokRedkmlfuxqZ.kijekReklsHkkokRedlacaèktksM+rhgqbZfojg]feyu]ftKklk]dhvuqHkwfrdjrhgSogk¡HkkokRedjgL;oknosQn'kZugksrsgSaAdchjusthokRekdksizs;lh,oaijekRekdksfiz;reosQ:iesafpf=krdjrsgq,muosQfojg,oafeyuosQfp=kizLrqrfd,gSaµ
oSQ fojfgu owaQ ehpq nS oSQ vkik fn[kyk;A
jkr fnuk dk nk{k.kk eks iS lák u tk;AA
feyudhvuqHkwfrdko.kZudchjusfookgosQlkax&:id}kjkblinesafd;kgSµ
nqyfgfu xkogq eaxypkjA
eksjs ?kj vk, gks jktk jke HkjrkjA
ru jr dfj eSa eu jr dfjgw¡ iaprÙk ckjkrhA
jkenso eksjs ikgqus vk,] eSa tksou eSekrhA
ljhj ljksoj osnh dfjgw¡ czãk osn mpkfjAA
jkenso lax Hkkaofj ySgks èkfu&èkfu Hkkx gekjAA
lqj rSarhlwa dkSfrx vk, eqfuoj lgl vBklhA
dgSa dchj ge C;kfg pys gSa iqfjl ,d vfouklhAA
HkkokRedjgL;okndksmn~?kkfVrdjusokysbuinksaesadchjusÜkaxkjjldh;kstukdhgSA
dchj Hkysghi<+s&fy[ks ugksa ijmudkdkO;dkO;xr je.kh;rkls jfgrugha gSAvyadkj]izrhd]Hkk"kk]vkfnlHkhn`f"V;ksalsogmPpdksfVdkdkO;gSA
dchjosQdkO;esa^izrhdksa*dkHkhHkjiwjiz;ksxgSAmudhmyVckafl;k¡fl¼ksalsizHkkforgSatksfoijhrdFkuosQdkj.kyksxksadkspeRÑrdjrhgSaµ
leqanj ykxh vkx ufn;k¡ tfy dksbyk HkbZA
ns[k dchjk tkx eaNh #[kk pf<+ xbZA
;gk¡ leqnz&ewykèkkjpØdk izrhdgS] ufn;k¡ fp=ko`fÙk;ksadk izrhdgSa rFkk ^eNyh*oqaQMfyuhosQfy,iz;qDrgSAfuEuinesaHkhizrhdksadkiz;ksxmUgksausfd;kgSµ
38 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl dkgs jh ufyuh rw oqQfEgykuhA
rsjs gh uky ljksoj ikuhAA
ty esa mrifr ty esa okl ty esa ufyuh rksj fuoklA
uk ry rifr u mQij vkfx rksj gsrq dgq dklfu ykxA
dgSa dchj ts mfnd leku rs ufga eq, gekjsfg tkuAA
blinesa^defyuh*thokRekdkrFkk^ty*ijekRekdkizrhdgSAtho,oaczãdh,drkdkizfriknublesavU;ksfDrvyadkjosQekè;elsdchjusfd;kgSA
dchjosQdkO;esa:id]miek]vfr'k;ksfDr]vU;ksfDrvkfnvusdvyadkjizpqjrklsmiyCèkgkstkrsgSaaAoLrqr%dkO;jpukdjukmudky{;ughaFkkAdforkrksmuosQfy,lkèkuFkhftlosQekè;elsosviuhckrturkrdigq¡pkukpkgrsFksAdchjHkysghvktlsyxHkx600o"kZiwoZiSnkgq,gksa]¯drqmudhf'k{kk,¡vktHkhmruhghizklafxdgSaA
2- jkekuanµtUe1368bZ-rFkke`R;q1468bZ-AdkU;oqQCtczkã.kFks]f'k{kkdk'khesagqbZAHkDrekykosQvuqlkj] jkekuanosQckjg f'k"; Fks_ ftuosQ ukegSaµvuUrkuan]lq[kkuaan]lqjlqjkuan] ujg;kZuan] Hkkokuan] ihik]dchj] lsu] èkUuk] jSnkl] lqjlqjhvkSj in~ekorhAjkekuan osQ f'k";ksa esa dchj] ihik] vuarnkl] èkUuk izfl¼ gSaA buosQ xq# dk uke jk?kokuan FkkA bUgksaus jkekor&laiznk; dk izorZu fd;kA rhFkZ;k=kk] ewfrZiwtk] osnkfndkfojksèkdjrsgq,mUgksausvar%lkèkukijcyfn;kAjkekuan osQ xq# jk?kokuan th us ^fl¼kar iap ek=kk*ukedxazFkdhjpukdhA
3- jSnkl (1398&1448)µtkfrosQpekjFks]dk'khosQfuoklhFksAtUedkyosQlacaèkesafu'p;iwoZddguklaHkoughagSAoqQNfo}kubUgsaizfl¼dof;=khehjkdkxq#HkhcrkrsgSaAjSnkldk,dvU;ukejfonklHkhgSAlarckuhlhjhtosQvarxZrbudhjpukvksadkladyu ^jfonkl dh ckuh*'kh"kZdlsizdkf'krgqvkgSAbuosQfy[ksgq,40inxq#xazFklkgcesaHkhladfyrgSaAjSnkldkukejkekuanosQ12f'k";ksaesagS]¯drqjSnkldhjpukvksaesadghaHkhjkekuandkmYys[kughagSAfuxqZ.kczãmuosQfy,HkhftKklkdkfo"k;gSAmudhHkk"kkljycztHkk"kkgSftlesavoèkh]jktLFkkuh][kM+hcksyh]mnwZ&iQkjlhosQ'kCnHkhfeytkrsgSaAmudhdforkdk,duewukizLrqrgSµ
vc oSQls NwVs jke uke jV ykxhA
izHkqth rqe panu ge ikuh tkdh vax&vax okl lekuhA
izHkqth rqe ?ku cu ge eksjk] tSls fpror pan pdksjkAA
izHkqth rqe Lokeh ge nklk] ,slh Hkxfr djS jSnklkAA
4- xq# ukud (1469&1538 bZ-)µfl[k laiznk; osQ izorZd xq# ukud bfrgkl izfl¼ O;fDr gSaAmudktUe1469bZ-esaryoaMhesagqvkFkktksvcuudkuklkgcosQukelstkuktkrkgSAukudosQinxq#xzaFklkgcesaladfyrgSaAtiqth] vlk nhokj] jfgjkl] lksfgykmudhjpukvksaosQukegSaA
ukudnsoleUo;'khy,oamnkjizo`fÙkosQO;fDrFksAmuosQfirkdkukedkywpanvkSjekrkdkuker`IrkFkkAbuosQnksiq=kHkhgq,µy{ehpan] JhpanAosHkze.k'khylarFksAfuxqZ.kczãosQizfrHkfDrHkkoukmuosQdkO;esafo|ekugSA'kkar jl dh izèkkurk ukud dh jpukvksa esa gSA mudh Hkk"kk iatkch ,oa cztHkk"kk fefJr gSAmuosQinjkx&jkfxfu;ksaesafuc¼gSaftuesad#.k]'kkar,oaÜk`axkjjlHkhfn[kkbZiM+rkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 39
fuxqZ.k HkfDr lkfgR; dh oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe ,oa izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡] izeq[k lar dfo ,oa mudk
;ksxnku
5- gfjnkl fujatuhµ;sfujatuhlaiznk;osQdfoFksAbllaiznk;dksukFkiaFk,oalardkO;osQchpdhdM+hekuktkldrkgSAbuosQfy[ksxazFkgSaµv"Vinh] tksxxzaFk] czãLrqfr] galizcksèk xzaFk] fuji[kewy xzaFk] iwtktksx xazFk] lekfèktksx xzaFk] laxzketksx xzaFkAbUgksauscztHkk"kkessadkO;dhjpukdhgSA
6- nknwn;ky (1544&1603)µbUgksausnknwiaFkdkizorZufd;kAos,dèkeZlqèkkjd,oalektlqèkkjdosQ:iesaizfl¼jgL;oknhdfoFksAbuosQiaFkdksijeczã laiznk;HkhdgktkrkgSAjTtc] lqanjnkl] izkxnkl] tuxksikybuosQizeq[kf'k";FksAmudhjpukvksadkladyu^gjMsok.kh*ukelsmuosQ f'k";ksaµlarnkl,oatxUukFk nklusizLrqrfd;kgSAij'kqjke prqosZnh}kjklaikfnrnknwn;ky esaHkhmudhizekf.kdjpuk,¡ladfyrgSaA
7- eywdnklµbudkle;(1574&1682)eqxydkyesa gSA buosQ fy[ks xazFkksa osQ ukegSaµKkucksèk] jru[kku] HkfDrfoosd] lq[klkxj] HkDroPNkoyh] ckjg[kM+h] LiqQVin] jke vorkj yhyk] cztyhyk rFkk èkzqopfjrAvkyfl;ksadkegkea=kbUghadkjpkgqvkgSµ
vtxj djS u pkdjh iaNh djS u dkeA
nkl eywdk dg x, lcosQ nkrk jkeA**
8- laqnjnkl (1596&1689)µ;snknwn;kyosQf'k";FksvkSjizfrHkk'kkyhdfoFksAbuosQfy[ksxzaFkksaesaKkuleqævkSjlqanjfoyklizfl¼gSaAbudhjpukvksadkladyulaqnj xzaFkkoyh(nksHkkx)esaiqjksfgrgfjukjk;.k 'kekZusfd;kgSAlqanjnkl Ük`axkjjlosQijefojksèkhFksAosQ'kodhjfldfiz;kvkSjuUnnkldhjleatjhdhfuankmUgksausvius,dNanesadhgSAmudhjpuk,¡cztHkk"kkesagSaAmDrizeq[kdfo;ksaosQvfrfjDryky iaFk osQizorZdykynkl(1540&1648bZ-)]ckckykyhlaiznk;osQizorZdckckyky (1590&1655bZ-)]lar jTtc (1567&1689 bZ-)]ckcjh iaFk dh ckcjh lkfgck (1542&1605 bZ-)]lar lnuk] lar ihik] lar lsu] lar èkUuk(1415bZ-)Hkhlardfo;ksaesafxustkrsgSaAiatkcesaoqQNflD[kxq#vksausHkhlardkO;dhjpukdhgSAbuesaizeq[kgSaµxq#vaxn]xq#vejnkl]xq#jkenklvkSjxq#vtqZunsoAxq#vaxnusukuddhjpukvksadkladyufd;kvkSjcztHkk"kkfefJriatkchesaljlxs;inksadhjpukdhAxq#vtqZunso(1563&1606bZ-),dvPNsdfoFksAxq#xzaFklkfgcesamuosQ6]000inladfyrgSaAmudhizfl¼jpuk,¡gSaµlq[keuh] ckouv[kjh vkSjckjgeklkA
9- 'ks[k iQjhn(1472&1552 bZ-)µ;sHkhiatkcosQlardfo;ksaesamYys[kuh;gSaAvkfnxazFkesabuosQpkjinladfyrgSaAlar ohjekudhmins'kijdjpuk,¡^ckuh*'kh"kZdlsladfyrdhxbZgSaAv{kj vuU; us;ksxvkSjosnkarijdbZxzaFkfy[ksrFkknqxkZlIr'krhdkvuqokn¯gnhi|ksaesafd;kA
4-5- lar dkO; dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
1- lardkO;HkkoizèkkugS]dykizèkkuughaAogrktegydhoqQ'kydkjhxjhugksdjjE;ioZrJsf.k;ksadhHkk¡frlgtlqanjgSA
2- dforkdjukbudky{;uFkkAdforkrksbuosQmins'kksadklkèkuek=kFkhA
3- lardfo;ksaeasizeq[kdchjHkDrvkSjdfocknesagSa]lektlqèkkjdigysgSaA
4- lar dfo fuxqZ.kksikld FksA osbZ'ojdksfuxZq.k]fujkdkj]vtUek]vfouk'kh,oaloZO;kihekursgSaAdHkh&dHkhosblfuxqZ.kdksjke]xksfoan]gfjvkfnukeksalsHkhiqdkjrsgSaaA
5- lardkO;esaKku dh egÙkk dks izfrikfnrfd;kx;kgSA;gKkuosn&iqjk.kksa;koqQjkulsugha]vfirqfpÙkdhfueZyrk,oaân;dhikourklsizkIrfd;ktkrkgSAKkun'kkesa
40 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ghczãdklk{kkRdkjgksrkgSAfoosd;qDrKkun`f"VghO;fDrdksvKku]vaèkfo'okl,oaik[kaMlseqDrdjrhgSAKkudhvfXutcek;kosQtyesayxrhgSrksfo"k;&oklukdkdhpM+u"VgkstkrkgSµ
vfxfu tq ykxh uhj esa cUnw tfy;k >kfjA
mÙkj&nf{k.k osQ iafMrk jgs fcpkfj&fcpkfjAA
6- lardkO;esaxq# dh egÙkkdkizfriknudjrsgq,mlsbZ'ojlsHkhcM+kntkZfn;kx;kgSAxq#ghczãdklk{kkRdkjdjkrkgS]oghKku&us=k[kksyrkgSA^xq#nso dkS vax* 'kh"kZdlsladfyrlkf[k;ksaesadchjusxq#dhegÙkkizfrikfnrdhgSAxq#dhizfr"BkbUgkasusukFkiaFklsxzg.kdhA
7- lardkO;esav}Sroknh n'kZu dksLFkkufeykgSAbudhnk'kZfudekU;rk,¡'kadjosQv}Srn'kZulsizHkkforgSaAczãvkSjthoudh,drkdkizfriknu]ek;kosQvfLrRodksLohdkjdjuk]bZ'ojdksfuxqZ.k&fujkdkjcrkuk]vkRekdhloZ'kfDreÙkkdkizfriknuµlcoqQN'kadjosQv}Srn'kZuosQvuq:igSaA
8- lardkO;esajgL;okn dhizo`fÙkifjyf{krgksrhgSAnkaiR;izrhdksaosQekè;elsbUgksausfuxqZ.kczãosQlkFkekèkq;ZHkkodhHkfDrdklekos'kdjrsgq,HkkokRed jgL;okndkfoèkkufd;kAdchjdkin^nqyfgfu xkogq eaxypkj*blhizdkjdkHkkokRedjgL;oknh in gSA nwljh vksj] oqaQMfyuh ;ksx ls lacafèkr inksa esa mUgksaus lkèkukRed jgL;okn dkfoèkkufd;kgSA ^voèkw xxu eaMy ?kj dhtS*inesalkèkukRedjgL;okndhizo`fÙkgSA
9- lardfo;ksausckákMacjksa dk[kaMufd;kAewfrZiwtk]rhFkkZVu]ozr]jkstk]uektesabUgsadksbZfo'okluFkkA gnw&eqlyekunksuksadksbUgksausvaèkfo'oklksa]:f<+;ksa]èkekZUèkrkosQfy,iQVdkjkAosèkeZosQlkekU;rRoksaµlR;]v¯glkizse]d#.kk]la;e]lnkpkjdksekuoosQfy,vko';dekursgSaA
10- lardfotkfrizFkkosQfojksèkhFksAm¡Qp&uhp]NqvkNwr,oao.kkZJeO;oLFkkdksvfHk'kkiekudjbUgksausfuHkhZdrklsbudk[kaMufd;kAczkã.koxZbuosQvkØks'kdkf'kdkjcukAvfèkdka'klardfoLo;a fuEuoxZlslacafèkrFksvr%mPpoxZdheq[kjvkykspuklardkO;esavLOkkHkkfoduFkhA
11- lardkO;esa'kkL=kdkfojksèkdjrsgq,LokuqHkwfrijcyfn;kx;kgSAmudhmfDresa[kjkiu,oafuHkhZdrkgSftlsturkusilanfd;kAmuosQdFkuvuqHkwfrizèkkugSaAmuesa'kkL=kksadhO;FkZrkizfrikfnrdhxbZgSA
12- lardfo;ksadkukjh fo"k;d n`f"Vdks.k vlarqfyr,oavfroknhgSAosukjhdksujddk}kj,oaek;kdkizfr:icrkrsgSaAukjh¯unkdjrsgq,osmls^fo"kdkcsy*rddgnsrsgSaAukjhosQizfrmudk;gn`f"Vdks.kHkhukFkiafFk;ksadkizHkkogSA
13- lardkO;dhHkk"kk vifj"Ñr gSAlkfgfR;dHkk"kkosQLFkkuijcksypkydhHkk"kkdkiz;ksxosviusokD;esadjrsFksAns'kkVuosQdkj.kmudhHkk"kkesavusdcksfy;ksa,oaHkk"kkvksadkfeJ.kfn[kkbZiM+rkgSAczt]voèkh][kM+hcksyh]jktLFkkuh]iatkch]iQkjlh]vjch'kCnksaosQ feys&tqys:iosQdkj.kvkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy usmudhHkk"kkdkslèkqDdM+h Hkk"kk ;kiapesy f[kpM+h Hkk"kkdgkgSAvux<+Hkk"kkgksusijHkhmudhHkk"kkHkkolaizs"k.kesaiw.kZliQygSAmldh'kfDr,oalkeF;ZosQdkj.kvkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh us dchj dks ok.kh dk fMDVsVj rd dg fn;k gSA
14- lar dkO; esa vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx peRdkj izn'kZu osQ fy, u gksdj Hkkoksa osQ mRd"kZ osQ fy, gqvk gSA oLrqr%os¯ixy'kkL=kosQd[kxlsHkhifjfpruFksAvr%dkO;
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 41
fuxqZ.k HkfDr lkfgR; dh oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe ,oa izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡] izeq[k lar dfo ,oa mudk
;ksxnku
esavyadkjksadklekos'kdjldusdh'kfDr,oalkeF;ZmuesaFkhghughaA;gckrvyxgSfdmudkdkO;vyadkjfoghuughagSAmlesavuk;klghmiek]:id]mRizs{kk]fojksèkkHkkldklekos'kgksx;kgSA
15- lardkO;esa'kkar jl dhizèkkurkgSAÜk`axkj jl dkiw.kZifjikdHkhmlesagqvkgSAdchjdhmyVckafl;ksaesavn~Hkqr jl HkhgSA
4-6- lkjka'k (Summary)
• mifu"knksa}kjkfu:firczã]tho]txr,oaek;kosQLo:idkslardfo;ksausT;ksadkR;ksaxzg.kfd;kAlarksadklkèkuki{kvkSjHkfDrHkkouk'kadjosQv}Srn'kZudhnsugSAnksuksaghthoudksfo'kq¼czãekursgSarFkktksfHkUurkfn[kkbZiM+rhgSAogek;kosQdkj.kgSAvkRekdhloZ:irk]loZ'kfDreÙkkHkhv}Srn'kZuosQvuq:igSA
4-7- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- izfr"BkµbTtr]eku&lEeku
2- ik[kaMµ<ksaxfn[kkuk]>wBkfn[kkokdjuk
3- :f<+;k¡µiqjkuhijaijk,¡tksekuofodklesack/kcurhgSa
4-8- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- fuxqZ.kHkfDrlkfgR;dhoSpkfjdi`"BHkwferFkkizeq[klardfovkSjmuosQ;ksxnkudkmYys[kdhft,A
2- lardkO;dhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,aD;kgSa\o.kZudhft,A
3- fuxqZ.kHkfDrlkfgR;dhi`"BHkwfeijlaf{kIrfVIi.khfyf[k,A
4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaµ
1-nksuksaghthodksfo'kq¼czãekursgSarFkktksfHkUurkfn[kkbZiM+rhgSog------------------osQdkj.kgSA
2-dchjdhiRuhdkukeyksbZ]iq=kdkukedeky,oaiq=khdkuke------------------FkkA
3-gtkjhizlknf}osnhusmUgsa------------------dgkgSA
5- cgqfodYih; ç'uµ
1-dchjusxq#efgekdkikB--------------------lslh[kkgSA
(d) fl¼iafFk;ksa ([k) tSuiafFk;ksa
(x) ukFkiafFk;ksa (?k) ;kmijksDresalsdksbZugha
2-larokuh lhjht osQ varxZr budh jpukvksa dk ladyu -------------------- 'kh"kZd lsizdkf'krgqvkgSA
(d) xq#nkldhckuh ([k) jfonkldhckuh
(x) dchjdhckuh (?k) jghedhckuh
3- fdldhmins'kijdjpuk,ackuh'kh"kZdlsladfyrdhxbZgSa\
(d) larohjeku ([k) xq#vejnkl
(x) xq#jkenkl (?k) xq#vaxn
42 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 6- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crk,¡µ
1-Kkun'kkesaghczãdklk{kkRdkjughagksrkgSA
2-voèk&xxueaMy?kjdhtSinesalk?kukRedjgL;okndhi¼frgSA
3-vux<+Hkk"kkgksusijHkhdchjdhHkk"kkHkkolaizs"k.kesaiw.kZliQygSA
4-9- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
2- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
3- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
4- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 43
fuxZq.k izseekxhZ lwiQh dkO;èkkjk
5- fuxZq.k izseekxhZ lwiQh dkO;èkkjk
:ijs[kk5.1 mís';(Objectives)5.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)5.3 fganhlwiQhdkO;ijaijkrFkklwiQherdkoSpkfjdvk/kj
5.4 lkjka'k(Summary)5.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)5.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)5.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
5-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• fganhlwiQhdkO;ijaijkosQvarxZrfganhlwiQherdkoSpkfjdvkèkkjtkuusgsrqA
• fganhizsek[;kuksadhijaijkdko.kZudjusesaA
5-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
lwiQhdkO;esa miyCèkizse Hkkouk Hkkjrh;izselsoqQNvyxgSAlwiQhdfo;ksa }kjk jfprizsek[;kudiQkjlhelufo;ksadh'kSyhesaufy[ksgksdjHkkjrh;ijaijkesagSaA;gizsek[;kudijaijkegkHkkjrdhvusddFkkvksaesamiyCèkgksrhgSaAizsek[;kudijaijkegkHkkjrlsizkjaHkgksdjvkèkqfudHkk"kkvksardigq¡phAvoèkhHkk"kkosQlkFk&lkFkcaxykHkk"kkesaHkhblizdkjosQizsek[;kudfeyrsgSaAlwiQhdkO;ijaijkfons'khughagSvfirqbldhtM+saHkkjrh;ikSjkf.kdlkfgR;esamiyCèkgSaA
5-3- fganh lwiQh dkO; ijaijk rFkk lwiQh er dk oSpkfjd vk/kj
HkfDrdkydhfuxqZ.kèkkjkosQvarxZrlardkO;,oalwiQhdkO;ukednks'kk[kk,¡gSaAlwiQhdkO;osQfy,izpfyroqQNvU;ukegSaµizseekxhZ'kk[kk]izsekJ;h'kk[kk]izsek[;kuddkO;ijaijk]jksekaflddFkkdkO;ijaijkvkfnALi"Vghbl'kk[kkesaizserRodhizèkkurkifjyf{krgksrhgSAlwiQhdkO;esamiyCèkizseHkkoukHkkjrh;izselsoqQNvyxgSA;gLoPNanizsegSftlsvaxzsthesa^jksekal*dgkx;kgSAblizseHkkoukesaLoPNanrk]lkSan;ZHkkouk]lkgliw.kZfØ;kdykifo|ekujgrsgSarFkk;ge;kZnkoknhnkEiR;izselsgVdjgSALoPNanizselektdhekU;rkvksadksLohdkjughadjrkA¯gnhosQeè;dkyhuizsek[;kuxzFkkssaesablh^jksekal*dkfp=k.kfd;kx;kgSA
vkpk;Zjkepaæ'kqDyusbuizsek[;kudksaijiQkjlhelufo;ksadkizHkkoekukgS]¯drqgesa;gHkhLej.kj[kukpkfg,fdblizdkjdkizsefp=k.kHkkjrh;ijaijkesaHkhizpqjrklsmiyCèkgksrkgSA½XosnesamoZ'kh&iq#jokdkvk[;ku]egkHkkjrdkuy≠arhvk[;ku]rIrk&laoj.kvk[;kuvkSjiqjk.kksaesaof.kZrm"kk&vfu#¼]jkèkk&Ñ".k]izHkkorh&iz|qEuvk[;kuHkhLoPNanizsedhifjHkk"kkesavkrsgSaALoPNanizsedh;ghijaijkdkykarjesalaLÑresaoklonÙkk]dknacjh]n'koqQekjpfjresafn[kkbZiM+rh
44 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl gSA'kwnzdus9oha'krkCnhesadFkkdkO;osQy{k.kfuèkkZj.kesa;gLOkhdkjfd;kgSfdmlesaukf;dkvksadksikusosQfy,lkgliw.kZla?k"kZdjukvfuok;ZgksrkgSAjkedkpfj=k;fn;FkkFkZoknhHkkjrh;pfj=kgSrksÑ".kdkpfj=kHkhLoPNanrkoknhHkkjrh;pfj=kgSA,slhfLFkfresalwiQhizsek[;kuddkO;ksadksiw.kZr%fons'khizHkkols;qDrekuukmfprughagSA
izkÑrHkk"kkesaxq.kk<~;}kjkjfpro`gRdFkkrFkk{ksesanzosQdFkklfjRlkxjdhizsedFkkvksaesaizsedhmRifÙklkSan;Zizsj.kklsgqbZgSrFkkuk;ddksukf;dkosQlaj{kdksadkfojksèk>syukiM+kgSA;ghughavfirqdkfynklosQes?knwrdk;{k]½Xosndkiq#jok]dFkklfjRlkxjvkSjn'koqQekjpfjrosQuk;dHkhvR;arfojgdkrjgksdjukf;dkosQiz.k;dhvkdka{kkdjrsfn[kk,x,gSa]vr%uk;ddkfojg&foykiHkhvHkkjrh;i¼frughaekuhtkldrhA
iQkjlhelufo;ksaesaukf;dkdkfookgizfruk;dlsgkstkrkgSvkSjuk;dvkRegR;kdjysrkgSijHkkjrh;izsek[;kudksaesafdlhnSoh'kfDrdhlgk;rklsuk;ddksukf;dkdhizkfIrvo';ghgkstkrhgSA;ghughabuesagal]'kqdvkfnif{k;ksa}kjklans'kystkuk]f'ko&ikoZrhvkfnlslgk;rkfeyuk]ukf;dkdksikusosQfy,mlosQlaj{kdksals;q¼djuktSlso`ÙkkarHkhgSa]tksiQkjlhelufo;ksaesaugksdjHkkjrh;ikSjkf.kdvk[;kukasosQvuq:igSa]vr%;gdgukmfprgksxkfdlwiQhdfo;ksa}kjkjfprizsek[;kudiQkjlhelufo;ksadh'kSyhesaufy[ksgksdjHkkjrh;ijaijkesagSaA
oLrqr%;gizsek[;kudijaijkegkHkkjrdhvusddFkkvksaesamiyCèkgksrhgSAiz.k;&LoIuksadhiwfrZosQfy,lkekftde;kZnkvksadkmYya?ku]dU;kvksadkgj.krFkkfookgesavk;Z&vuk;ZosQHksndkyksiHkhoSèkFkkAHkheusvlqjdU;kfgfMackls]vtqZuusukxdU;kfp=kkaxnklsvkSjÑ".kus½{kdU;ktkacorhlsfookgfd;kFkkAegkHkkjrdkuy≠arho`Ùkkar(ouioZ)izsek[;kuddkO;dhlHkhfo'ks"krkvksals;qDrgSvkSjMkW- uxsaæusblhdksHkkjrh;izsek[;kuksadhvkèkkjHkwfeekukgSA
rnuarjgfjoa'kiqjk.kesaof.kZrÑ".k&#fDe.kh]iz|qEu&izHkkorhvkSjm"kk&vfu#¼vk[;kuksaesanhxbZdFkkud:f<+;k¡_;FkkµnsoeafnjesaiwtkgsrqxbZukf;dklsuk;ddhxqIrHksaV]LoIu,oafp=kn'kZulsizsemRiUugksuk]uk;d}kjkos'kcnydjnjckjesatkuk]uk;ddkcanhgkstkuk]nSohlgk;rklsy{;izkIrgksukvkfndkmi;ksx¯gnhizsek[;kuksaesafd;kx;kgSAizkÑresajfpr o`gRdFkk*;|fiewy:iesavuqiyCèkgSrFkkfibldhfo"k;&oLrqdkKkugesablhosQvkèkkjijjfpr^o`gRdFkkeatjh*vkSj^dFkklfjRlkxj*lsizkIrgkstkrkgSAo`gRdFkkosQuk;dmn;uosQiq=kujokgunÙkosQlkgl]'kkS;Z,oaizsedhdgkfu;k¡Hkhbuizsek[;kuksadhvkèkkjHkwfejghgSaAmDrdFkkudksaesa ftuizeq[kdFkklw=kksadkiz;ksxgqvkgS]mlhdkvkèkkjlwiQhizsek[;kuksaesafy;kx;kgSA;sdFkklw=kblizdkjgSaµ
1- ukf;dkosQukeosQvaresa^orh*vkrkgSA;Fkkµin~ekorhA
2- ukf;dkfdlh}hidhfuokfluhgksrhgS;Fkkµ¯lgy}hiA
3- LoIun'kZu]fp=kn'kZu;kxq.kdFkulsuk;d&ukf;dkesaizsegksukA
4- uk;d}kjkczkã.k]fHk{kq];ksxhdkriLohos'kesaukf;dkdh[kkstgsrqfudyukA
5- eafnj;kiq"iokfVdkesauk;d&ukf;dkdhizFkeHksaVgksukA
6- ukf;dkosQlaj{kdlsuk;ddk;q¼gksukA
7- fdlhfl¼];ksxh]osrky;knsorkdhlgk;rklsuk;ddksukf;dkdhizkfIrgksukA
blizdkjcusgq,dFkklw=kesa ?kVukvksadhizpqjrkgS]HkkoO;atukdegS] ¯drqlaLÑresa jfproklonÙkk(lqcaèkq)]dknacjh (ck.kHkV~V)]n'koqQekj pfjr (naMh)esa buizo`fÙk;ksa osQlkFk&lkFkHkko&O;atuk,oavyaÑr'kSyhdhizèkkurkgSA
izkÑr,oaviHkza'kosQtSudfo;ksa}kjkjfprizsedFkkvksaµHkqou lqanjh] ey; lqanjh] yhykorh] HkfoL;Ùk Hkfol;Ùk&dgk] tlgj pfjmesax|osQLFkkuiji|kRed'kSyhdkiz;ksxdjrsgq,uk;ddhliQyrkfdlhtSurhFk±dj;keqfu}kjkfn[kykdjrFkkuk;d&ukf;dkdkstSuèkeZesanhf{krdjrsgq,laU;kldhvksjvxzljdjosQdFkkdklekiu'kkarjlesadjfn;kgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 45
fuxZq.k izseekxhZ lwiQh dkO;èkkjkfu"d"kZ;ggSfd;gizsek[;kudijaijk^egkHkkjr*lsizkjaHkgksdjvkèkqfudHkk"kkvksardigq¡phAvoèkhHkk"kkosQlkFk&lkFkcaxykHkk"kkesaHkhblizdkjosQizsek[;kudfeyrsgSaAik'pkR;fo}kuksacsuiQh]dhyjvkSjgVsZyusrks;gk¡rddgkgSfdHkkjrh;izsek[;kudksadh,d'kk[kkfloaQnjosQlkFk;wuku]jkse]bVyh]teZuh]Lisu]baXySaMrdigq¡phvkSjblhusogk¡jksekafVflTedksvkèkkjHkwfeiznkudhAbrukrksdgkghtkldrkgSfdlwiQhizsek[;kuddkO;ijaijkfons'khughagSvfirqbldhtM+saHkkjrh;ikSjkf.kdlkfgR;esamiyCèkgSaA
5-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• HkfDrdkydhfuxqZ.kèkkjkosQvarxZrlardkO;,oalwiQhdkO;ukednks'kk[kk,¡gSaAlwiQhdkO;osQfy,izpfyroqQNvU;ukegSaµizseekxhZ'kk[kk]izsekJ;h'kk[kk]izsek[;kuddkO;ijaijk]jksekaflddFkkdkO;ijaijkvkfnA
• LoPNanizselektdhekU;rkvksadksLohdkjughadjrkA¯gnhosQeè;dkyhuizsek[;kuxzaFkkssaesablh^jksekal*dkfp=k.kfd;kx;kgSA
• vkpk;Zjkepaæ'kqDyusbuizsek[;kudksaijiQkjlhelufo;ksadkizHkkoekukgS]¯drqgesa;gHkhLej.kj[kukpkfg,fdblizdkjdkizsefp=k.kHkkjrh;ijaijkesaHkhizpqjrklsmiyCèkgksrkgSA½XosnesamoZ'kh&iq#jokdkvk[;ku]egkHkkjrdkuy≠arhvk[;ku]rIrk&laoj.kvk[;kuvkSjiqjk.kksaesaof.kZrm"kk&vfu#¼]jkèkk&Ñ".k]izHkkorh&iz|qEuvk[;kuHkhLoPNanizsedhifjHkk"kkesavkrsgSaA
• iQkjlhelufo;ksaesaukf;dkdkfookgizfruk;dlsgkstkrkgSvkSjuk;dvkRegR;kdjysrkgSijHkkjrh;izsek[;kudksaesafdlhnSoh'kfDrdhlgk;rklsuk;ddksukf;dkdhizkfIrvo';ghgkstkrhgSA;ghughabuesagal]'kqdvkfnif{k;ksa}kjklans'kystkuk]f'ko&ikoZrhvkfnlslgk;rkfeyuk]ukf;dkdksikusosQfy,mlosQlaj{kdksals;q¼djuktSlso`ÙkkarHkhgSa]tksiQkjlhelufo;ksaesaugksdjHkkjrh;ikSjkf.kdvk[;kukasosQvuq:igSa]vr%;gdgukmfprgksxkfdlwiQhdfo;ksa}kjkjfprizsek[;kudiQkjlhelufo;ksadh'kSyhesaufy[ksgksdjHkkjrh;ijaijkesagSaA
5-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- ;FkkFkZoknhµlR;cksyusokyk
2- fu"d"kZµifj.kke
3- dkO; ijaijkµbfrgkllspyhvkjghdkO;dhijaijk]fu;evkfn
5-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- lwiQherosQoSpkfjdvkèkkjlsD;krkRi;ZgS\Li"Vdhft,A
2- fganhizsek[;kuksadhijaijkosQfo"k;esacrkb,A
3- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaµ
1-lwiQh-------------------------esamiyCèkizseHkkoukHkkjrh;izselsoqQNvyxgSA
2- -------------------------Hkkjrh;ijaijkesaHkhizpqjrklsmiyCèkgksrkgSA
3-LoPNanizsedh;gh -------------------------dkykarjesalaLÑresa oklonÙkk]dknacjh]n'koqQekjpfjresafn[kkbZiM+rhgSA
46 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaµ
cgqfodYih; ç'uµ
1-lwiQhdfo;ksa}kjkjfprizsek[;kudiQkjlhelufo;ksadh'kSyhesaufy[ksgksdjfdlizdkjijaijkesagSa\
(d) phuh ([k) ;wjksih;
(x) vizQhdh (?k) Hkkjrh;
2- --------------------usvlqjdU;kfgfMackls]vtqZuusukxdU;kfp=kkaxnklsvkSjÑ".kus½{kdU;ktkacorhlsfookgfd;kFkkA
(d) d.kZ ([k) Hkhe
(x) ;qfèkf"Bj (?k) ;kmijksDresalsdksbZugha
3-o`gRdFkkosQuk;d--------------------osQiq=kujokgunÙkosQlkgl]'kkS;Z,oaizsedhdgkfu;k¡Hkhbuizsek[;kuksadhvkèkkjHkwfejghgSaA
(d) mn;u ([k) n'koqQekj
(x) dkfynkl (?k) dchj
5- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crk,¡µ
1-ukf;dkfdlhflagy}hidhfuokfluhughagksrhgS;Fkkµin~ekorhA
2-izsek[;kudijaijkegkHkkjrlsizkjaHkgksdjvkèkqfudHkk"kkvksardigq¡phA
5-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
2- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
3- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
4- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 47
fuxqZ.k KkuekxhZ lar dkO;èkkjk
6- fuxqZ.k KkuekxhZ lar dkO; èkkjk
:ijs[kk6.1 mís';(Objectives)6.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)6.3 fuxqZ.kKkuekxhZlardkO;èkkjkosQizeq[kdfor
6.4 fuxqZ.kdkO;dhfo'ks"krk,¡
6.5 fuxqZ.kdkvFkZ%fuxqZ.kdkO;èkkjkesaKkuekxhZèkkjk
6.6 fuxqZ.kHkfDrlkfgR;dhoSpkfjdi`"BHkwfe
6.7 izeq[klardfovkSjmudhjpuk,¡@;ksxnku
6.8 lardkO;dhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡
6.9 lkjka'k(Summary)6.10 'kCndks'k(Keywords)6.11 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)6.12 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
6-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• fuxqZ.kKkuekxhZlardkO;èkkjkosQizeq[kdfodksle>usesa
• fuxqZ.kdkO;dhfo'ks"krkvksadksle>usesa
• fuxqZ.kdkvFkZ%fuxqZ.kdkO;èkkjkesaKkuekxhZèkkjkdkstkuusesa
6-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
KkukJh'kk[kkdhlardkO;èkkjkesajkekuandkukeloksZifjgSAHkfDrdkyesadkO;dhnksizèkkuèkkjk,¡izpfyrgqbZµfuxqZ.kvkSjlxq.kAfuxqZ.kdkO;&èkkjkdhHkhnks'kk[kk,¡cuhaµKkukJ;h'kk[kkvkSjizsekJ;h'kk[kkA
lardfo;ksausfuxqZ.klkèkukdksviuk;kAvorkjokndhckrbudfo;ksausughadhAmudhHkk"kkesadkbZcksfy;ksadkfeJ.kik;ktkrkgSAblfy,blHkk"kkdks^lèkqDdM+h*dgkx;kgSA
6-3- fuxqZ.k KkukekxhZ lar dkO;èkkjk osQ izeq[k dfo
KkukJ;h'kk[kkdhlardkO;èkkjkesajkekuandkek¡xlokZsifjgSAlarerosQizpkjdkJs;bUghadksgSAbuosQf'k";dchjusKkukJ;h'kk[kkdksvejcukfn;kAblosQvfrfjDrnknwn;ky]gfjnklykynkl]eywdnkl]èkeZnkl]lqUnjnklvkfnosQukemYys[kuh;gSAblesadksbZnksjk;ughafdlardfo;ksausftlfopkjèkkjkdksysdjjpukdhmldkewyfl¼rFkkukFklkfgR;esagSAblesaHkhdksbZvlgefrughagSfdbudfo;ksadhjpukljyHkk"kkesalgt:iesagSA
48 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl6-4- fuxqZ.k dkO; dh fo'ks"krk,¡
HkfDrdkyesadkO;dhnksizèkkuèkkjk,¡izpfyrgqbZµfuxqZ.kdkO;èkkjkvkSjlxq.kdkO;èkkjkAfuxq.kZdkO;èkkjkdhHkhnks'kk[kk,¡cuhaµKkukJ;h'kk[kkvkSjizsekJ;h'kk[kkAKkukJ;h'kk[kkvkSjizsekJ;h'kk[kkAKkukJ;h'kk[kkdkslarksausiksf"krfd;kvkSjurhtk;ggqvkfddkO;dh;gèkkjktu&tuesathoudksifo=kcukusokyhfl¼gqbZAMkW-';kelqanjnkldkergSµlardfo;ksaesaviuhfuxqZ.kHkfDr}kjkturkosQân;esaviowZvk'kkmRiUudhAmlsoqQNvfèkdle;rdfoifÙkdhvFkkgtyjkf'kosQÅijcusjgusdhmÙkstuknhAlardfo;ksauslektesaiSQysgq,fofHkUuvkEcjksa]:f<+;ksa]v|fo'oklksavkfndkinkZiQk'kfd;kvkSjturkosQlPps,oavPNsekxZdhvksjvxzljfd;kA
KkukJ;h'kk[kk;klardkO;èkkjkesafuEufyf[krfo'ks"krk,¡;kizfofÙk;ksadksns[kldrsgSaµ
1- futhèkk£edfl¼karksadkvHkko
2- vkpkji{kdhizèkkurk
3- xq#osQizfrJ¼k
4- fuEutkfrosQdfo
5- lkekftdoqQjhfr;ksadkfojksèk
6- f'k{kkdhdeh
7- dkO;:i
8- Hkk"kk
6-5- fuxqZ.k dk vFkZ % fuxqZ.k dkO;èkkjk eas KkukekxhZ èkkjk
lardfor;ksausfuxqZ.klkèkukdksviuk;kAvorkjokndhckrbudfo;ksausughadhAyxHkxlclarvi<+FksijarqvuqHkodhn`f"Vlsle`¼FksAizk;%lclRlaxhFksvkSjmudhHkk"kkesadbZcksfy;ksadkfeJ.kik;ktkrkgSAblfy,blHkk"kkdks^lèkqDdM+h*dgkx;kgSAlkèkkj.kturkijbularksadhok.khdktcjnLrizHkkoiM+kgSAbularksaesaizeq[kdchjnklFksAvU;eq[;lardfo;ksaosQukegSµukud]jSnkl]nknwn;ky]lqanjnklrFkkeywdnklA
D;ksafdfuxqZ.klkèkukdkvkyacufujkdkjgSAiQyLo:iogtulkèkkj.kosQfy,lgtxzkáughagksikrhAcgqrlsyksxksadkekuukgSfdfuxqZ.kczãKkudkfo"k;rksgksldrkgS drqHkfDrlkèkukdkugha]D;ksafdlkèkukrksfdlhlkdkjewrZvkSjfof'k"VosQizfrghmUeq[kgksldrhgSAlkekU;turkdkfo'oklvkSjvkpj.kHkhblhroZQdhiqf"Vdjrkfn[kkbZnsrkgSAczãosQnks:ifo|ekugSaµ
lxq.kvkSjfuxqZ.kAlxq.k:idhvis{kkfuxqZ.k:inqyZHkgS]lxq.kHkxokulqxegSµ
lxq.k :i lqyHk vfr]
fuxqZ.k tkfu ugha dksbZ]
lxqe vxe ukuk pfj=k]
lqfu&lqfu eu Hkze gksbZA
larerosQvuqlkj]vkRek&ijekRekdkva'kgSAKkuiw.kZHkfDrdksdchjnkl]lR;iq#"k]vy[kfujatu]LokehvkSj'kwU;vkfnlsiqdkjrsgSaAfuxqZ.kdhmiklukfeF;kMacjdkfojksèk]xq#dhegÙkk]tkfr&ikafrosQHksnHkkodkfojksèk]oS;fDrdlkèkukijtksj]jgL;oknhizo`fÙk]lkèkkj.kèkeZizfriknu]fojgdhek£edrk]ukjhosQizfrnksgjkn`f"Vdks.k]HktuukeLej.k]larIr]misf{kr]mRihfM+rekuodksifjKkuiznkudjukvkfnlardkO;osQeq[;iz;ksxtugSaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 49
fuxqZ.k KkuekxhZ lar dkO;èkkjklar'kk[kkosQ(vkjkè;)^jke*rksvxegSavkSjlalkjosQd.k&d.kesafojktrsgSaAdchjosQjkeblykeesa[kqnk;kvYykgdksleLrtxr,oathoksalsfHkUu,oaijeleFkZekuktkrkgSAijdchjosQjkeijeleFkZHkysgksaysfduleLrthoksavkSjtxresafHkUurksdnkfiughagSaAcfYdblosQfoijhrosrkslcesaO;kIrjgusokysjerkjkegSaA
lar'kk[kkdhlkèkuk^ekuuslsugha*]^tkuus*lsvkjaHkgksrhgSAdchjtSlslarfdlhosQf'k";ugha]jkekuUntSlsxq#}kjkpsrk;sgq,psykgSaAmuosQfy,jke:iughagS]n'kjFkhjkeugha]muosQjkerksukelkèkukosQizrhdgSAmuosQjkefdlhlEiznk;]tkfr;kns'kdhlhekvksaessaoSQnughagSAizÑfrosQd.k&d.kesa]vax&vaxesaje.kdjusijHkhftlsvuaxLi'kZughadjldrk]osvy[k]vfouk'kh]ijerRoghjkegSAmuosQjkeeuq";vkSjeuq";osQchpfdlhHksn&HkkoosQdkjdughagSAosrksizserRoosQizrhdgSaA
6-6- fuxqZ.k HkfDr lfgr dh oSpkfjd i`"BHkwfe
lardkO;dkoSPkkfjdvkèkkjgS'kadjkpk;Z,oamifu"knksa}kjkizfrikfnrv}Srn'kZu]ukFkiaFk]lwiQh]èkeZ,oabLykeAmifu"knksaesafu:firczã]tho]txr,oaek;kosQLo:idkslardfo;ksausT;ksadkR;ksaxzg.kfd;kAlarksadklkèkuki{kvkSjHkfDrHkkouk'kadjosQv}Srn'kZudhnsugSAnksuksaghthodksfo'kq¼czãekursgSarFkktksfHkUurkfn[kkbZiM+rhgSogek;kosQdkj.kgSAvkRekdhloZ:irk]loZ'kfDreÙkkHkhv}Srn'kZuosQvuq:igSAukFkiafFk;ksalsmUgksaus'kwU;okn];ksxlkèkuk]xq#dhizfr"BkdkrRofy;kAbLykeosQizHkkolsmUgksaus,osQ'ojoknxzg.kfd;k]ew£tiwtkdk[k.Mufd;kvkSjvorkjokndkfojksèkfd;kA
6-7- izeq[k lar dfo vkSj mudh jpuk,¡@;ksxnku
1- dchjuµ^chtd*ukelsmudhjpukvksadkladyuèkeZnkl}kjkfd;kx;kgSAftlosQrhuHkkxgSaµlk[kh]lcn]jeSuhAdchjdktUe1398bZ-vkSje`R;q1518bZ-esagqbZAdchjtkfrosQtqykgsFks]dk'khesajgrsFksrFkkjkekuanmuosQxq#FksAdchjdhiRuhdkukeyksbZ]iq=kdkukedeky,oaiq=khdkukedekyhFkkAmudhdforkesamins'kksadhizo`fÙkgS]jgL;oknhHkkoukgSrFkkizrhdksadkiz;ksxmudhHkk"kkesagSA
dchjfuj{kjFksALo;amUgksausLohdkjfd;kgSµ
efl dkxn Nw;kS ugha dye xákS u¯g gkFkA
mudhjpukvksadkladyucknesamuosQf'k";ksausfd;kA^dchjchtd*esarksmudhjpuk,¡ladfyrgSaghblosQvfrfjDrckcw';kelqanjnklusmudhjpukvksadkladyu^dchjxzaFkkoyh*esafd;kgSAmUgksausew£riwtk]ekyk]fryd]Nkik]rhFkkZVu]xaxkLuku]jkstk]¯glk]tkfrizFkk]Å¡p&uhpdhHkkoukvkfndk[kaMufd;kA;Fkkµ
1- ekyk isQjr tqx x;k x;k u eu dk isQjA
dj dk eudk Mkfj osQ eu dk eudk isQjAA
2- Å¡ps oqQy dk tufe;k djuh Å¡p u gks;A
lqcju dy'k lqjk Hkjk lkèkw fuUnr lks;AA
3- ikgu iwtS gfj feySa rkS eSa iwtw¡ igkjA
?kj dh pkdh D;ksa u¯g iwtSa ihfl [kk; lalkjAA
50 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¯gnqvksavkSjeqlyekuksadksiQVdkjrsgq,dgkµ
1- vjs bu nksmu jkg u ikbZ
¯gnw viuh djSa cM+kbZ xkxj Nqvu u nsabZA
os';k osQ ik;u rj lksoSa ;g ns[kkS ¯gnqvkbZAA
eqlyeku osQ ihj vkSfy;k eqxhZ&eqxkZ [kkbZA
[kkykosQjh csVh C;kgSa ?kj gh esa djSa lxkbZAA
os'kkL=kijughavk¡[kksans[khckrij;dhudjrsgSaµ
rw dgrk gS dkxn dh ys[kh] eSa dgrk vk¡f[ku dh ns[khA
eSa dgrk lqj>kou gkjh rw jk[kk mj>ks; jsAA
xq# dh egÙkk ij mUgksaus lokZfèkd cy fn;k gSA blosQ vfrfjDr uSfrdrk] lnkpkj]ijksidkj]{kek]lR;Hkk"k.k]larks"kvkfndksmUgksausJs"BekuoosQfy,vko';drkekukgSSA
dchjusthoudksczãdkva'kekukgSek;kosQdkj.kviusLo:idksHkwykgqvkgSAek;kosQu"VgksrsghthokRek,iaijekRekdkfeyugkstkrkgSµ
ty esa oqaQHk oqaQHk esa ty gS ckgj Hkhrj ikuhAiwQVk oqaQHk ty tyfg lekuk ;g rr dFksgq fx;kuhA
;gk¡?kM+kek;kdkizrhdgStks?kM+sosQty(thokRek)dksckgjosQty(ijekRek)lsvyxfd,gq,gSAtSlsgh?kM+K(ek;k)iwQVrkgSnksuksatyfeydj,dgkstkrsgSaAosdgrsgSafdlrxq#ghO;fDrdksek;kosQcaèkulsNqM+krkgSrFkkbZ'ojdklk{kkRdkjdjkrkgSAdchjusxq#efgekdkikBukFkiafFk;ksalslh[kkgSA
lrxq# dh efgek vur vur fd;k mixkjAykspy vur m?kkfM+;k vur fn[kko.kgkjAA
dchjosQdkO;esagB;ksxlkèkuk,oaoqaQMfyuh;ksxdktksfooj.kfeykrkgSmldklacaèkHkhukFkiaFklsgSAikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkoyhmUgksausukFkiarlsxzg.kdhgSAoqaQMfyuhlkèkukokysmuosQinksaesavkpk;Zjkepanz'kqDyuslkèkkukRedjgL;oknekukgSA,slk,dinm¼rgSµ
voèkw xxu eaMy ?kj dhtSAve`r >jS lnk lq[k mitS cadukfy jl ihtSAA
oqaQMfyuhewykèkkjpØesalq'kqIrkoLFkkesajgrhgSA;ksxhlkèkuk}kjkblstkxzrdjrkgSvkSj;g"kVpØksadkHksnudjrhgqbZlglzkjpØesaigq¡prhgStgk¡czãjaèkls>jusokysve`rjldkikudjrhgSA
dchjdkjgL;oknHkkokReddksfVdkHkhgSAtgk¡thokRedkmlfuxqZ.kijekReklsHkkokRedlacaèktksM+rhgqbZfojg]feyu]ftKklk]dhvuqHkwfrdjrhgSogk¡HkkokRedjgL;oknosQn'kZugksrsgSaAdchjusthokRekdksizs;lh,oaijekRekdksfiz;reosQ:iesafpf=krdjrsgq,muosQfojg,oafeyuosQfp=kizLrqrfd,gSaµ
oSQ fojfgu owaQ ehpq nS oSQ vkik fn[kyk;kAjkr fnuk dk nk{k.kk eks iS lá u tk;AA
feyudhvuqHkwfrdko.kZudchjusfookgosQlkax&:id}kjkblinesafd;kgSµ
nqfyfgfr xkoagq eaxypkjAeksjs ?kj vk, gks jktk jke HkjrkjA
ru jr dfj eSa eu jr dfjgw¡ iaprÙk ckjkrhA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 51
fuxqZ.k KkuekxhZ lar dkO;èkkjkjkenso eksjs ikgqus vk,] eSa tksou eSekrhA
ljhj ljksoj osnh dfjgw¡ czãk osn mpkfjAA
jkenso lax Hkkaofj ySgks èkfu&èkfu gekjAA
lqjj rSarhlwa dkSfrx vk, eqfuoj lgl vBklhA
dgSa dchj ge C;kfg pys gSa iqfjl ,d vfouklhA
HkkokRedjgL;okndksmn~?kkfrVdjusokysinksaesadchjusÜk`axkjjldh;kstukdhgSA
dchjHkysghi<+s&fy[ksughagksaijmudkdkO;dkO;xrje.kh;rklsjfgrughagSAvyadkj]izrhd]Hkk"kkvkfnlHkhn`f"V;ksalsogmPpdksfVdkdkO;gSA
dchjosQdkO;esa^izrhdks*dkHkhHkjiwjiz;ksxgSAmudhmyVckafl;k¡fl¼ksalsizHkkforgSatksfoijhrdFkuosQdkj.kyksxksadkspeRÑrdjrhgSaµ
leqanj ykxh vkx ufn;k¡ tfy dksbyk HkbZA
ns[k dchjk tkx eaNh #[kk pf<+ xbZA
;gk¡ leqnz&ewykèkkjpØdk izrhdgS] ufn;k¡ fp=ko`fÙk;ksadk izrhdgSa rFkk ^eNyh*oaqQMfyuhosQfy,iz;qDrgSaAfuEuinesaHkhizrhdksadkiz;ksxmUgksausfd;kgSµ
dkgs jh ufyuh rw oqQfEgykuhA
rsjs gh uky ljksoj ikuhAA
ty esa mrifr ty esa okl ty esa ufyuh rksj fuokal
uk ry rifr u Åij vkfx rksj gsrq dgq dklfu ykxA
dgSa dchj ts mfnd leku rs u¯g eq, gekjsfg tkuAA
buines^defyuh*thokRekdkrFkk^ty*ijekRekdkizrhdgSAtho,oaczãdh,drkdkizfriknublesavU;ksfDrvyadkjosQekè;elsdchjusfd;kgSA
dchjosQdkO;esa:id]miek]vfr'k;ksfDr]vU;ksfDrvkfnvusdvyadkjizpqjrklsmiyCèkgkstkrsgSaAoLrqr%dkO;jpukdjukmudky{;ughaFkkAdforkrksmuosQfy,lkèkuFkhftlosQekè;elsosviuhckrturkrdigq¡pkukpkgrsFksAdchjHkysghvktlsyxHkx600o"kZiwoZiSnkgq,gksa]¯drqmudhf'k{kk,¡vktHkhmruhghizklafxdgSaA
2- jkekuanµtUe1368bZ-rFkke`R;q1468bZ-AdkU;oqQCtczkã.kFks]f'k{kkdk'khesagqbZAHkDrekykosQvuqlkj] jkekuanosQckgj f'k"; Fks_ ftuosQ ukegSaµvuUrkuan]lq[kkuan]lqjlqjkuan]ujgkZuan]Hkkokuan]ihik]dchj]lsu]èkUuk]jSnkl]lqjljhvkSjin~ekorhAjkekuan osQ f'k";ksa esa dchj] ihik] vuarnkl] èkUuk izfl¼ gSaA buosQ xq# dk uke jk?kokuan FkkA bUgksaus jkekor&laiznk; dk izorZu fd;kArhFkZ;k=kk]ew£riwtk]osnkfndkfojksèkdjrsgSamUgksausvar%lkèkukijcyfn;kAjkekuan osQ xq# jk?kokuan th us^flèkkar ia=k ek=kk*ukedxazFkdhjpukdhA
3- jSnklµ(1398&1448)tkfrosQpekjFks]dk'khosQfuoklhFksAtUEkdkyosQlacaèkesafu'p;iwoZddguklaHkoughagSAoqQNfo}kubUgsaizfl¼dof;=khekjkdkxq#HkhcrkrsgSaAjSnkldk,dvU;ukejfonklHkhgSAlarckuhlhjhtosQvarxZrbudhjpukvksadkladyu^jfonkl dh ckuh*'kh"kZdlsizdkf'krgqvkgSAbuosQfy[ksgq,40inxq#xzaFklkgcesaHkhladfyrgSaAjSnkldkukejkekuanosQ12f'k";ksaesagSa]¯drqjSnkldhjpukvksaesadghaHkhjkekuandkmYys[kughagSAfuxqZ.kczãmuosQfy,HkhftKklkdkfo"k;gSAmudhHkk"kkljycztHkk"kkgSftlesavoèkh]jktLFkkuh][kM+hcksyh]mnwZ&iQkjlhosQ'kCnHkhfeytkrsgSaAmudhdforkdk,duewukizLrqrgSA
52 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl vc oSQls NwVs jke uke jV ykxhA
izHkqth rqe panu ge ikuh tkdh vax&vax okl lekuhA
izHkqth rqe ?ku cu ge eksjk] tSls fpror pan pdksjkAA
izHkqth rqe Lokeh ge nklk] ,slh Hkxfr djS jSnklkAA
4- xq# ukudµ(1398&1448 bZ-)fl[klaiznk;osQizorZdxq#ukudbfrgklizfl¼O;fDrgSaAmudktUe1469bZ-esaryoaMhesagqvkFkktksvcuudkuklkgcosQukelstkuktkrkgSAukudosQinxq#xzaFklkgcesaladfyrgSaAtiqth] vlk nhokj] jfgjkl] lksfgyk mudhjpukvksaosQukegSaA
ukudnosleUo;'khy,oamnkjizo`fÙkosQO;fDrFksamuosQfirkdkukedkywpanvkSjekrkdkuker`IrkFkkAbuosQnksiq=kHkhgq,µy{ehpanz] JhpanAosHkze.k'khylarFksAfuxqZ.kczãosQizfrHkfDrHkkoukmuosQdkO;esafo|ekugSA'kkar jl dh izèkkurk ukud dh jpukvksa esa gSA mudh Hkk"kk iatkch ,oa cztHkk"kk fefJr gSAmuosQinjkx&jkfxfu;ksaesafuc¼gSaftuesad#.k]'kkar,oaÜk`axkjjlHkhfn[kkbZiM+rkgSA
5- gfjnkl fujatuhµ;sfujatuhlaiznk;osQdfoFksAbllaiznk;dksukHkiaFk,oalardkO;osQchpdhcM+hekuktkldrkgSAbuosQfy[ksxzaFkgSaµv"Vinh]tksxxzaFk]czãLrqfr]galizcksèk xzaFk] fuji[kewy xzaFk] iwtktksx xzaFk] lekfèktksx xazFk] laxzketksx xzaFkA bUgksauscztHkk"kkesadkO;dhjpukdhgSA
6- nknwn;kyµ(1544&1603)mUgksausnknwiaFkdkizoZrufd;kAos,dèkeZlqèkkjd,oalektlqèkkjdosQ:iesaizfl¼jgL;oknhdfoFksAbuosQiaFkdksijczã laiznk;HkhdgktkrkgSAjTtc] laqnjnkl] izkxnkl] tuxksikybuosQizeq[k f'k";FksAmudhjpukvksadkladyu^gjMsok.kh*ukelsmuosQ f'k";ksaµlarnkl,oatxUukFk nklusizLrqrfd;kgSAij'kqjke prqosZnh}kjklaikfnrnknwn;kyesaHkh]mudhizekf.kdjpuk,¡ladfyrgSaA
7- eywdnklµbudkle;(1574&1682)eqxydkyesa gSA buosQ fy[ks xzaFkksa osQ ukegSaµKkucksèk] jru[kku] HkfDrfoosd] lq[klkxj] HkDroPNkoyh] ckjg[kM+h] LiqQVin] jke vorkj yhyk]cztyhykrFkkèkzqopfjrAvkyfl;ksadksegkea=kbUghadkjpkgqvkgSµ
¶vtxj djS u pkdjh iaNh djS u dkeA
nkl ewydk dg x, lcosQ nkrk jkeA¸
8- lqanjnklµ(1596&1689);snknwn;kyosQf'k";FksvkSjizfrHkk'kkyhdfoFksAbuosQfy[ksxzaFkksaesaKkuleqnzvkSjlqanjfoyklizfl¼gSaAbudhjpukvksadkladyulqanj xzaFkkoyh (nksHkkx)esaiqjksfgrgfjukjk;.k 'kekZusfd;kgSAlqanjnkl Ük`axkjjlosQijefojksèkhFksAosQ'kodhjfldfiz;kvkSjuUnnkldhjleatjhdh¯unkmUgksausvius,dNanesadhgSAmudhjpuk,¡cztHkk"kkesagSaAmDrizeq[kdfo;ksaosQvfrfjDryky iaFkosQizorZdykynkl(1540&1648bZ-)ckckykyhlaiznk;osQizorZdckckyky(1590&1655bZ-)]lar jTtc(1567&1689bZ-)]ckcjh iaFk dh ckcjh lkfgck(1542&1605bZ-)]lar lnuk] lar ihik] lar lsu] lar èkUuk (1415bZ-)Hkhlardfor;ksaesafxutkrsgSaAiatkcesaoqQNflD[kxq#vksausHkhlardkO;dhjpukdhgSAbuesaizeq[kgSaµxq#vaxn]xq#vejnkl]xq#jkenklvkSjxq#vtqZunsoAxq#vaxnusukuddhjpukvksadkladyufd;kvkSjcztHkk"kkfefJriatkchesaljlxs;inksadhjpukdhAxq#vtqZunso(1563&1606bZ-),dvPNsdfoFksAxq#xzaFklkfgcesamuosQ6]000inladfyrgSaAmudhizfl¼jpuk,¡gSaµlq[keuh]ckouv[kjhvkSjckjgeklkA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 53
fuxqZ.k KkuekxhZ lar dkO;èkkjk 9- 'ks[k iQjhnµ(1472&1552bZ-)HkhiatkcosQlardfor;ksaesamYys[kuh;gSaAvkfnxzaFkesabuosQpkjijladfyrgSaAlar ohjekudhmins'kijd]jpuk,¡^ckuh*'kh"kZdlsladfyrdhxbZgSaAv{kjvuU;us;ksxvkSjosnkarijdbZxzaFkfy[ksrFkknqxkZlIr'krhdkvuqokn¯gnhi|ksaesafd;kA
6-8- lar dkO; dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
1- lardkO;HkkoizèkkugS]dykizèkkuughaAogrktegydhoqQ'kydkjhxjhugksdjjE;ioZrJsf.k;ksadhHkk¡frlgtlqanjgSA
2- dforkdjukbudky{;uFkkAdforkrksbuosQmins'kksadklkèkuek=kFkhA
3- lardfo;ksaesaizeq[kdchjHkDrvkSjdfocknesagSa]lektlqèkkjdigysgSaA
4- lardfofuxqZ.kksikldFksAosbZ'ojdksfuxq.kZ]fujkdkj]vtUek]vfouk'kh,oaloZO;kihekursgSaAdHkh&dHkhosblfuxqZ.kdksjke]xks¯on]gfjvkfnukeksalsHkhiqdkjrsgSaA
5- lardkO;esaKkudhegÙkkdksizfrikfnrfd;kx;kgSA;gKkuosn&iqjk.kksa;koqQjkulsugha]vfirqfpÙkdhfueZyk,oaân;dhikourklsizkIrfd;ktkrkgSAKkun'kkesaghczãdklk{kkRdkjgksrkgSAfoosd;qDrKkun`f"VghO;fDrdksvKku]vaèkfo'okl,oaik[kaMlseqDrdjrhgSAKkudhvfXutcek;kosQtyesayxrhgSrksfo"k;&oklukdkdhpM+u"VgkstkrkgSA
izHkqth rqe panu ge ikuh tkdh vax&vax okl lekuhA
izHkqth rqe ?ku cu ge eksjk] tSls fpror pan pdksjkAA
6- lardkO;esaxq# dh egÙkkdkizfriknudjrsgq,mlsbZ'ojlsHkhcM+kntkZfn;kx;kgSAxq#ghczãdklk{kkRdkjdjkrkgS]oghKku&us=k[kksyrkgSA^xq#nso dkS vax*'kh"kZdlsladfyrlkf[k;ksaesadchjusxq#dhegÙkkizfrikfnrdhgSAxq#dhizfr"BkbUgksausukFkiaFklsxzg.kdhA
7- lardkO;esav}Sroknh n'kZudksLFkkufeykgSAbudhnk'kZfudekU;rk,¡'kadjosQv}Srn'kZulsizHkkforgSaAczãvkSjthoudh,drkdkizfriknu]ek;kosQvfLrRodksLOkhdkjdjuk]bZ'ojdksfuxqZ.k&fujkdkjcrkuk]vkRekdhloZ'kfDreÙkkdkizfriknuµlcoqQN'kadjosQv}Srn'kZuosQvuq:igSA
8- lardkO;esajgL;okndhizo`fÙkifjyf{krgksrhgSAnkaiR;izrhdksaosQekè;elsbUgksausfuxqZ.kczãosQlkFkekèkq;ZHkkodhHkfDrdklekos'kdjrsgq,HkkokRed jgL;okndkfoèkkufd;kAdchjdkin^nqyfgfu xkogq eaxypkj*blhizdkjdkHkkokRedjgL;oknh in gSA nwljh vksj] oqaQMfyuh ;ksx ls lacafèkr inksa esa mUgksaus lkèkukRed jgL;okn dkfoèkkufd;kgSA^voèkw xxu eaMy ?kj dhtS*inesalkèkukRedjgL;okndhizo`fÙkgSA
9- lardfo;ksausckákMacjksadk[kaMufd;kAew£riwtk]rhFkkZVu]ozr]jkstk]uektesabUgsadksbZfo'okluFkkA¯gnw&eqlyekuksanksuksadksbUgksausvaèkfo'oklksa]:f<+;ksa]èkekZUèkrkosQfy,iQVdkjkAosèkeZosQlkekU;rRoksaµlR;]v¯glkizse]d#.kk]la;e]lnkpkjdksekuoosQfy,vko';dekursgSaA
10- lardfortkfrizFkkosQfojksèkhFksAÅ¡p&uhp]NqvkNwr,oao.kkZJeO;oLFkkdksvfHk'kkiekudjbUgksausfuHkhZdrklsbudk[kaMufd;kczkã.koxZbuosQvkØks'kdkf'kdkjcukAvfèkdka'klardfoLoa;fuEuoxZlslacafèkrFksvr%mPpoxZdheq[kjvkykspuklardkO;esavLokHkkfoduFkhA
54 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 11- lardkO;esa'kkL=kdkfojksèkdjrsgq,LokuqHkwfrijcyfn;kx;kgSAmudhmfDresa[kjkiu,oafuHkhZdrkgSftlsturkusilanfd;kAmuosQdFkuvuqHkwfrizèkkugSaAmuesa'kkL=kksadhO;FkZrkizfrikfnrdhxbZgSA
12- lardfo;ksadkukjhfo"k;dn`f"Vdks.kvlarqfyr,oavfroknhgSAosukjhdksujddk}kj,oaek;kdkizfr:icrkrsgSaAukjh¯unkdjrsgq,osmls^fo"kdkcsy*rddgnsrsgSaAukjhosQizfrmudk;gn`f"Vdks.kHkhukFkiafFk;ksadkizHkkogSA
13- lardkO;dhHkk"kk vifj"ÑrgSAlkfgfR;dHkk"kkosQLFkkuijcksypkydhHkk"kkdkiz;ksxosviusokD;esadjrsFksAns'kkVuosQdkj.kmudhHkk"kkesavusdcksfy;ksa,oa Hkk"kkvksadk feJ.k fn[kkbZ iM+rkgSAczt]voèkh][kM+hcksyh] jktLFkkuh]iatkch]iQkjlh]vjch'kCnksaosQfeys&tqys:iosQdkj.kvkpk;Zjkepanz'kqDyusmudhHkk"kkdkslqèkDdM+h Hkk"kk;kiapesy f[kpM+h Hkk"kkdgkgSAvux<+Hkk"kkgksusijHkhmudhHkk"kkHkkolaizs"k.kesaiw.kZliQygSAmldh'kfDr,oalkekF;ZosQdkj.kvkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh us dchj dks ok.kh dk fMDVsVj rd dg fn;k gSA
14- lar dkO; esa vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx peRdkj izn'kZu osQ fy, u gksdj Hkkoksa osQ mRd"kZ osQ fy, gqvk gSAoLrqr%os¯ixy'kkL=kosQd[kxlsHkhifjfpruFksAvr%dkO;esavyadkjksadklekos'kdjldusdh'kfDr,oalkeF;ZmuesaFkhghughaA;gckrvyxgSfdmudkdkO;vyadkjfoghuughagSAmlesavuk;klghmiek]:id]mRizs{kk]fojksèkkHkkldklekos'kgksx;kgSA
15- lardkO;esa'kkarjldhizèkkurkgSA Ük`axkj jldkiw.kZifjikdHkhmlesagqvkgSAdchjdhmyVckafl;ksaesavn~Hkqr jlHkhgSA
6-9- lkjka'k (Summary)
• KkukJ;h'kk[kkdhlardkO;èkkjkesajkekuandkukeloksZifjgSA
• HkfDrdkyesadkO;dhnksizèkkuèkkjk,¡izpfyrgqbZµfuxqZ.kdkO;èkkjkvkSjlxq.kdkO;èkkjkA
• fuxqZ.kdkO;èkkjkdhHkhnks'kk[kk,¡gSµKkukJ;h'kk[kkvkSjizsekJ;h'kk[kkA
• lardfo;ksausfuxqZ.klkèkukdksviuk;kA
• mudhHkk"kkdks^lqèkDdM+h*dgkx;kgSA
6-10- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- mÙkstukµc<+kok
2- vFkkgµcgqrxgjk
6-11- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- fuxqZ.kdkO;dhfo'ks"krk,¡fyf[k,A
2- fuxqZ.kdkD;kvFkZgS\fuxqZ.kdkO;èkkjkesaKkukekxhZèkkjkdhfoospukdjsaA
3- lèkqDdM+hfdlsdgrsgSa\
4- fuxqZ.kKkuekxhZlardkO;èkkjkosQizeq[kdfo;ksaosQukefy[ksaA
5- fuxqZ.kHkfDrlkfgR;dhoSpkfjdi`"BHkwferFkkizeq[klardfovkSjmuosQ;ksxnkudkmYys[kdhft,A
6- lardkO;dhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡D;kgSa\o.kZudhft,A
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 55
fuxqZ.k KkuekxhZ lar dkO;èkkjk6-12- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
2- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
3- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
4- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
56 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl
7- jhfrdkyhu dfork dh i`"BHkwfe vkSj vkèkkj
:ijs[kk7.1 mís';(Objectives)7.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)7.3 jhfrdkyhudforkdhi`"BHkwfevkSjvkèkkj
7.1.1 jhfrdkyhudkO;dhizeq[kizo`fÙk;k¡
7.1.2 njckjhlaLÑfr
7.1.3 y{k.kxzaFkksadhijaijk
7.4 lkjka'k(Summary)7.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)7.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)7.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
7-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• jhfrdkydhizeq[kizo`fÙk;k¡tkuusesaA
• jhfrdkyesay{k.kxzaFkksadhijaijkle>usesaA
• jhfrdkyesanjckjhlaLÑfrdko.kZudjusesaA
7-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
vkpk;Zjkepanz'kqDyuslEor~1700fo-ls1900fo-(1643&1843bZ-)rdosQdky[kaMdksjhfrdkydhlaKkiznkudhgSAmuosQvuqlkjbldkyesa^jhfrrRo*dhizèkkurkdksè;kuesaj[krsgq,bldkukedj.kjhfrdkyfd;kx;kgSAbldkyosQvfèkdka'kdfo;ksausvkpk;ZRodkfuokZgdjrsgq,y{k.kxzaFkksadhifjikVhijjhfrxzaFkksadhjpukdhftuesavyadkj]jl]ukf;dkHksn]vkfndkO;kaxksadkfoLr`rfoospufd;kx;kAviuhdkO;izfrHkkfn[kkusosQfy,budfo;ksaosQfy,y{k.kxzaFkfy[kukvfuok;ZFkkAdkO;kaxppkZesa;sxkSjodkvuqHkodjrsFksrFkkbl;qxesablckrijfookngksrsFksfdbliafDresadkSu&lkvyadkj]'kCn&'kfDr]jl;kèofugSAdkO;kaxksaosQy{k.k,oaLojfprmnkgj.kizLrqrdjusokysjhfrxzaFkksadhizpqjrkosQdkj.kghbldkyesajhfrrRodhizèkkurkifjyf{krgksrhgSvkSjblhdkj.kbldkydkukejhfrdky j[kkx;kgSA
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7-1-1 jhfrdkyhu dkO; dh izeq[k izo`fÙk;k¡
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7- ukjh osQ izfr dkeqd n`f"Vdks.kµjhfrdkyhudkO;dkosaQæfcanq^ukjhfp=k.k*jgkgSAukf;dkosQu[kf'k[kfp=k.kesamUgksausvfèkd#fpfn[kkbZgSAukjhosQ,safædcká:iosQfu:i.kesaghmudho`fÙkvfèkdjehgS]mlosQvkarfjdxq.kksadkfp=k.kmUgksausughafd;kAukjhosQfofHkUuvaxksadkLFkwy,oaekalyfp=kvafdrdjrsgq,mUgksausdkO;jfldksadksmlosQeueksgdLo:ilsghifjfprdjk;kAmuosQle{kukjhdk,dgh:iFkkµfoykfluhiszfedkdk]vr%osblosQvU;i{kksadhvksjlsfurkarmnklhujgsAukjhdksosHkksxfoykldkmidj.kek=kle>rsFksvr%mlosQvU;:iksaµx`fg.kh]ekrk]Hkfxuh]nsohvkfndkfp=k.kmUgksausughafd;kAukjhosQizfrbl,dkaxhn`f"Vdks.kosQdkj.kosukjh&thoudhlkekftdegÙkk,oamldhJ¼klefUorxkSjoe;hew£rdksfn[kkldusesaliQyughagq,A
jhfrdkyhudfo;ksa usukjhdksdkeqdn`f"Vlsns[kk] blfy,mudho`fÙkukf;dkosQvax&izR;axdh'kksHkkdkfu:i.kdjusesa]mlosQgko&Hkkodkfp=k.kdjusesavkSjmldhfoyklps"Vkvksadko.kZudjusesaghvfèkdjehAukjhosQizfrmudklaoqQfprn`f"Vdks.krRdkyhunjckjhokrkoj.k,oaifjos'klsvuqizkf.krFkkAvkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnhusjhfrdkyhuukjhHkkoukosQlacaèkesaviusfopkjO;Drdjrsgq,dgkgSµ^^;gk¡ukjhdksbZO;fDr;klektosQla?kVudhbdkbZughagS]cfYdlcizdkjdhfo'ks"krkvksaosQcaèkuls;FkklaHkoeqDrfoykldk,dmidj.kek=kgSA**jhfrdkyhudfoukjhdksiq#"kosQvkd"kZ.kdkosaQnz,oamldhvad'kkf;uhek=kle>rsFksAnso dfodh;gmfDrblèkkj.kkosQleFkZumn~èk`rdhtkldrhgSµ
dkSuxuSiqjouuxjdkfeuh,oSQjhfrA
ns[kr gjS foosd dkSa fpÙk gjS dfj izhfrAA
jhfrdkyosQvfèkdka'kdfo;ksausukjhosQizfrblhn`f"Vdks.kijcynsrsgq,mlosQ:iosQizfrrhozvklfDrdkifjp;fn;kgSA
8- izÑfr fp=k.kµjhfrdfo;ksausizÑfrfp=k.kizk;%míhiu,oavyadkfjd:iesafd;kgSAizÑfrdkvkyacu:iesafp=k.kcgqrdegqvkgSauk;d&ukf;dkdhekufldn'kkosQvuqowQyizÑfrHkhla;ksxdkyesalq[kn,oafo;ksxdkyesanq[kn:iesafpf=krdhxbZgSAijaijkxr:iesa"kM~½rqo.kZu,oackjgeklsdkfp=k.kHkhbudfo;ksausfd;kgS]ijarqmlesadksbZuohurkughagSAjhfrdkyhufoyklhokrkoj.kesajesgq,budfo;ksadksbrukvodk'kghdgk¡Fkk]fdosizÑfrosQeuksgjLo:iijjh>djdkO;jpukdjrs\lsukifrtSls,dnksdfo;ksausghizÑfrosQeuksjefp=kvafdrfd,gSavU;Fkkfcgkjh]nso]efrjke]fHk[kkjhnkl]vkfndfo;ksaosQ"kM~½rqo.kZuesamíhiu:ieasghizÑfrfp=k.kmiycèkgksrkgSA lsukifr dks ½rq o.kZu esa vizfre liQyrk izkIr gqbZ gSA mUgksauslHkh½rqvksadklqanjo.kZufd;kgSAo"kkZ dky dk,dfp=knz"VO;gSµ
^^lsukifr mu, u, tyn lkou osQ]
pkfjgw fnlku ?kqejr Hkjs rks; oSQA
lksHkk ljlkus u c[kkus tkr oSQgwa Hkk¡frA
vkusgSaigkjekuksadktjosQ<ks;oSQAA**
62 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl jhfrdkyosQ,dvU;dfoin~ekdj dkolar o.kZu HkhvR;arvkd"kZ.kcuiM+kgSµ
^^}kj esa fnlku esa nquh esa nsl&nslu esa
ns[kh nhi nhiu esa nhir fnxar gSA
chfFku esa czt esa uosfyu esa osfyu esa]
cuuesa]ckxuesacxj~;kSclargSA**
jhfrdkyhudfo;ksausizÑfrdkfu:i.kvizLrqrfoèkkuosQ:iesaHkhfd;kgSAmUgksausizÑfrlsfofHkUumiekuysdjukf;dkosQvaxlkSan;Zdkfp=k.kfd;kgSAdey]panzek]gal]dksfdy]pkrd]es?k]ioZr]iq"i]vkfnblhizdkjosQmiekugSaA
jhfrdkyosQizfrfufèkdfofcgkjhosQdkO;esaHkhizk;%lHkh½rqvksadko.kZumiyCèkgksrkgSAfuEunksgsaeasoklarhedjanlsr`IrHkkSajksadkvR;areuksjefp=kvafdrfd;kx;kgSµ
Nfd jlky lkSjHk lus eèkqj ekèkoh xaèkA
BkSj&BkSj >kSajr >ir HkkSaj&>kSaj eèkq vaèkA
jhfrdkyesa;|fiizÑfrfp=k.kdkvHkkoughagSrFkkfiizÑfrosQizfrbudkn`f"Vdks.krVLFkFkkANk;koknhdfo;ksausftlizdkjizÑfrdksvkyacucukdjeuksgjdkO;dhjpukdh]oSlkjhfrdkyosQdfoughadjik,A
9- laoqQfpr thou n`f"Vµjhfrdkyhu dfo;ksa dh thou n`f"V vR;ar laoqQfpr fn[kkbZiM+rhgSAfdlhegkumís';dhizkfIrosQfy,osdkO;jpukesaizo`Ùkughagq,vfirqÜk`axkj&izèkkudkO; fy[kdjmUgksausvkJ;nkrk foyklh jktkvksadkeuksjatuek=k fd;kAvfèkdka'kdfoukf;dkosQdVk{koqQ'kyus=kksa]mUurmjkstksa]jDrkHkkdiksyksa]jlflDrvèkjksa]iq"Vta?kkvksavkSj|qfrekuvaxksaosQlkSan;Zdkfu:i.kdjusesaghdfodeZdhlkFkZdrkle>rsjgsAthouosQizfrftlO;kidn`f"Vdks.kdhvis{kkmÙkedkO;jpukosQfy,dhtkrhgS]mldkfurkarvHkkojhfrdkyhudkO;esagSAbudfo;ksausthouosQfofoèki{kksadhvksjlsviuhn`f"VgVkdjÜk`axkjosQlhfero`ÙkesaghosaQfnzrdjyhAMkW- HkxhjFk feJusjhfrdkyhudfo;ksadhblizo`fÙkijfopkjdjrsgq,dgkgSµ^^,slkyxrkgSfdjhfrdforkosQjpf;rk;kSouvkSjolarosQdfogSaAthoudkiwQyrkgqvklqèkkj:ighmUgsafiz;gSA----------mlusthoudk,d&ghLo:ify;k],dghi{kfy;k];gblèkkjkosQdfodhladh.kZrkgS]nqcZyrkgSvkSj,dkafxrkgSA**
njckjhokrkoj.k,oafoykflrkiw.kZthouusbudfo;ksadhn`f"VdksbruklaoqQfprcukfn;kFkkfdosthouvkSjtxrdhO;kidrkijn`f"VikrHkhudjlosQAHkfDrdkyhudkO;tgk¡egkulans'kdkokgdgS]oghajhfrdkyhudkO;ls,slkdksbZlans'kizkIrughagksrkAxaHkhj¯pru,oaO;kidthoun'kZudhvfHkO;fDrdkdksbZiz;kljhfrdkyhudfousughafd;kAmldhvkèkkjHkwfebruhlaoqQfprgSfdthoudhvusd:irkosQfy,ogk¡LFkkughughagSA
10- eqDrd dkO; dh jpukµjhfrdkyhu esa ;|fi oqQN izcaèk dkO; Hkh fy[ks x, gSa]rFkkfijhfrdfo;ksauseqDrddkO;dhjpukdhvksjghviuh#fpizn£'krdhgSAtcjktnjckjkssaesadfonaxyksadkvk;kstufd;ktkrkgksvkSjnwljslsckthekjysusdhizfrLi¼kZpyjghgksogk¡ izcaèk jpukdhizo`fÙk iuighughaldrhAvkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDy dkergSµ^^;fnizcaèkdkO;foLr`rouLFkyhgS]rkseqDrd,dpqukgqvkxqynLrkAblhlsoglHkk&lektksaosQfy,vfèkdmi;qDrgksrkgSA**vyadkfjdrk]peRdkjfiz;rk,oacgqKrkdkizn'kZudjusgsrqHkheqDrdjpukdhizo`fÙkdkfodkl
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 63
jhfrdkyhu dfork dh i`"BHkwfe vkSj vkèkkj
jhfrdkyesagqvkArRdkyhunjckjhokrkoj.kosQfy,eqDrdjpuk,¡ghvfèkdmi;qDrFkha]D;ksafdjktk&egkjktkvksaosQiklbrukvodk'kdgk¡FkkfdosizcaèkdkO;dkslqudjmldhljkgukdjrsAdfox.krks,dghnksgs;kNanesaviuhdkO;izfrHkkdkiw.kZmRd"kZfn[kkdjjktk&egkjktkdkspeRÑrdjusesafo'okldjrsFksAfcgkjhtSlsjlfl¼dfo;ksausnksgstSlsNksVsNanesaghjldhviwoZl`f"VdhgSA
11- cztHkk"kk dk iz;ksxµHkfDrdkyesatkscztHkk"kkÑ".kdkO;rdlhferjgh]ogjhfrdkyesavkdjiw.kZr%dkO;Hkk"kkosQ:iesaizfrf"BrgksxbZvkSjyxHkxnkslkSo"kks±rd¯gnhdkO;txrij,dN=k'kkludjrhjghAjhfrdkyesaosQoyczt{ks=kosQdfo;ksausghughavfirqlaiw.kZ¯gnh{ks=kosQdfo;ksauscztHkk"kkesaghdkO;jpukdhAejkBh{ks=kHkw"k.kus]iatkcesaxq#xks¯on¯lgus]caqnsyh{ks=k(vksjNk)esaosQ'kousrFkkjktLFkkuh{ks=k(vkesj)esafcgkjhuscztHkk"kkesaghviuhjpuk,¡izLrqrdhaAfu"d"kZ;gfdjhfrdkyrdvkrs&vkrscztHkk"kkO;kiddkO;Hkk"kkosQ:iesaizfrf"BrgksxbZFkhAjhfrdkyhucztHkk"kkvius'kCnlkS"Bo]vkuqizkfldrk]eèkqjrk,oainykfyR;osQdkj.kdkO;Hkk"kkosQfy,iw.kZmi;qDrcupqdhFkh]¯drqmlesadfo;ksauseuekuhrksM+&ejksM+HkhdhAvkpk;Z jkepanz 'kqDyusjhfrdkyhucztHkk"kkosQblnks"kdhvksjlaosQrdjrsgq,¯gnhlkfgR;osQbfrgklesafy[kkgSµ^^jhfrdkyesa,dcM+svHkkodhiwwfrZgkstkuhpkfg,Fkh]ijogughagqbZAHkk"kkftlle;lSdM+ksadfo;ksa}kjkifjekftZrgksdjizkS<+rkdksigq¡phmlhle;O;kdj.k}kjkmldhO;oLFkkgksuhpkfg,FkhA---;fn'kCnksaosQ:ifLFkjgkstkrsvkSj'kq¼:iksaosQiz;ksxijtksjfn;ktkrk]rks'kCnksadksrksM+&ejksM+djfoÑrdjusdklkgldfo;ksadksugksrk]ijblizdkjdhdksbZO;oLFkkughagqbZ]ftllsHkk"kkesacgqroqQNxM+cM+hcuhjghA**
jhfrdkyhudfo;ksauscztHkk"kkesavoèkh'kCnksa,oa:iksadkbPNkuqlkjiz;ksxfd;kgSAfcgkjhdhHkk"kkesa^dhu*]^nhu*tSlsfØ;k:iblhizo`fÙkosQifjpk;dgSaAbldkydhcztHkk"kkesaiQkjlh'kCnksadkiz;ksxHkhc<+pykFkkAjhfrdkyhucztHkk"kkesaiQkjlh'kCnksaosQiz;ksxkfèkD;ijfVIi.khdjrsgq,'kqDy thfy[krsgSaµ^^jktk&egkjktkvksaosQnjckjesafons'khf'k"VrkvkSjlH;rkosQO;ogkjdkvuqdj.kgksjgkFkkvkSjiQkjlhosQyPNsnkj'kCnogk¡pkjksavksjlqukbZnsusyxsAvr%HkkV;kdfoyksx^vk;q"eku*vkSj^t;t;dkj*ghrdviusdksoSQlsj[kldrsFks\osHkhnjckjesa^mejnjktegkjktrsjhpkfg,*iqdkjusyxsA**
jhfreqDrdfo;ksadhHkk"kkesayk{kf.kdrkdklkSan;ZHkhfo|ekugSAy{k.kkvkSjO;atukdklgkjkysrsgq,?kukuantSlsdfousdkO;Hkk"kkdh'kfDrdkifjp;fn;kgSAvkpk;Z 'kqDyus?kukuandhdkO;Hkk"kkdhiz'kalkdjrsgq,fy[kkgSµ^^?kukuanthmufcjysdfo;ksaesagSa]tksHkk"kkdhO;atdrkc<+krsgSaAviuhHkkoukvksaosQvuwBs:i&jaxdhO;atukosQfy,Hkk"kkdk,slkcsèkM+diz;ksxdjusokyk¯gnhosQiqjkusdfo;ksaesanwljkughagqvkAHkk"kkosQy{k.k,oaO;atdcydhlhekdgk¡rdgS]bldhiwjhij[kbUghadksFkhA**
fu"d"kZ;gfdjhfrdkyhucztHkk"kkesa,dvksjrksekèkq;Z,oauknlkSan;Zfo|ekugSrksnwljhvksjmlesavkuqizkfldrk,oayk{kf.kdrkgksuslsmldklkSan;Zf}xqf.krgksx;kgSAbudfo;ksadhHkk"kklkeF;ZHkhviwoZghdghtkldrhgSA
jhfrdkyhudfo;ksausdfoÙk]loS;k]nksgsvfèkdfy[ksgSatksmuosQo.;Zfo"k;osQfy,iw.kZr%mi;qDrNanFksAbudfo;ksaus,dvksjrksy{k.kxzaFkfy[kdj¯gnhdkO;&jfldksadksdkO;'kkL=klsifjfprdjk;krksnwljhvksjÜk`axkjizèkkujpuk,¡fy[kdjdkO;esaekèkq;Zdklekos'kfd;kA^fcgkjh lrlbZ* jhfrdky dh loZJs"B Ñfr ekuh tk ldrh gS]
64 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl tksviuhdkO;dyk]Hkk"kklkeF;Z,oavkyadkfjdrkosQdkj.k,oavf}rh;ÑfrcuiM+hgSAfcgkjh]nso]lsukifr]?kukuan]osQ'ko]fHk[kkjhnkl]in~ekdjtSlsl'kDrdfo;ksadhjpukvksalslaiUujhfrdkyfuf'pr:ils¯gnhlkfgr;dh,degÙoiw.kZdkygSA
7-1-2 njckjh laLÑfr
jhfrdkyeqxyksadhlÙkkosQpjeoSHkodkdkygSAeqxylkezkT;dkpjemRd"kZ]mÙkjksÙkjßklvkSjfiQjiruHkhblhdkyesagqvkA'kkgtgk¡osQ'kkludkyesajhfr;qxdkizkjaHkgqvkAjktnjckjksaesaoSHko]HkO;rk,oavyadj.kdhizèkkurkFkhAjktkvkSjlkearviusnjckjksaesaxq.khtuksa]dfo;ksa]dykdjksadksizJ;nsrsFksA'kkldksaesavkReiz'kalkdkeksg,oaÜk`axkfjdeuksjatudhpkgFkhArktegy,oae;wj¯lgklutSlhHkO;Ñfr;ksadkfuekZ.kgkspqdkFkkAmÙkjHkkjrosQvfèkdka'kjktiwrjktkvksa,oalkearksauseqxyksadhvèkhurkLohdkjdjyhFkhAeqxyksadk'kklunf{k.kesavgenuxj]chtkiqj,oaxksyoqaQMkrdiSQyx;kFkkA'kkgtgk¡osQmijkarvkSjaxtsceqxy'kkldcuktksviuhèkek±èkrk,oadV~VjrkosQfy,izfl¼jgkgSAmldkO;fDrRojkxkRedrRoksalsjfgrFkkvkSjlkfgR;]laxhr]dykosQizfrmlsdksbZ#fpughaFkhAvkSjaxtscusviusthoudkyesavusd;q¼fd,rFkkjkT;dkfoLrkjHkhfd;k] drqmlosQckneqxylÙkkdkiruizkjaHkgksx;kAvkSjaxtscosQmÙkjkfèkdkjhfoyklh]v;ksX;,oavlEkFkZ'kkldfl¼gq,Avusdizns'kksaesajktk,oalkearksausviuhLora=klÙkk,¡LFkkfirdjyha]nf{k.kesaejkBsLora=kgksx,Aukfnj'kkg,oavgen'kkgvCnkyhosQvkØe.kØe'k%1739,oa1757bZ-esagq,ftllseqxylkezkT;dhdejVwVxbZAdkykarjesavaxzstksauscDljdhyM+kbZesa'kkgvkyedksijkftrdjeqxylkezkT;dksviuhdBiqryhcukfy;kAtgk¡nj'kkg]eqgEen'kkgjaxhystSlsfoyklh,oadetksj'kkldksaosQjkT;esa^fx¼ksa osQ uhM+ksa esa mYyw jgus yxs vkSj cqycqyksa dk LFkku dkxksa us ys fy;kA**os';kvksa]rcyfp;ksa,oalkjaxhokndksadkjkT;dk;Zesan[kygksusyxkvkSj'kkluO;oLFkkfujarjdetksjgksrhxbZA
7-1-3 y{k.k xzaFkksa dh ijaijk
jhfrdkyosQoqQNizeq[ky{k.kxzaFkdkjvkSjmuosQxzaFkblizdkjgSµ
1- ¯prkef.kµdkO;foosd]dfooqQydYir#Ük`axkj
2- efrjkeµjljkt]vyadkjiapkf'kdk]yfyryyke]o`ÙkdkSeqnh]lrlbZA
3- Hkw"k.kµf'kojktHkw"k.k]vyadkjizdk'k]Nanksân;izdk'k]f'kokckouh]N=klkyn'kdA
4- tloar ¯lgµHkk"kkHkw"k.k]vkuanfoykl]fl¼karcksèk]vuqHkoizdk'kA
5- oqQyifr ¯lgµjljgL;]u'kf'k[k]nqxkZHkfDrrjafx.khA
6- eaMuµjljRukoyh]jlfoykl]uSuipklk]dkO;jRuA
7- nsoµHkkofoykl]Hkokuhfoykl]jlfoykl]dkO;jlk;uA
8- in~ekdjµtxrfouksn]in~ekHkj.k]izrki¯lgfo#nkoyh]izcks/ipklk]xaxkygjhA
9- xksiµjkepanzkHkj.k]jkepanzHkw"k.k]jkekyadkjA
10- Xoky dfoµu[kf'k[k]vyadkjHkzeHkatu]jl:idfoniZ.kA
11- fHk[kkjhnklµdkO;fu.kZ;]Ük`axkjfu.kZ;]jllkjka'k]Nank.kZo¯ixy]Nanizdk'kA
12- jlyhuµvaxniZ.k]jlizcksèkA
13- lkseukFkµjlih;w"kfufèk]Ük`axkjfoykl]izseiphlhA
14- nwygµdfooqQyoaQBkHkj.kA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 65
jhfrdkyhu dfork dh i`"BHkwfe vkSj vkèkkj
15- gBh thµJhjkèkklqèkk'krdA
16- izrki lkfgµO;aX;kFkZdkSeqnh] Ük`axkjeatjh] Ük`axkj f'kjksef.k]vyadkj ¯prkef.k]dkO;fouksnA
17- f}tnsoµÜk`axkjyfrdk]Ük`axkjcÙkhlh]dfodYinzqeA
jhfrdkyosQdfo;ksausvkpk;Zcuusdkiz;klvo';fd;kijmlesamUgsaliQyrkughafeyhAÜk`axkjo.kZuesabudfo;ksadho`fÙkvfèkdjehgSAjkèkk&Ñ".kosQukeijÜka`xkjosQtksfp=kbudfo;ksausvafdrfd,gS]muesaHkfDrHkkoukdkys'kHkhughagSAjhfrdkyhudkO;esadyki{kdhizèkkurkvkSjpeRdkjizn'kZudhizo`fÙkifjyf{krgksrhgSA
7-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• jhfrdkyosQy{k.kxzaFkdkjksausviusjhfrxzaFkksadhjpukizk;%dkO;f'k{kknsusosQmís';lsrFkkviuhdkO;izfrHkk,oaikafMR;izn'kZuosQmís';lsdhgSAvfèkdka'ky{k.kxzaFklaLÑrdkO;'kkL=kdhifjikVhijfy[ksx,A
• jhfrdkyhucztHkk"kkesa,dvksjrksekèkq;Z,oauknlkSan;Zfo|ekugSrksnwljhvksjmlesavkuqizkfldrk,oayk{kf.kdrkgksuslsmldklkSan;Zf}xqf.krgksx;kgSAbudfo;ksadhHkk"kklkeF;ZHkhviwoZghdghtkldrhgSA
• jhfrdkyosQdfo;ksausvkpk;Zcuusdkiz;klvo';fd;kijmlesamUgsaliQyrkughafeyhAÜk`axkjo.kZuesabudfo;ksadho`fÙkvfèkdjehgSAjkèkk&Ñ".kosQukeijÜka`xkjosQtksfp=kbudfo;ksausvafdrfd,gS]muesaHkfDrHkkoukdkys'kHkhughagSAjhfrdkyhudkO;esadyki{kdhizèkkurkvkSjpeRdkjizn'kZudhizo`fÙkifjyf{krgksrhgSA
7-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- eueksgdµfnydksyqHkkusokyk
2- dê ðjrkµfdlhijaijk;kèkeZdkdBksjrklsikyudjukA
7-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- jhfrdkyhudkO;dhizeq[kizo`fÙk;ksadhfoospukdhft,A
2- y{k.kxzaFkksadhijaijkrFkknjckjhlaLÑfrijlaf{kIrfVIi.khfyf[k,A
3- izeq[ky{k.kxzaFk,oamuosQjpukdkjksadkmYys[kdjsaA
4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaµ
1-laLÑrdkO;'kkL=kdksfganhesa:ikarfjrdjusdkdke------------------vkpk;ks±}kjkfd;kx;kgSA
2- jhfrdkyhudfoosQfy,vyadkj'kkL=kdhtkudkjh,d------------------vko';drkFkhA
3- ------------------vkSj------------------dhohjrkosQo.kZuksadksdksbZdfo;ksadh>wBh[kq'kkenughadgldrkA
4- ------------------dfo;ksauspeRdkjizn'kZuosQ fy,izk;%;ed]'ys"k]vuqizkltSlsvyadkjksadklgkjkfy;kgSA
66 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 5- cgqfodYih; ç'uµ
1-o`anlrlbZesauhfrlacaèkhlqanjmfDr;ksadks------------------------:ifn;kx;kgSA
(d) Ük`axkj ([k) u;k
(x) dkO; (?k) mijksDresalsdksbZugha
2- jhfrdkyhu dfo ------------------------ dks iq#"k osQ vkd"kZ.k dk osaQnz ,oa mudhvad'kkf;uhek=kle>rsFksA
(d) èku ([k) lksuk
(x) ghjs (?k) ukjh
3-Nk;koknhdfo;ksausftlizdkj------------------------dksvkyacucukdjeuksgjdkO;dhjpukdh]oSlkjhfrdkyosQdfoughadjik,aA
(d) izÑfr ([k) èkjrh
(x) vkdk'k (?k) if{k;k
6- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crk,¡µ
1-Ük`axkjo.kZuesajhfrdkyhudfo;ksadho`fÙkvfèkdjehgSA
2-dkykarjesavaxzstksauscDljdhyM+kbZesa'kkgvkyedksijkftrdjeqxylkezkT;dksviuhdBiqryhcukfy;kA
3-'kkldksaesavkReiz'kalkdkeksg,oaÜka`xkfjdeuksjatudhpkgughaFkhA
7-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
2- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
3- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
4- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 67
jhfrdkyhu dfork dh izeq[k dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡&jhfrc¼] jhfrfl¼
,oa jhfreqDr8- jhfrdkyhu dfork dh izeq[k dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡&jhfrc¼] jhfrfl¼ ,oa jhfreqDr
:ijs[kk8.1 mís';(Objectives)8.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)8.3 jhfrdkydhfofoèkdkO;èkkjk,¡
8.1.1 jhfrc¼dkO;
8.1.2 jhfrfl¼dkO;
8.1.3 jhfreqDrdkO;
8.4 lkjka'k(Summary)8.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)8.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)8.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
8-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• jhfrdkydhfofoèkdkO;èkkjk,¡tkuusesaA
• jhfrc¼dfo;ksadkmís';tkuusesaA
• jhfrfl¼dkO;rFkkjhfreqDrdkO;èkkjk,¡le>usesaA
8-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
jhfrdkydkO;dhfofoèkdkO;èkkjk,¡gSa]budksewyr%rhuoxks±esafoHkDrfd;kgSA;grhuèkkjk,¡gSaµjhfrc¼dkO;]jhfrfl¼dkO;]jhfreqDrdkO;AjhfrdkyosQdfoftUgksausy{k.kxzaFkksadhifjikVhijdkO;kaxksadky{k.k,oamnkgj.knsrsgq,jhfrxzaFkksadhjpukdhAjhfrfl¼dfo;ksaosQoxZosQizfrfufèkdfogSaµfcgkjhAfcgkjhus;|fidksbZjhfrxazFkughafy[kkrFkkfimUgksausviuh,dek=kjpuk^lrlbZ*esajhfrdhtkudkjhdkiwjk&iwjkmi;kssxfd;kgSAjhfrdkyosQosdfotksjhfrosQcaèkulsiw.kZr%eqDrgSaµjhfreqDrdfodgstkrsgSaA
8-3- jhfrdky dh fofoèk dkO;èkkjk,¡
jhfrdkyhudkO;dksewyr%rhuoxks±esafoHkDrfd;kx;kgSftUgsajhfrdkydhèkkjk,¡HkhdgktkldrkgSA;srhuèkkjk,¡gSaµ
1- jhfrc¼dkO;
2- jhfrfl¼dkO;
3- jhfreqDrdkO;
;gk¡burhuksadkifjp;nsukvko';dgSµ
68 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl8-1-1 jhfrc¼ dkO;
jhfrdkyosQosdfoftUgksausy{k.kxzaFkksadhifjikVhijdkO;kaxksadky{k.k,oamnkgj.knsrsgq,jhfrxzaFkksadhjpukdh]jhfrc¼dfodgyk,AjktkJ;esajgdjjpukdjusokys,slslSdM+ksadfojhfrdkyesagq,ftUgksausvkpk;ZcuusosQfy,y{k.kxazFkksadhjpukdh]Hkysghmudkjhfrfu:i.k,dkaxh]vèkdpjk,oavèkwjkghD;ksaujgkgksAblhfy,,slsdfo;ksaosQjhfrxzaFkksaijfVIi.khdjrsgq,vkpk;Zjkepanz'kqDyusdgkgSµ^^bujhfrxzaFkksaosQdrkZHkkoqdlân;vkSjfuiq.kdfoFksAmudkmís';dforkdjukFkk]ufddkO;kaxksadk'kkL=kh;i¼frijfu:i.kdjukA**
jhfrc¼dfo;ksadkizeq[kmís';viuhdkO;izfrHkkdkifjp;nsukFkkvr%osy{k.kksaijmrukè;kuughansrsftrukmnkgj.kksaijA;ghdkj.kgSfdbuosQ}kjkfd,x,dkO;kaxksaosQy{k.kvi;kZIr,oavlaxrgSaA
,slsizeq[kdfo,oamuosQxzaFkksaosQukegSaµ¯prkef.k(dkO;foosd)] efrjke(yfyryyke]vyadkjiapkf'kdk)]Hkw"k.k (f'kojktHkw"k.k)]nso (Hkko&foykl]dkO;jlk;u)]fHk[kkjhnkl (dkO;fu.kZ;)]in~ekdj (txf}uksn)]vkfnA
bulHkhdfo;ksaosQ}kjkfd;kx;kjhfrfu:i.k,dkaxh]vèkwjk,oavifjiDogSAvkpk;Zjkepanz'kqDyusbudfo;ksaosQvkpk;ZRoijfVIi.khdjrsgq,fy[kkgSµ^^¯gnhesay{k.kxzaFkksadhifjikVhijjpukdjusokystkslSdM+ksadfogq,osvkpk;ZdksfVesaughavkldrsAosokLroesadfoghFksA**
oLrqr%budfo;ksauslkekU;ikBdksadksdkO;'kkL=kdklkekU;KkudjkusosQmís';lsjhfrxzaFkfy[ksftuesaekSfydrkdkfurkarvHkkogS]D;ksafd;slkjsxzaFklaLÑrdkO;'kkL=kdksmithO;cukdjfy[ksx,AurksbUgksausdksbZekSfydmn~HkkoukdhvkSjubulsdkO;'kkL=kdkdksbZmYys[kuh;fodklgqvkAÜk`axkjjlfu:iddfo;ksaesaefrjkedkegÙoiw.kZLFkkugSAÜk`axkjjldkfoLr`rfoospu,oamlosQfofHkUuvaxksikaxksadko.kZubUgksausfd;kgSA
¯gnh jhfrxzaFkksaesavyadkj foospudkslokZfèkdLFkku feykAvfèkdka'kdfo;ksa usvyadkjfu:idxzaFklaLÑrvkpk;Z t;nso osQ^panzkyksd*vkSjvIi; nhf{krosQ^oqQoy;kuan*dkvkèkkjxzg.kdjfy[ksAbuosQ}kjkfn,x,y{k.kHkysghHkzkedgksa]¯drqmnkgj.kvR;arljlcuiM+sgSaAoqQNdfo;ksausNan,oaukf;dkHksndkfoospuHkhjhfrxzaFkksaesafd;kgSA
la{ksiesadgktkldrkgSfd¯gnhesadkO;'kkL=kdk}kj[kksyusdkJs;bujhfrxzaFkdkjksadksvo';fn;ktkldrkgSdkO;jfldksadksdkO;kaxksadhtkudkjhiznkudjmUgksausdkO;osQizfryksxksaosQ#>kudksc<+kusesaHkhegÙoiw.kZ;ksxnkufd;kgSA
8-1-2 jhfrfl¼ dkO;
jhfrfl¼dfo;ksaosQoxZesamudfo;ksadksfy;ktkldrkgSftUgkasus;|fidksbZjhfrxzaFkughafy[kk]rFkkfijhfrdhmUgsatkudkjhFkhftldkmi;ksxdjrsgq,mUgksausviusdkO;xzaFkksadhjpukdhA;s^jhfr*esaikjaxr;kfl¼dfoFks]blhfy,bUgsajhfrfl¼dfodgkx;kAbloxZosQizfrfufèkdfogSaµfcgkjhA
fcgkjhus;|fidksbZjhfrxzaFkughafy[kkrFkkfimUgksausviuh,dek=kjpuklrlbZ*esajhfrdktkudkjhdkiwjk&iwjkmi;ksxfd;kgSAtcrdfdlhdksdkO;kaxksadhrFkkukf;dHksn]vkfndhtkudkjhughagksxhArcrdogfcgkjhlrlbZosQnksgksadkvFkZughadjik,xkAmnkgj.kosQfy,fuEunksgsdksysldrsgSaµ
dr yiVS;rq eks xsj lksutqgh fufl lSuA
ftfg paid cjuh fd, eqYykyk jax uSuAA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 69
jhfrdkyhu dfork dh izeq[k dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡&jhfrc¼] jhfrfl¼
,oa jhfreqDr
blnksgsdkvFkZrcrdle>esaughavkldrktcrdO;fDrdks^[kafMrk*ukf;dkdhtkudkjhugksA[kafMrkukf;dkmlukf;dkdksdgktkldrkgSftldkifrfdlhvU;L=khosQlkFkjkrfcrkdjizkr%dkyje.kosQfpÉksals;qDrgksdj?kjigq¡prkgSvkSjviuhdjuhdksfNikusdkiz;kldjrkgSA,slhgh[kafMrkdk;gdFkuviusifrlsgSµ^^vkiosQ}kjkesjsxyslsD;ksafyiVktkjgkgS\eSaogughagw¡tksjkf=kdks'k;udjrsle;vkiosQlkFkFkhvkSjftlpaido.khZusvkidksjkrHkjtxkdjvkiosQus=kksadkseqYykykosQiwQydhHkk¡frykydjfn;kgSA**
blnksgsesaeqnzkvyadkjdkiz;ksxHkhfd;kx;kgS]D;ksafdmi;qZDrvFkZosQlkFk&lkFkblesafofHkUuiq"iksaosQukeHkhfn,x,gSaA
gko&vuqHkko;kstukdhn`f"VlsHkhfcgkjhlrlbZ,dmYys[kuh;ÑfrgSAHkk"kkdhlekl'kfDr,oadYiukdhlekgkj'kfDrosQcyijghfcgkjhnksgstSlsNksVsNanesabrusHkkoksadklekos'kdjlosQgSaAblhfy,muosQfo"k;esadgkx;kgSfdmUgksaus xkxj esa lkxj Hkj fn;k gSAHkfDr]uhfr]izÑfr]vkfndkfp=k.kHkhfcgkjhlrlbZesaizpqjrklsgqvkgSAewyr%fcgkjhlrlbZÜk`axkjjldkxzaFkgSAuk;d&ukf;dkfdlizdkjxq#tuksalsHkjslHkkHkouesaus=kksaosQekè;elsokrkZykidjysrsgSabldkfp=k.kmUgksausfuEunksgsesafd;kgSµ
dgr uVr jh>r f[k>r feyr f[kyr yft;krA
Hkjs HkkSu esa djr gSa uSuuq gh lc ckrAA
8-1-3 jhfreqDr dkO;
jhfrdkyosQosdfotksjhfrosQcaèkulsiw.kZr%eqDrgSaµjhfreqDrdfodgstkrsgSaAbUgksausurksy{k.kxzaFkfy[ksvkSjujhfrdhtkudkjhdkmi;ksxviusdkO;esafd;k]vfirqbudfo;ksausân;dhLora=ko`fÙk;ksadksdkO;fuc¼fd;kAjhfrosQcaèkulseqDrgksusosQdkj.kghbUgsajhfreqDrdfodgkx;kAbudfo;ksaesaizeq[kgSaµ?kukuan]cksèkk]vkyevkSjBkoqQjA
jhfreqDrdfo;ksadksiqu%vusdoxks±esafoHkDrfd;kx;kgSA;Fkkµ
1- jhfreqDrÜk`axkjhdfo
2- jhfreqDrizcaèkdkj
3- jhfreqDrlwfDrdkj
4- jhfreqDri|dkj
5- jhfreqDriqQVdydfo
jhfreqDrÜk`axkjhdfo;ksaesaLoPNanizsedkfp=k.kdjusokysdfo?kukuan]cksèkk]vkyevkSjBkoqQjosQukefy,tkldrsgSaAjhfreqDrizcaèkdkjksaesaykydfo(N=kizdk'k)]lwnu(lqtkupfjr)]lcy¯lgpkSgku(egkHkkjr)dksj[kktkrkgStcfdjhfreqDrlwfDrdkjksaesao`an]fxjèkjnkl]?kk?k]csrkytSlsdfogSaA
jhfreqDrdfo;ksaesaloZizeq[kgSa?kukuanAbuosQdkO;esaizsedkvR;ar,oamnkÙk,oaoklukjfgrLo:imiyCèkgksrkgSAlqtkuizseh?kukuanusizseekxZdhljyrk,oavÑf=kerkdkmYys[kdjrsgq,fy[kkgSµ
vfr lwèkks lusg dks ekjx gS tga usoqQ l;kui ckad ughaA
rgk¡ lkps pySa rft vkiquikS f>>oSaQ diVh ts fulkad ughaAA
?ku vkuan I;kjs lqtku lqukS br ,d rSa nwljks vkad ughaA
rqe dkSu èkkSa ikVh gkS yyk eu ysgq iS nsgq NVk¡d ughaAA
iz.k;foHkksjeudh,slhdksbZo`fÙkughagSftldkfp=k.k?kukuanusufd;kgksAbuosQizsefp=k.kesafojgdhizèkkurkifjyf{krgksrhgSAmudhfojgosnukLokuqHkwr,oavÑf=kegSblhfy,og
70 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl vR;arek£ed]ân;nzkod,oafpÙkkd"kZdcuiM+hgSAjhfreqDrèkkjkosQ;sdfoizsevkSjlkSan;ZosQdfogSaAbudklkSan;Zfp=k.kLFkwy,oaekalyugksdjlw{e,oafpÙkkd"kZdgSA;Fkkµ
yV yksy diksy dyksy djS dyoaQB cuh tytkofy }SA
vax&vax rjax mBS |qfr dh ifjgS eukS :iq vcS èkfj PoSAA
izsefu:i.kesajhfrdkyosQvU;dfo;ksaustgk¡'kkL=kh;ijaijkdkvkèkkjxzg.kfd;koghabUgksaus'kkL=kh;ijaijkdkR;kxfd;kAbuosQdkO;esaizÑfrdhgheuksgkjhNVkvafdrdhxbZgSAizÑfrfp=k.kizk;%míhiu:iesagqvkgS];Fkkµ
dkjh owQj dksfdyk dgk¡ dks cSj dk<+fr jh]
owQfd&owQfd vcgh djstks fdu dksfj ySA
jhfreqDrdfo;ksadhizo`fÙkeqDrdjpukdhvfèkdjghgSAyk{kf.kdcztHkk"kkdkiz;ksxbuosQdkO;esagqvkgSftlesaHkkoO;atukdhviw.kZ{kerkgSAfu'p;ghjhfreqDrdfo;ksaosQizns;us¯gnhlkfgR;dhi;kZIrJho`f¼dhgSA
8-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• ¯gnhesadkO;'kkL=kdk}kj[kksyusdkJs;bujhfrxzaFkdkjksadksvo';fn;ktkldrkgSdkO;jfldksadksdkO;kaxksadhtkudkjhiznkudjmUgksausdkO;osQizfryksxksaosQ#>kudksc<+kusesaHkhegÙoiw.kZ;ksxnkufd;kgSA
• gko&vuqHkko;kstukdhn`f"VlsHkhfcgkjhlrlbZ,dmYys[kuh;ÑfrgSAHkk"kkdhlekl'kfDr,oadYiukdhlekgkj'kfDrosQcyijghfcgkjhnksgstSlsNksVsNanesabrusHkkoksadklekos'kdjlosQgSaAblhfy,muosQfo"k;esadgkx;kgSfdmUgksaus xkxj esa lkxj Hkj fn;k gSAHkfDr]uhfr]izÑfr]vkfndkfp=k.kHkhfcgkjhlrlbZesaizpqjrklsgqvkgSAewyr%fcgkjhlrlbZÜk`axkjjldkxzaFkgSA
• jhfreqDrdfo;ksadhizo`fÙkeqDrdjpukdhvfèkdjghgSAyk{kf.kdcztHkk"kkdkiz;ksxbuosQdkO;esagqvkgSftlesaHkkoO;atukdhviw.kZ{kerkgSAfu'p;ghjhfreqDrdfo;ksaosQizns;us¯gnhlkfgR;dhi;kZIrJho`f¼dhgSA
8-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- egÙoiw.kZµmi;ksxh]fo'ks"k
2- okrkZykiµckrphrdjuk
3- izÑfrµLoHkko]xq.k]izdkj
8-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- jhfrc¼dkO;dklaf{kIro.kZudhft,A
2- jhfrc¼dkO;jhfrfl¼rFkkjhfreqDrdkO;lsfdlizdkjfHkUugS\mYys[kdhft,A
3- jhfreqDrdkO;rFkkblosQizeq[kdfo;ksaijlaf{kIrfVIi.khfyf[k,A
4- jhfrc¼dkO;rFkkjhfrc¼dfo;ksadkizeq[kmís';D;kFkk\o.kZudhft,A
5- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaµ
1- jhfrdkyhudkO;dhrhuèkkjk,¡gSaµjhfrc¼dkO;]------------------------vkSjjhfreqDrdkO;A
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 71
jhfrdkyhu dfork dh izeq[k dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡&jhfrc¼] jhfrfl¼
,oa jhfreqDr
2- jhfrc¼dfo;ksadkizeq[kmís';viuh------------------------dkifjp;nsukFkkA
3-oqQNdfo;ksausNan,oaukf;dkHksndkfoospuHkh------------------------esafd;kgSA
6- cgqfodYih; ç'uµ
1- ---------------------dfo;ksaosQoxZesamudfo;ksadksfy;ktkldrkgSftUgksaus;|fidksbZjhfrxzaFkughafy[kkA
(d) jhfrc¼ ([k) jhfrfl¼
(x) jhfreqDr (?k) mijksDresalsdksbZughaA
2- fcgkjhfdloxZosQizfrfufèkdfogSa\
(d) jhfreqDr ([k) jhfrfl¼
(x) jhfreqDrdkO; (?k) mijksDresalsdksbZughaA
3- fdlosQfo"k;esadgkx;kgSfdmUgksausxkxjesalkxjHkjfn;k\
(d) ykydfo ([k) lwnu
(x) lcyflagpkSgku (?k) fcgkjh
7- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crk,¡µ
1- jhfrosQcaèkulseqDrgksusosQdkj.kghjhfrdkyosQdfo;ksadksfl¼dfodgkx;kgSA
2- jhfreqDrdfo;ksaesaizeq[kgSacksèkkA
3- jhfreqDrdfo;ksadhizo`fÙkeqDrdjpukdhvfèkdjghgSA
8-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
2- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
3- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
4- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
72 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl
9- vkèkqfud lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfe
:ijs[kk9.1 mís';(Objectives)9.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)9.3 vkèkqfuddkydhi`"BHkwfe
9.4 lkjka'k(Summary)9.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)9.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)9.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
9-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• vkèkqfuddkyosQx|lkfgR;dkstkuusesaA
• ukedj.k,oale;lhektkuusesaA
• fganhx|dkmn~HkovkSjfodklle>usesaA
9-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
x|dhvusdfo/kvksadkfodklvkèkqfuddkyesaghgqvkAvkèkqfuddkyesafodflrx|fo/kvksaesamiU;kldkegÙoiw.kZLFkkugSAfganhmiU;klosQfodkldkJs;vaxzsth,oackaXykmiU;klksadksfn;ktkldrkgSAvkpk;Z'kqDyusvkèkqfuddkydkukex|dkyblfy,j[kk]D;ksafdbldkyesax|dhizèkkurkifjyf{krgksjghgSrFkkfix|dkydguslsbldkydkizpqjifjek.kesafy[kkx;ki|lkfgR;misf{kr&lkgkstkrkgS]bldkydksvkèkqfuddkydgukvfèkdmi;qDrgSAblukedj.kesax|vkSji|nksuksaizo`fÙk;ksadklekos'krksgksghtkrkgS]lkFkgh;guke;gHkhcrkrkgSfdbldkydhizo`fÙk;k¡iqjkuhijaijklsgVdjuohu,oavkèkqfudgksxbZgSaAfu'p;ghvkèkqfud;qxcksèkuslkfgR;dksnjckjhifjos'klsckgjfudkydjtu&thouosQfudVykfn;kgSAx|dhvusdfo/kvksadkfodklvkèkqfuddkyesaghgqvkgSA
9-3- vkèkqfud dky dh i`"BHkwfe
vkpk;Zjkepaæ'kqDyus¯gnhlkfgR;osQbfrgklosQprqFkZdky[kaMdksx|dhizeq[krkosQdkj.kx|dkyukefn;kgSvkSjbldhle;lheklaor~1900fo-ls1980fo-vFkkZr~lu~1843bZ-ls1923bZ-LohdkjdhgSAvkèkqfuddkyosQfy,tksfofHkUuukefn,x,gSaosblizdkjgSaµ
1 x|dky µ vkpk;Zjkepaæ'kqDy
2 orZekudky µ feJcaèkq
3 vkèkqfuddky µ MkW-jkeoqQekjoekZ
4 vkèkqfuddky µ MkW-x.kifrpaæxqIr
bZdkbZ&4 vkèkqfud lkfgR;
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 73
vkèkqfud lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfevkpk;Z'kqDyusbldkydkukex|dkyblfy,j[kk]D;ksafdbldkyesax|dhizèkkurkifjyf{krgksjghgSrFkkfix|dkydguslsbldkydkizpqjifjek.kesafy[kkx;ki|lkfgR;misf{kr&lkgkstkrkgS]vr%bldkydksvkèkqfuddkydgukvfèkdmi;qDrgSAblukedj.kesax|vkSji|nksuksaizo`fÙk;ksadklekos'krksgksghtkrkgS]lkFkgh;guke;gHkhcrkrkgSfdbldkydhizo`fÙk;k¡iqjkuhijaijklsgVdjuohu,oavkèkqfudgksxbZgSaAfu'p;ghvkèkqfud;qxcksèkuslkfgR;dksnjckjhifjos'klsckgjfudkydjtuthouosQfudVykfn;kgSAx|dhvusdfoèkkvksadkfodklvkèkqfuddkyesaghgqvkgSA
vkpk;Zjkepaæ'kqDydkergSfdcYyHkkpk;ZthosQiq=kxkslkb±foV~ByukFkthusÜka`xkjjleaMuuked,dxzaFkcztHkk"kkx|esafy[kkFkkftldhHkk"kkvifjekftZr,oavO;ofLFkrgSA
blosQmijkar^okrkZlkfgR;*dhjpukx|esagqbZA;|fivcrd'krkfèkdokrkZxzaFkizkIrgkspqosQgSaijegÙoiw.kZnksghxzaFkgSaµ
1- pkSjklhoS".koudhokrkZ
2- nkslkSckouoS".koudhokrkZ
bunksuksaokrkZxzaFkksaosQjpf;rkewy:iesacYyHkkpk;ZthosQikS=kxkslkb±xksoqQyukFkgSa]ftUgsavuq;kb;ksausfoLrkjnsdjxzaFkdk:iiznkufd;kA^pkSjklhoS".koudhokrkZ*esacYyHkkpk;ZosQf'k";ksavkSj^nkslkSckouoS".koudhokrkZ*esaxkslkb±foV~ByukFkosQf'k";ksadkthouo`ÙkgSA
cYyHklaiznk;dkokrkZ lkfgR;xkslkb± foV~ByukFkvkSj xkslkb± xksoqQyukFk osQ opuke`r ijvkèkkfjrgSftlsfyfic¼djusdkdk;ZJhÑ".kHkV~V]dY;k.kHkV~VvkSjgfjjk;usfd;kAgfjjk;dhx.kukcztHkk"kkx|dkjksaesalclsmQijdhtkrhgSAdFkkRedvkSjrF;fu:idnksuksaizdkjdkx|gfjjk;thusfy[kkgSA
cztHkk"kk x| dh izkjafHkd jpuk,¡
ozQ-la- jpuk dk uke jpf;rk jpukdky
1- Üka`xkjjleaMu xkslkb±foV~ByukFk µ
2- pkSjklhoS".koudhokrkZ xksoqQyukFk 17oha'krhdkmÙkjk¼Z
3- nkslkSckouoS".koudhokrkZ xksoqQyukFk **
4- v"V;ke ukHkknkl 1603bZ-
5- vxguekgkRE; cSoqaQBef.k'kqDy 1627bZ-
6- oS'kk[kekgkRE; cSoaqQBef.k'kqDy 1627bZ-
7- ukflosQrksik[;ku µ 1800bZ-
8- oSrkyiphlh lqjfrfeJ 1710bZ-
9- vkbusvdcjhdhHkk"kkopfudk ykykghjkyky 1795bZ-
okrkZlkfgR;izk;%izpkjijd]f'k{kkRedvkSjlksís';gSAmldhHkk"kkesarRlevkSjv¼ZrRle'kCnksadhcgqyrkgSApkSjklh oS".kou dh okrkZ 17oha'krhosQmÙkjk¼Zesafy[khxbZ]tcfd^nks lkS ckou oS".ko dh okrkZ* vkSjaxtscosQdkydhgSA
ukHkknkl }kjkjfpr^v"V;ke*(1603bZ-)iqLrdcztHkk"kkx|esagSftlesaHkxokujkedhfnup;kZdko.kZugSAx|fy[kusdhifjikVhdklE;o~QizpkjugksusosQdkj.kcztHkk"kkx|dkiwjk fodklughagksldkAokrkZxzaFkksaesamldkifj"Ñr,oalqO;ofLFkr:imiyCèkgksrkgS] ¯drq
74 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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1741bZ-esajkeizlkn fujatuh us^Hkk"kk ;ksxokf'k"B* ukedkx|xzaFklkiQ&lqFkjh[kM+h cksyh esafy[kkAjkeizlknfujatuhifV;kyknjckjosQFksAbudkx|ns[kdj;girkpyrkgSfdeqa'khlnklq[kyky,oayYywykyls60o"kZigysHkh[kM+hcksyhx|dkifjekftZr:iFkhA^;ksxokf'k"B* esaiz;qDrx|vkpk;Z'kqDyosQvuqlkjlokZfèkdifjekftZrgSAvkpk;Zjkepaæ'kqDyusjkeizlkn fujatuh dksghizFke izkS<+ x| ys[kd ekukgSA
[kM+hcksyhx|dhegÙoiw.kZiqLrdxax dfo }kjkjfpr^pan Nan cjuu dh efgek* gSAbldhjpuklezkVvdcjosQle;esagqbZFkhA
vkpk;Zjkepaæ'kqDyus[kM+hcksyhx|dhftuegÙoiw.kZÑfr;ksadkmYys[kvius¯gnhlkfgR;osQbfrgklesafd;kgSmudkØec¼fooj.kblizdkjgSµ
[kM+h cksyh x| dh izkjafHkd jpuk,¡ ,oa muosQ jpf;rk
Ø-la- jpuk jpf;rk jpukdky
1- panNancjuudhefgek xaxdfo lezkVvdcjosQle;esa
2- Hkk"kk;ksxokf'k"B jkeizlknfujaatuh 1741bZ-
3- in~eiqjk.kdkHkk"kkuqokn ia-nkSyrjke 1766bZ-
4- eaMksojdko.kZu vKkr 1773&1778bZ-
5- lq[klkxj eqa'khlnklq[kyky^fu;kt* 1818bZ-
6- iszelkxj yYywyky 1800bZ-
7- ukflosQrksik[;ku lnyfeJ 1800bZ-
8- jkuh osQrdh dh dgkuh(mn;Hkkupfjr)
ba'kkvYyk[kk¡ 1800bZ-
yYywyky thvkxjkosQxqtjkrhczkã.kFksAiQksVZfofy;edkWystosQ¯gnh&mnwZvè;kidtkufxyØkbLVosQvkns'klsbUgksaus[kM+hcksyhx|esaiszelkxj dhjpukdhftlesaHkkxorosQn'keLoaQèkdhdFkkof.kZrgSAyYywykythusblÑfresavjch&iQkjlhosQ'kCnksalsijgstfd;kgSAbUgksausmnwZesaHkhoqQNiqLrosaQfy[khgSaftuosQukegSaµflagklucÙkhlh]osSrkyiphlh]'koqaQrykukVdvkSjekèkksuyAyYywykythus^fcgkjhlrlbZ*dhVhdkHkhfy[khftldkukegSyky pafædkA dydÙkkesabUgksaus,diszlHkh[kksykFkk]ftlsiQksVZfofy;edkWystdhukSdjhlsisa'kuysusosQckn;svkxjkesaysvk,AbliszldkukebUgksaus^laLÑriszl*j[kkA
lny feJ HkhiQksVZfofy;edkWystdydÙkkesadkedjrsFksAbUgksausHkhdkWystvfèkdkfj;ksadhiszj.kkls[kM+hcksyhx|dhiqLrd^ukflosQrksik[;ku* rS;kjdhAcztHkk"kkosQlkFk&lkFkoqQNiwjchiubudhHkk"kkesafn[kkbZnsrkgSA
eqa'kh lnklq[kyky ^fu;kt* fnYyhosQjgusokysFksAbUgksausfo".kqiqjk.klsmins'kkRedizlaxysdj,diqLrddkfuekZ.kfd;kvkSj¯gnhesaJhen~Hkkxor iqjk.k dk vuqokn^lq[klkxj* ukelsfd;kAeqa'khthusurksfdlhvfèkdkjhdhiszj.kklsvkSjughfdlhfn,gq,uewusijviusxzaFkfy[ksAmUgksaus¯gnqvksadhcksypkydhf'k"VHkk"kkesaviuhjpuk,¡fy[khaA
ba'kk vYyk [kk¡ mnwZosQizfl¼'kk;jFkstksfnYyhosQmtM+usijy[kumQpysvk,FksAba'kkvYyk[kk¡us^jkuh osQrdh dh dgkuh* ;k^mn;Hkku pfjr* dhjpuk1800bZ-osQvklikldhA
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 75
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¯gnhx|osQbupkjizkjaafHkdys[kdksaesalsba'kkdhHkk"kklclsvfèkdpVdhyh]eqgkojsnkjvkSjpyrhgqbZHkk"kkgSAba'kkjaxhuvkSjpqycqyhHkk"kk}kjkviukys[kudkS'kyfn[kkukpkgrsFksA
vkpk;Z'kqDyusbupkjksays[kdksaesaeqa'khlnklq[kykydksfo'ks"kegÙofn;kgSAeqa'khlnklq[kykydks¯gnhx|dkizorZudjusokyksaesaLFkkufn;ktkukpkfg,Abupkjkssays[kdksadkjpukdkyeksVsrkSjij1800bZ-osQvkliklgS]vr%¯gnhx|dklw=kikrHkh1800bZ-osQvklikllsle>ukpkfg,A
bZlkbZèkeZizpkjdksaesals,dfofy;e osQjsusckbfcydk¯gnhvkSjcaxykvuqokndjk;kAbudkx|lhèkkvkSjljygS]pyrhgqbZHkk"kkdkiz;ksxmlesafd;kx;kgSA
vaxzsthjkT;osQizkjaaHkesadpgjhdhHkk"kkiQkjlhghjgh]oqQNizkarksaesaizkarh;Hkk"kk,¡vnkyrhdkedktesaiz;qDrgksusyxhaAoqQNizHkko'kkyheqfLyeusrkvksaµljlS;nvgen[kk¡usLowQyksaesa¯gnhi<+kusdkHkhfojksèkfd;kAjktk f'koizlkn flrkjs¯gn ¯gnhosQi{kikrhFksrFkkvaxzstksaosQÑikik=kFksA¯gnhdhj{kkosQfy,mUgksausegkudk;Zfd;krFkkoscjkcjljlS;nvgen[kk¡dkfojksèkdjrsjgsAxklkZ&n&rklhizQkalhlhfo}kuus¯gnh]mnwZosQbl>xM+sdksizQkalesacSBdjgoknhAvkpk;Z'kqDyosQvuqlkjµ^^vnkyrhHkk"kkmnwZgksrsgq,Hkhf'k{kkfoèkkuessans'kdhvlyhHkk"kk¯gnhdksLFkkunsukiM+kA**
jktk f'koizlkn flrkjs¯gn
¯gnh&mnwZosQblla?k"kZdkyesajktkf'koizlknflrkjs¯gnvkSjjktky{e.kflag¯gnhosQi{kikrhcudjlkeusvk,Af'k{kkfoHkkxesabaLisDVjgksuslsiwoZjktkf'koizlknflrkjs¯gnusdk'khls^cukjl v[kckj* fudkyukizkjaHkfd;kAftldhHkk"kkesamnZwdkiqVFkkAf'k{kkfoHkkxesaeqlyekuksadknyvfèkd'kfDr'kkyhFkk]vr%mUgksauseè;orhZekxZdkvuqlj.kdjrsgq,vkipyrhgqbZHkk"kkdkleFkZufd;kftlesamnwZosQpyrsgq,'kCnksadkiz;ksxgksrkFkkAjktkf'koizlknflrkjs¯gndhfy[khiqLrosaQgSaµvkyfl;ksa dk dhM+k] jktk Hkkst dk liuk] bfrgkl frfejuk'kd] ekuo èkeZ dk lkj] mifu"kn~ lkj] Hkwxksy gLrkeyd vkfnAoLrqr%flrkjs¯gndhHkk"kkdkLo:i,slkFkkfdos¯gnhmnwZdhleL;kdksgydjusdkiz;kldjrstkuiM+rsgSaaAblesadksbZlansgughafdmUgksauscM+hpqrjkbZls¯gnahdhj{kkdhvU;Fkkeqlyekuusrk¯gnhdksLowQyhf'k{kklsckgjdjnsusosQfy,vaxzstksaijnckocuk,gq,FksA
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jktk y{e.k flag
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¯gnhosQj{kdksaesackcw f'koizlkn flrkjs¯gn osQlkFk&lkFkiatkc osQ ckcw uohupaæ jk; HkhFksAmnwZosQi{kikfr;ksalsmUgksauscjkcjla?k"kZfd;kAuohuckcwus,dO;k[;kuesadgkµ
^^mnwZosQizpfyrgksuslsns'kokfl;ksadksdksbZykHkugksxkD;ksafdogHkk"kk[kkleqlyekuksadhgSAmlesaeqlyekuksausO;FkZesacgqrlsvjch&iQkjlh'kCnHkjfn,gSaaA---mnwZesavkf'kdhdforkosQvfrfjDrfdlhxaHkhjfo"k;dksO;Drdjusdh'kfDrghughagSA**
uohuckcwosQblO;k[;kuls gnh osQ iDosQ nq'eu xklkZ&n&rklh izQkalesacSBs&cSBscgqrfp<+svkSjmUgksausuohuckcwdks¯gnwdgrsgq,¯gnhdkfojksèk,oamnwZdkleFkZufd;kA
9-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• x|dhvusdfo/kvksadkfodklvkèkqfuddkyesaghgqvkAvkèkqfuddkyesafodflrx|foèkkvksaesamiU;kldkegÙoiw.kZLFkkugSAfganhmiU;klosQfodkldkJs;vaxzsth,oackaXykmiU;klksadksfn;ktkldrkgSA
• bZlkbZèkeZizpkjdksaesals,dfofy;eosQjsusckbfcydk¯gnhvkSjcaxykvuqokndjk;kAbudkx|lhèkkvkSjljygS]pyrhgqbZHkk"kkdkiz;ksxmlesafd;kx;kgSA
• vaxzsthjkT;osQizkjaaHkesadpgjhdhHkk"kkiQkjlhghjgh]oqQNizkarksaesaizkarh;Hkk"kk,¡vnkyrhdkedktesaiz;qDrgksusyxhaAoqQNizHkko'kkyheqfLyeusrkvksaµljlS;nvgen[kk¡usLowQyksaesa¯gnhi<+kusdkHkhfojksèkfd;kA
9-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- vkèkqfud dkyµfganhlkfgR;esavk/qfuddky(x|)1900fols1980fo
2- jpukµlkfgfR;dÑfr
9-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- ukedj.k,oale;lheklsD;krkRi;ZgS\le>kb,A
2- fganhx|dkmn~HkovkSjfodkldksfoLrkjlsle>kb,A
3- [kM+hcksyhx|dhizkjafHkdjpuk,¡,oamuosQjpf;rkvksaosQfo"k;esamYys[kdhft,A
4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaµ
1-pkSjklhoS".koudhokrkZxzaFkosQjpf;rkewy:iesacYyHkkpk;ZthosQiq=k------------------gSaA
2-gfjjk;dhx.kuk------------------esalclsmQijdhtkrhgSA
3- ------------------izk;%izpkjd]f'k{kkRedvkSjlksís';gSA
5- cgqfodYih; ç'uµ
1-;ksxokf'k"Beasiz;qDrx|------------------osQvuqlkjlokZfèkdifjekftZrgSA
(d) xaxdfo ([k) vkpk;Z'kqDy
(x) lnyfeJk (?k) ba'kkvYyk[kk¡
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vkèkqfud lkfgR; dh i`"BHkwfe 2-iafMrnkSyrjke------------------osQjpf;rkgSaA
(d) lq[klkxj ([k) izselkxj
(x) in~eiqjk.kdkHkk"kkuqokn (?k) jRulkxj
3-dkSujaxhuvkSjpqycqyhHkk"kk}kjkviukys[kudkS'kyfn[kkukpkgrsFks\
(d) bZ'kkvYyk[kk¡ ([k) lnyfeJ
(x) xaxdfo (?k) yYywyky
6- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crk,¡µ
1- fofy;eosQjsusckbZfcydkfganhvkSjcaxykesavuqoknughadjk;kA
2- f'k{kkfoHkkxesabaLisDVjgksuslsiwoZjktkf'koizlknflrkjsfganusdk'khlscukjlv[kckjfudkyukizkjaHkfd;kA
3- fidkaV¯gnhvkSjmnwZnksuksaHkk"kkvksaosQKkrkFksvkSjHkkjrdkfgrân;lspkgrsFksA
9-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
2- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
3- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
4- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl
10- Hkkjrsanq ;qx % izeq[k dfo ,oa dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡
:ijs[kk10.1 mís';(Objectives)10.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)10.3 Hkkjrsanq;qx
10.1.1 HkkjrsanqeaMyosQlkfgR;dkj
10.1.2 Hkkjrsanq;qxhudkO;izo`fÙk;k¡
10.4 lkjka'k(Summary)10.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)10.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)10.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
10-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• Hkkjrsanq;qxdhO;k[;kdjusesaA
• HkkjrsanqeaMyosQlkfgR;dkjksadkstkuusesaA
• Hkkjrsanq;qxhudkO;izo`fÙk;k¡le>usesaA
10-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
vkèkqfuddkyosQizFkepj.kdksHkkjrsanqdkydgukblfy,mi;qDrgSD;ksafd;gukedj.kHkkjrsanqckcwgfj'panzosQefgekeafMrO;fDrRodksè;kuj[kdjfd;kx;kAHkkjrsanqthlghvFkks±esafganhx|osQtuddgstkldrsgSaAmudhHkk"kkesaurkseqa'khlnklq[kykydhHkk"kkdkiafMrkmQiugS]uyYywykydkcztHkk"kkiuvkSjulnyfeJdkiwjchiuAHkkjrsanqthdklclscM+k;ksxnku;ggSfdmUgksausfganhlkfgR;dksuohuekxZfn[kyk;kAns'kfgr,oalektfgrdhHkkoukdklekos'kloZizFkeHkkjrsanqthdhlkfgfR;djpukvksaesagqvkgSA
Hkkjrsanqthe>hgqbZifj"ÑrHkk"kkdkslkeusyk,tksfganhHkk"kkturkdhcksyhFkh]vr%Hkk"kkdktksfooknmulsigyspyjgkFkkogoqQNlqy>x;kA
10-3- Hkkjrsanq ;qx
vkèkqfuddkydksdbZmi&dkyksaesafoHkDrfd;kx;kgSAMkW- uxsaæosQvuqlkj;smi&dkyfuEuor~gSaµ
1- iqutkZxj.kdky(Hkkjrsanq;qx) µ 1857bZ-µ1900bZ-
2- tkxj.klqèkkjdky(f}osnh;qx) µ 1900bZ-µ1918bZ-
3- Nk;koknh;qx µ 1918bZ-µ1938bZ-
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4- Nk;koknksÙkjdky
(v)izxfr&iz;ksxdky µ (1938bZ-µ1953bZ-)
(c)uoys[kudky µ (1953bZ----------)
mDroxhZdj.kdkO;dhn`f"VlsgSAx|esagq,fodkldksvyx<axlsle>ktkldrkgSAvkèkqfuddkyosQizFkepj.kdksHkkjrsanqdkydgukblfy,mi;qDrgSD;ksafd;gukedj.kHkkjrssanqckcwgfj'paæosQefgekeafMrO;fDrRodksè;kuesaj[kdjfd;kx;kAHkkjrsanqthdkjpukdkylu~1850bZ-ls1885bZ-rdjgkgSAegkohjizlknf}osnhusljLorhif=kdkdklEiknu1903bZ-esalaHkkykFkkAljLorhdkizdk'kulu~1900bZ-lsizkjaHkgqvkFkkvr%1850bZ-ls1900bZ-rddhvofèkdks^Hkkjrsanq;qx*dguklehphugSA
HkkjrsanqthlghvFkks±esa ¯gnhx|osQtuddgstkldrsgSaAmudhHkk"kkesa urkseqa'khlnklq[kykydhHkk"kkdkiafMrkmQiugS]uyYywykydkcztHkk"kkiuvkSjulnyfeJdkiwjchiuAjktkf'koizlkndkmnwZiu'kCnksardghlhferuFkk]okD;&foU;klesaHkhO;kIrFkkrksnwljhvksjjktky{e.kflagdhHkk"kkfo'kq¼,oaeèkqjgksrsgq,HkhvkxjkdhcksyhdkiqVfy,gq,FkhAHkkjrsanqthusHkk"kklaLdkjdjrsgq,bulHkhnks"kksals;FkklaHkoviuhHkk"kkdkseqDrj[kkAmUgksausuosQoyx|dhHkk"kkdklaLdkjfd;kvfirqi|dhcztHkk"kkdksHkhlqlaLÑrfd;kA
HkkjrsanqthdklclscM+k;ksxnku;ggS fdmUgksaus ¯gnhlkfgR;dksuohuekxZ fn[kyk;kAns'kfgr,oalektfgrdhHkkoukdklekos'kloZizFkeHkkjrsanqthdhlkfgfR;djpukvksaesagqvkgSAcaxkyesafy[ksx,ukVdksa,oamiU;klksaesabldklw=kikrigysghcaxkyhys[kddjpqosQFksAvkpk;Zjkepaæ'kqDyusHkkjrsanqosQbl;ksxnkuijfVIi.khdjrsgq,fy[kkgSµ¶gekjsthouvkSjlkfgR;osQchptksfoPNsnc<+jgkFkk]mlsmUgksausnwjfd;kAgekjslkfgR;dksu,&u,fo"k;ksadhvksjizo`Ùkdjusokysgfj'paæghgq,A¸
Hkkjrsanqthe>hgqbZifj"ÑrHkk"kkdkslkeusyk,tks¯gnhHkk"kkturkdhcksyahFkh]vr%Hkk"kkdktksfooknmulsigyspyjgkFkkogcgqroqQNlqy>x;kA
10-1-1 Hkkjrsanq eaMy osQ lkfgR;dkj
Hkkjrsanqthus;|fi35o"kZdhvYik;qghizkIrdh drqblvYidkyesaghmuosQchpys[kdksadk,dvPNk&[kklkeaMyrS;kjgksx;kFkkftlesa ia- izrkiukjk;.k feJ] cnjhukjk;.k pkSèkjh ^isze?ku*] BkoqQj txeksgu flag vkSj ia- ckyÑ".k HkV~V osQukefy,tkldrsgSaA
Hkkjrsanqthdh'kSyhosQnks:igSaµ1-Hkkokos'k'kSyh]2-rF;fu:i.k'kSyhAbuesalsizFke'kSyhesafy[ksx,okD;NksVs&NksVsgSaAHkk"kkljy,oacksypkydhgSArF;fu:i.k'kSyhosQvarxZrlaLÑr'kCnksadkvfèkdiz;ksxgqvkgSA
ia- izrkiukjk;.k feJ fouksnhizÑfrosQFks]vr%mudhHkk"kkesaLoPNanrk,oacksypkydhpiyrkvkSjHkkoHkafxekfn[kkbZiM+rhgSA
cnjhukjk;.k pkSèkjh ^isze?ku* osQys[kksaesax|dkO;osQiqjkus<axdh>ydfn[kkbZiM+rhgSA
ia- ckyÑ".k HkV~V dhHkk"kkoSlhgStSlh[kjh&[kjhdgusokyksadhgksrhgSA
BkoqQj txeksgu flag dhHkk"kk&'kSyh'kCn&'kksèkuvkSjvkuqizkfldrkls;qDrgSA
Hkkjrsanq;qxesax|dkizkjaHkHkhukVdksalsgqvkAHkkjrsanq th uscaxykosQukVd^fo|klqanj* dk¯gnhesavuqoknfd;kAukVdksadksjaxeapijizLrqrdjusdkm|ksxHkhigysigyHkkjrsanqeaMyosQys[kdksausfd;kA;ghugha;syksxLo;aHkhukVdksaesavfHku;djrsFksAia- 'khryk izlkn f=kikBh Ñr^tkudh eaxy ukVd* esaHkkjrsanqthusLo;avfHku;fd;kFkkvkSjblsns[kusLo;adk'khujs'kegkjktbZ'ojhukjk;.kflagièkkjsFksAizrkiukjk;.kfeJus,dukVdesavfHku;djusosQfy,ew¡NeqM+okysusdhvkKkviusfirklsek¡xhFkhA
80 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl bldkyesavusdvPNsfucaèkdkjHkhgq,ftUgksausfofoèkfo"k;ksaijfucaèkfy[ksAjktuhfr]lekt]ns'k]½rq]ioZ]R;ksgkj]thoupfj=krFkkvU;vusdfo"k;ksaijbldkyesafucaèkfy[ksx,A
caxHkk"kkosQvuqdj.kij¯gnhesamiU;klksadhvksj>qdkoc<+jgkFkkA¯gnhdkigykmiU;kl ^ykyk Jh fuokl nkl* }kjkfy[kkx;kAftldkukegSµ^ijh{kk xq#*A blosQmijkarjkèkkÑ".k nkl us^fuLlgk; ¯gnw vkSjia- ckyÑ".k HkV~V us^uwru czãpkjh* rFkk^lkS vtku ,d lqtku* ukedmiU;klksadhjpukdhA
bldkyesamiU;klksaosQvuqokndhijaijkHkhpyjghFkhAizrkiukjk;.k feJ,oaBkoqQjtxeksguflagusHkhck¡XykmiU;klksaosQvuqokn¯gnhesafd,A;|fibuvuwfnrmiU;klksadhHkk"kkmUurughaFkhrFkkfi¯gnhikBdksadksu,<axosQlkekftd,oa,sfrgkfldmiU;klksadkifjp;izkIrgksjgkFkkA
Hkkjrsanq ckcw gfj'paæ (1850&1885)
HkkjrsanqthdktUe1850bZ-esarFkke`R;q35o"kZdhvYik;qesalu~1885bZ-esagqbZAblvYidkyesaghblegkulkèkdusek¡HkkjrhosQHkaMkjesavHkwriwoZo`f¼dhAoscgqeq[khizfrHkklaiUulkfgR;dkjFksAmuosQlaiw.kZÑfrRodkfooj.kfuEuor~gSµ
ekSfyd ukVd
1- oSfndh¯glk&¯glkuHkofr 2-paækoyhukfVdk 3- fo"kL;fo"kekS"kèke~
4- HkkjrnqnZ'kk 5-uhynsoh 6- vaèksjuxjh
7- iszetksfxuh 8-lrhizrki(vèkwjk)A
vuwfnr ukVd
1- fo|klqanj 2-ik[kaMfoMacu 3- èkuat;fot;
4- diZwjeatjh 5-eqækjk{kl 6- lR;gfj'paæ
7- Hkkjrtuuh 8-nqyZHkcaèkq 9- jRukoyhA
dkO; Ñfr;k¡
1- iszekJqo.kZu 2-iszeekèkqjh 3- iszerjax
4- mÙkjk¼ZHkDreky 5-iszeizyki 6- xhrxksfoankuan
7- lrlbZflaxkj 8-gksyh 9- eèkqeqoqQy
10- jkxlaxzg 11-o"kkZfouksn 12- fou;iszeipklk
13- iwQyksadkxqPNk 14-iszeiqQyokjh 15- Ñ".kpfj=k
16- rUe;yhyk 17-nkuyhyk 18- izcksfèkuh
19- izkrlehju 20-cdjhfoyki 21- jkeyhykA
miU;kl
1- gehjgB 2- jkeyhyk 3- lqykspuk
4- 'khyorh 5-lkfo=khpfj=kA
fucaèk
1- lcStkfrxksikydh 2- fe=krk 3- lw;ksZn;
4- oqQNvkichrhoqQNtxchrh 5-t;nso 6- caxHkk"kkdhdforkA
bfrgkl xzaFk
1- d'ehjoqQlqe 2-ckn'kkgniZ.kA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 81
Hkkjrsanq ;qx % izeq[k dfo ,oa dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡
HkkjrsanqthosQfirkxksikypaæ HkhvPNsdfoFksvkSj^fxjèkjnkl* ukelsdforkdjrsFksAHkkjrsanqthosQdkO;xq#ia-yksdukFkFksA
HkkjrsanqthossQukVdksa]fucaèkksaesafo"k;oSfoè;FkkApaækoyhukfVdkesaiszeosQvkn'kZdkfu:i.kgSrksuhynsoh,sfrgkfldukVdgSAHkkjr&nqnZ'kkesans'kdhn'kkdkfp=k.kgSrksfo"kL;fo"kekS"kèke~esans'khjtokM+ksaosQ"kM~;a=kksadkinkZiQk'kfd;kx;kgSAiszetksfxuhesaèkkfeZdik[kaMdkfp=k.kgSAmudhdforkesaHkfDrHkkouk]Üka`xkfjdrkosQlkFk&lkFkL=khf'k{kk]lektlqèkkj]jk"Vªh;rkvkfndkcstksM+laxegSAHkkjrsanq;qxosQvU;ys[kdksausHkhviuslekpkji=kksa&if=kdkvksa,oajpukvksaaosQekè;elslektesaO;kIroqQjhfr;ksa]feF;kpkjksa]vaèkfo'oklksaijoqQBkjk?kkrfd;kA
Hkkjrsanq;qxosQizeq[kdfo;ksaesaHkkjrsanqckcwgfj'paæosQvfrfjDrizrkiukjk;.kfeJ]cnjhukjk;.kpkSèkjh^isze?ku*]vfEcdknÙkO;kl]BkoqQjtxeksguflag]jkèkkÑ".knkl]jkèkkpj.kxksLokehvkfngSaAHkkjrsanqthosQukVdksaesatksxhrgSamuesa,dvksjrksHkkjrosQvrhrxkSjodkvaadufd;kx;kgSrksnwljhvksjorZekuvèkksxfrdkfp=k.kgSAizrkiukjk;.kfeJdh^gjxaxk*^¯gnhdhfgek;r*]^cq<+kik*vkfndfork,¡cgqrizfl¼gqb±Acnjhukjk;.kpkSèkjhdhdforkvksaesaHkhledkyhufo"k;ksadkmn~?kkVufd;kx;kgSAmudhdforkvksaesans'kdhrRdkyhun'kkdkHkh;FkkFkZfp=kvafdrfd;kx;kgSA
10-1-2 Hkkjrsanq;qxhu dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡
Hkkjrsanq;qxhudfo;ksausviusdrZO;dkHkyhHkk¡frfuokZgdjusgsrqturkosQlkekftd]vkfFkZd]jktuhfrdigyqvksadkmn~?kkVuviuhdforkesafd;kAHkko]Hkk"kk]NanvkfnlHkhn`f"V;ksalsifj"dkjdhizo`fÙkbldkyosQlkfgR;dkjksaesafo|ekuFkhAmudhdkO;izo`fÙk;ksadkmn~?kkVuvxz'kh"kZdksaesafd;ktkldrkgSµ
1- jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk
fons'kh'kkldksaosQvR;kpkjksalsihfM+rHkkjrh;tuekulesajk"Vªh;rkdhHkkoukdklapkjdjusdkiz;klHkkjrsanq;qxhudfo;ksausfd;kgSAjkèkkpj.k xksLokeh dhdfork^gekjksmÙkeHkkjrnsl*]jkèkkÑ".knkldhdfork^Hkkjr ckjgeklk* vkSjcnjh ukjk;.k pkSèkjh ^isze?ku* dhdfork^èkU;HkwfeHkkjrlcjrufudhmitkofu*blhHkkouklsvksrizksrgSaAHkkjrsanqthusfuEuiafDr;ksaesavaxzstksa}kjkfd,tkjgs'kks"k.kdkfp=kvafdrfd;kgSµ
Hkhrj&Hkhrj lc jl pwlS]
gafl&gafl osQ ru eu èku ewlSA
tkfgj ckru esa vfr rst]
D;ksa lf[k lktu u¯g vaxzstAA
ns'kHkfDrvkSjjktHkfDrdkvn~HkqrleUo;HkkjrsanqtheasfeyrkgSAvaxzstoqQ'ky'kkluO;oLFkkdjjgsFksijHkhrj&gh&HkhrjHkkjrdkvk£Fkd'kks"k.kHkhdjjgsgSa]bldkmYys[kHkkjrsanqthusfuEuiafDr;ksaesafd;kgSµ
vaxzst jkt lq[k lkt lts lc HkkjhA
iS èku fonsl pfy tkr ;gS vfr [okjhAA
oLrqr%f}osnh;qxesaftljk"Vªh;rkdkmn;]dfo;ksaesagqvkmldkchtkjksi.kHkkjrsanq;qxesagksx;kFkkAeSfFkyh'kj.k xqIrtSlsdfo^Hkkjr&Hkkjrh*dhjpuklaHkor%Hkkjrsanq;qxhudfo;ksadhjk"Vªh;HkkouklsizsfjrgksdjghdjlosQA
82 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 2- lekt dh nqnZ'kk dk fp=k.k
jhfrdkyosQdfo;ksa us lektdhvksjlsviuhvk¡[ksa candjyh Fkha] ¯drq Hkkjrsanq;qxhudfo;ksauslkekftdthoudk;FkkrF;fu:i.kdjusesa#fpfn[kkbZgSAvk;Zlekt,oaczãlekttSlslkekftdvkanksyuksaosQizHkkolsbldkyesauohulkekftdpsrukdkmn;gqvkvkSjfoèkokfookg]ukjhf'k{kk]vLi`';rkfuokj.kdhvksjturkdkè;kuvkdf"kZrdjusokyhdfork,¡fy[khxb±Alkekftd:f<+;ksadksudkjrsgq,ckyfookg]foèkokfookg]lrhizFkk]NqvkNwrdksdkO;fo"k;cuk;kx;kvkSjlkekftdoqQjhfr;ksa]Ny&diV,oaik[kaMdk[kaMudjusesabudfo;ksausc<+&p<+dj;ksxnkufd;kAHkkjrsanqthusHkkjrnqnZ'kkdkfp=k.kbuiafDr;ksaesafd;kµ
jkscgq lc fefy vkcgq Hkkjr HkkbZA
gk gk Hkkjr nqnZ'kk ns[kh u tkbZAA
cnjhukjk;.kpkSèkjh^izse?ku*usik'pkR;lH;rkdkvaèkkuqdj.kdjusokyslkgcksaijO;aX;djrsgq,fy[kkµ
pwlgq pq#V yk[k ij ykxr iku fcuk eq¡g lwuA
vPNj pkfj i<+s vaxjsth cu x, viQykrwuAA
ckyfoèkokvksadhnqnZ'kkijizrkiukjk;.kfeJusfy[kkµ
^dkSu djstks u¯g dldr lqfu foifr cky foèkou dhA*
jkèkkpj.k xksLokehusHkhHkkjrdhnqnZ'kkdkfp=k.kdjrsgq,fy[kkgSµ
eSa gk;&gk; nS èkk; iqdkjkSa jksbZA
Hkkjr dh Mwch uko mckjkS dksbZAA
oLrqr%osviuhih<+hdkslpsrdjrsgq,HkkjrdhMwchuS;kdksmckjusdhckrdgjgsgSaA
3- Üka`xkfjdrk
Hkkjrsanq;qxosQdfo;ksausÜka`xkkjdhe;kZfnrvfHkO;fDrdhgSAjhfrdkyhui¼friju[k&f'k[ko.kZu,oaukf;dkHksndkfp=k.krksbudfo;ksausfd;kghgS]lkFkghÑ".kdksuk;dekudjrFkkjkèkkdksukf;dkekudjmudhiszeyhykvksadkfp=k.kHkhfd;kgSAHkkjrsanqthdhjpukvksaµiszeljksoj]iszerjax]izseekèkqjh]iszeiqQyokjhesaÜka`axkjHkkoukdhlqanjvfHkO;fDrgqbZgSAo;lafèkdksizkIrukf;dkdklqanjfp=kn`"VO;gSµ
fllqrkbZ vtkSa u xbZ ru rsa]
rmQ thou tksfr cVksjSa yxhaA
lqfu oSQ pjpk gfjpan dh dkuu]
owQd nS HkkSag ejksjSa yxhaAA
cfp lklq tsBkfuu lkSa fi;rSa]
nqfj ?kw¡?kV eSa n`x tksjSa yxhaA
nqygh mygh lc vaxu rS]
fnu }S rs ih;w"k fupkSjSa yxhaAA
budfo;ksausfo;ksxÜka`xkjdkHkhlaqnjfp=k.kviuhjpukvksaesafd;kgSABkoqQj txeksgu ¯lgusviuhjpuk^izselaifÙkyfyrk*esaukf;dkosQfojgdkfu:i.kbuiafDr;ksaesafd;kgSµ
vc ;kSa mj vkor gS ltuh]
fefy tkm¡Q xjs yfx oSaQ Nfr;k¡A
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 83
Hkkjrsanq ;qx % izeq[k dfo ,oa dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡
eu dh dfj Hkk¡fr vusdu vkS]
fefy dhft, jh jl dh cfr;k¡AA
ge gkfj vjh dfj dksfV mik;]
fy[kh cgq usg Hkjh ifr;kaA
txeksgu eksguh ewjfr osQ fcuk]
oSQlas dVSa nq[k dh jfr;k¡AA
iafMr izrkiukjk;.k feJ ,oajkèkkÑ".knkltSlsdfo;ksausÜk`axkjdksviukdkO;fo"k;ughacuk;kA
4- HkfDr Hkkouk
HkkjrsanqthdksHkfDrHkkoukiSr`dfojklresa feyhFkhAmudhHkfDrijdjpukvksaesaizeq[kgSaµHkfDrloZLo]oS'kk[kekgkRE;,oadkfrZdLukuA blhfy,osblizdkjdhiafDr;k¡fy[kldusesaleFkZgkslosQµ
^^esjs rks lkèku ,d gh gSa tx uanyyk o`"kHkkuq nqykjhAA** µHkkjrsanq
jkèkkÑ".kdheèkqjNfodkvadumuosQvusdinksaesamiyCèkgksrkgSA;Fkkµ
uSu Hkfj nsf[k ysgq ;g tksjhA
eueksgu lqanj uj ukxj Jh o`"kHkkuq fdlksjhA
dgk dgw¡ Nfo dfg u¯g vkoS og lkaoj ;g xksjhAA µHkkjrsanq
iafMrizrkiukjk;.kfeJ,oajkèkkÑ".knklosQdkO;esaHkfDrHkkoukdkogLo:ifn[kkbZiM+rkgS]tksfuxqZ.kHkDrdfo;ksaosQdkO;esafo|ekuFkkAmUgksauslalkjdhu'ojrk]ek;k&eksgosQcaèku]vkSjfo"k;oklukdhfuLlkjrk]vkfndkmYys[kviuhjpukvksaesafd;kgS];Fkkµ
tks fo"k;k laru rth rkfg ew<+ yiVkrA
tks uj Mkjr oeu dfj Loku lkSa [kkrAA µjkèkkÑ".knkl
bZ'ojosQizfrn`<+fo'oklO;Drdjrsgq,HkkjrsanqthusviuhnhurkdkmYys[kfd;kgSvkSjmulsviusm¼kjdhizkFkZukdhgSµ
mèkkjkS nhucaèkq egjktA
tSsls gSa rSls rqejs gh ugha vkSj lkSa dktAA µHkkjrsanq
bldkydhoqQNvU;HkfDrijdjpuk,¡blizdkjgSaµ
1- vykSfddyhyk µ cnjhukjk;.kpkSèkjh^izse?ku*
2- oaQloèk µ vafcdknÙkO;kl
3- lw;ZLrks=k µ cnjhukjk;.kpkSèkjh^izse?ku*
4- uoHkDreky µ jkèkkpj.kxksLokeh
5- HkfDrloZLo µ Hkkjrasnqckcwgfj'panz
6- oS'kk[kekgkRE; µ Hkkjrasnqckcwgfj'panz
7- dk£rdLuku µ Hkkjrasnqckcwgfj'pan
5- izÑfr fp=k.k
Hkkjrsanq;qxhudfo;ksausizÑfrdkLoPNan:iesafp=k.kfd;k];|fidgha&dghaijaijkfuokZgdjrsgq,izÑfrfu:i.kHkhfd;kx;kgSA,dvksjrksolar]o"kkZvkfn½rqvksaosQeuksgkjhfp=k
84 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl vafdrfd,x,rksnwljhvksjxaxk];equk]pk¡nuhvkfndklqanjfp=k.kfd;kgSAHkkjrsanqÑr^olargksyh*esa^olar*dko.kZugSrFkkJhpaækoyhukfVdkesa^;equk*o.kZufd;kx;kgSAizÑfrosQekè;elsuk;d&ukf;dkdhÜka`xkjps"Vkvksadkfu:i.kHkhfd;kx;kgSAHkkjrsanqth}kjkfd;kx;k;equko.kZuvR;arvkd"kZdcuiM+kgS];Fkkµ
rjfu ruwtk rV reky r#oj cgqq Nk,A
>qosQ owQy lkSa ty ijlu fgr eugq¡ lqgk,AA
6- gkL;&O;aX; dh izèkkurk
bldkyosQdfo;ksausgkL;&O;aX;ijdjpukvksaosQegÙodksle>rsgq,buosQekè;elsvaxzsth'kklu]ik'pkR;lH;rk]lkekftdvaèkfo'okl,oa:f<+;ksaijdjkjhpksVdhAHkkjrsanqthusviusukVdksa,oa,dkafd;ksaesaO;aX;ksfDr;ksaosQekè;elsrRdkyhuifjfLFkfr;ksadklqanjfp=k.kfd;kgSA^vaèksjuxjh*esapwjuokykdgrkgSµ
pwju lkgc yksx tks [kkrkA
lkjk ^¯gn* gte dj tkrkAA
u,tekusdheqdjhesadfouslkef;dcqjkb;ksaijO;aX;fd,gSaAe|ikuosQlacaèkesamudhO;aX;ksfDrnsf[k,µ
eq¡g tc ykxs rc u¯g NwVS]
tkfr eku èku lc oqQN ywVSA
ikxy dfj eksfg djS [kjkc]
D;ksa lf[k lktu ugha ljkcAA
izrkiukjk;.kfeJdhdfork,¡gjxaxk]cq<+kik]mnwZdkL;kik]gkL;&O;aX;dhn`f"Vlscgqrizfl¼gqb±A
7- leL;k iw£r
HkkjrasnqdkyosQdfoleL;kiw£rosQ:iesaghdkO;jpukdjrsFksAdksbZ,diafDr;ki|ka'k^leL;k*osQ:iesafn;ktkrkFkkvkSjdfotufoy{k.kdYiuk,¡djrsgq,mlleL;kiw£rdkizeq[kfu;e;gFkkfdnhxbZiafDrNan;kdforkosQvaresaghvkuhpkfg,AleL;kiw£rdh;gijaijkdfo;ksadhizfrHkkdksij[kus,oamuosQjpuk&dkS'kydhFkkgikusdksdlkSVhle>htkrhFkhAdfoxksf"B;ksaesaleL;kiw£rdhizfr;ksfxrk,¡gksrhFkhavkSjjfldlektbUgsacM+spkolslqurkFkkAleL;kiw£rosQfy,tksfo"k;fn,tkrsFksosizk;%Ük`axkjlslacafèkrgksrsFksAdkuiqjdh,dlaLFkk^jfldlekt*esa,dckjleL;kiw£rosQfy,,diafDrnhxbZµ^^iihgktciwfNgSihodgk¡**blleL;kdhiw£riafMrizrkiukjk;.kfeJusblizdkjdhµ
cu cSfB gS eku dh ewjfr lh]
eq[k [kksyr cksyS u ukgha u gkaA
rqe gh euqgkfj oSQ gkfj ijs]
lf[k;ku dh dkSu pykbZ rgkaAA
oj"kk gS izrkitw* èkhjs èkjkS]
vcykS eu dkSa le>k;kS tgk¡A
og C;kfj rcS cnySxh dNw]
iihgk tc iwfN gS iho dgk¡AA
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Hkkjrsanq ;qx % izeq[k dfo ,oa dkO; izo`fÙk;k¡
leL;kiw£rosQekè;elsmfDroSfp=;]vyadj.k,oadYiukdkeuksgkjhiz;ksxdjusdhjhfrdkyhuizo`fÙkdksdkO;esai;kZIrizJ;feykAleL;kiw£rlslacafèkrbldkyosQoqQNizeq[kdkO;laxzggSaµvafcdknÙk O;kl Ñr ^leL;k iw£r loZLo*f}txaxÑr^leL;kizdk'k*vkSjxks¯onfxYykHkkbZÑr^leL;kiw£riznhi*A
8- cztHkk"kk dk iz;ksx
Hkkjrsanq;qxosQvfèkdka'kdfo;ksauscztHkk"kkesaghdkO;jpukdhA;|fi[kM+hcksyhdkiz;ksxbldkyesaizkjaHkgksx;kFkkAbudfo;ksadhHkk"kkin~ekdj,oa?kukuantSlhifj"ÑrHkk"kkrksughagS]¯drqmlesaizokg,oaLokHkkfodrkgSAiafMrizrkiukjk;.kdhcztHkk"kkesadUukSthdkizHkkorFkkmnwZ'kCnksaadkiz;ksxlkiQ>ydrkgSAHkkjrsanqthus;|filkiQ&lqFkjhcztHkk"kkdkiz;ksxfd;krFkkfimudhjpuk^iwQyksadkxqPNk*esamnwZosQi;kZIr'kCngSaAbldkyosQoqQNdfo;ksaus[kM+hcksyhesaHkhjpuk,¡fy[khaijosdyk,oaHkkodhn`f"VlsmruhizHkkoiw.kZughagSaA
vfèkdka'kdfo;ksauseqDrd'kSyhesafy[kkrFkkfioqQNizcaèkdkO;Hkhfy[ksx,Abudfo;ksausnksgk]pkSikbZ]oqaQMfy;ka]jksyk]loS;k]gfjxhfrdk]dfoÙktSlsijaifjrNanksaesadkO;jpukdhANanksadhn`f"VlsbuosQdkO;esafofoèkrkgSA
Hkkjrsanq;qxosQdfo;ksausdforkdksjhfrdkyhuifjos'klsfudkydjlkef;dleL;kvksalstksM+fn;kAfons'kh'kkldksaosQvR;kpkjksadko.kZuHkhmUgksausfd;k]Hkysghognchtckulsfd;kx;kgSAHkkjrsanqosQ:iesa,dlcylkfgR;dkj¯gnhdksizkIrgqvkAos lPps vFkks± esa vkèkqfud dky osQ tud dgs tk ldrs gSAjk"VªvkSjlektdksmn~cksèkunsrsgq,mUgkssaus^dfodrZO;*dkc[kwchikyufd;k]ftlosQfy,oslkèkqoknosQik=kgSaaA
10-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• HkkjrsanqthdklclscM+k;ksxnku;ggSfdmUgksaus¯gnhlkfgR;dksuohuekxZfn[kyk;kAns'kfgr,oalektfgrdhHkkoukdklekos'kloZizFkeHkkjrsanqthdhlkfgfR;djpukvksaesagqvkgSAcaxkyesafy[ksx,ukVdksa,oamiU;klksaesabldklw=kikrigysghcaxkyhys[kddjpqosQFksA
• HkkjrsanqdkyesamiU;klksaosQvuqokndhijaijkHkhpyjghFkhAizrkiukjk;.kfeJ,oaBkoqQjtxeksguflagusHkhck¡XykmiU;klksaosQvuqokn¯gnhesafd,A;|fibuvuwfnrmiU;klksadhHkk"kke>hgqbZughaFkhrFkkfi¯gnhikBdksadksu,<axosQlkekftd,oa,sfrgkfldmiU;klksadkifjp;izkIrgksjgkFkkA
• HkkjrsanqthossQukVdksa]fucaèkksaesafo"k;oSfoè;FkkApaækoyhukfVdkesaiszeosQvkn'kZdkfu:i.kgSrksuhynsoh,sfrgkfldukVdgSAHkkjr&nqnZ'kkesans'kdhn'kkdkfp=k.kgSrksfo"kL;fo"kekS"kèke~esans'khjtokM+ksaosQ"kM~;a=kksadkinkZiQk'kfd;kx;kgSAiszetksfxuhesaèkkfeZdik[kaMdkfp=k.kgSA
• Hkkjrsanq;qxosQdfo;ksausdforkdksjhfrdkyhuifjos'klsfudkydjlkef;dleL;kvksalstksM+fn;kAfons'kh'kkldksaosQvR;kpkjksadko.kZuHkhmUgksausfd;k]Hkysghognchtckulsfd;kx;kgSAHkkjrsanqosQ:iesa,dlcylkfgR;dkj¯gnhdksizkIrgqvkAos lPps vFkks± esa vkèkqfud dky osQ tud dgs tk ldrs gSaAjk"VªvkSjlektdksmn~cksèkunsrsgq,mUgkssaus^dfodÙkZO;*dkc[kwchikyufd;k]ftlosQfy,oslkèkqoknosQik=kgSaaA
10-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- vYik;qµdemez]vo;Ld
2- cgqeq[kh izfrHkkµfofHkUu;ksX;rkvksalsiw.kZ]fofo/izfrHkklaiUu
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl10-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- HkkjrsanqeaMyosQlkfgR;dkjksaosQlkfgR;dko.kZudhft,A
2- Hkkjrsanqckcwgfj'panzdkthouifjp;nhft,A
3- Hkkjrsanq;qxhudkO;izo`fÙk;ksalsD;krkRi;ZgS\mYys[kdhft,A
4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaµ
1-tkxj.klqèkkjdky-------------------1857bZ-ls1900bZ-rdA
2-ljLorhdkizdk'kulu~-------------------lsizzkjaHkgqvkFkkA
3-Hkkjrsanqthus-------------------djrsgq,bulHkhnks"kksals;FkklaHkoviuhHkk"kkdkseqDrj[kkA
4-ns'kfgr,oalektfgrdhHkkoukdk-------------------loZizFkeHkkjrsanqthdhlkfgfR;djpukvksaesagqvkA
5- cgqfodYih; ç'uµ
1-HkkjrsanqthdhHkkokos'k'kSyhesafy[ksx,okD;oSQlsgSa\
(d) cM+s&cM+s ([k) NksVs&NksVs
(x) izklafxd (?k) gkL;izn
2-HkkjrsanqthuscaxykosQukVdfo|klqanjdkvuqoknfdlHkk"kkesafd;k\
(d) fganh ([k) xqtjkrh
(x) ejkBh (?k) mfM+;k
3- ¯gnhdkizFkemiU;klfdlosQ}kjkfy[kkx;k\
(d) ckcwxqykcjk; ([k) f}osnh
(x) 'kqDyth (?k) ykykJhfuokl
6- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crk,¡µ
1-ns'kHkfDrvkSjjktHkfDrdkvn~HkqrleUo;HkkjrsanqthesaughafeyrkgSA
2-Hkkjrsanqthdhjpukvksa&izseljksoj]izserjax]izseekèkqjh]izseiqQyokjhesaÜk`axkjHkkoukdhlqanjvfHkO;fDrgqbZgSA
3-Hkkjrsanq;qxhudfo;ksausizÑfrdkLoPNan:iesa fp=k.k fd;k];|fidgha&dghaijaijkfuokZgdjrsgq,izÑfrfu:i.kHkhfd;kx;kgSA
10-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
2- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
3- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
4- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
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vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh ,oa mudk ;qx % jk"Vª dkO;èkkjk ,oa
ledkyhu dfork11- vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh ,oa mudk ;qx % jk"Vª dkO;èkkjk ,oa ledkyhu dfork
:ijs[kk11.1 mís';(Objectives)11.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)11.3 f}osnh;qx]fganhuotkxj.kvkSjljLorh]jk"Vªh;lkaLÑfrd/kjkosQizeq[kdfo
11.1.1 egkohjizlknf}osnhvkSjmudk;qx
11.1.2 fganhuotkxj.kvkSjljLorh
11.1.3 jk"Vªh;&lkaLÑfrd/kjkosQizeq[kdfo
11.4 lkjka'k(Summary)11.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)11.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)11.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
11-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• f}osnh;qxdksle>usesaA
• fganhuotkxj.kdko.kZudjusesaA
• jk"Vªh;&lkaLÑfrd/kjkosQizeq[kdfo;ksadkstkuusesaA
11-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
Hkkjrsanq;qx;fnvkèkqfuddkydkizos'k}kjgSrksf}osnh;qxmldkfoLr`rizkax.ktgk¡muizo`fÙk;ksadksfodflr,oaiYyforgksusdkvoljizkIrgqvktksHkkjrsanq;qxesaizkjaHkgqbZFkhaAfo'ks"kr%Hkkjrh;tuekulesaLons'kkuqjkx,oauotkxj.kosQtkschtHkkjrsanq;qxesavaoqQfjrgq,Fks]osf}osnh;qxesaiw.kZiYyforgksdjlkeusvkx,A
mUuhloha'krhdkvargksrs&gksrsHkkjrsanqdkyhuleL;kiwfrZ,oauhjlrqdcafn;ksalslân;foeq[kgksusyxsrFkkyacsle;lsdkO;Hkk"kkosQ:iesaO;oârcztHkk"kkdkvkd"kZ.kHkhyqIrgksusyxkvkSjmldkLFkku[kM+hcksyh¯gnhusysfy;kA
11-3- f}osnh ;qx] fganh uotkxj.k vkSj ljLorh] jk"Vªh; lkaLÑfrd /kjk osQ izeq[k dfo
11-1-1 egkohjizlkn f}osnh vkSj mudk ;qx
f}osnh;qxdkukedj.kvkpk;Zegkohjizlknf}osnhosQxfjekeafMrO;fDrRodksosaQæesaj[kdjfd;kx;kAmUgksaus^ljLorh*if=kdkosQlaikndosQ:iesa¯gnhtxrdhegkulsokdhvkSj¯gnh
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iafMregkohjizlknf}osnhdk¯gnhlkfgR;esa;ksxnku,dltZdosQ:iesamrukughagSftruk,dfopkjd]fn'kk&funsZ'kd]fpard,oafu;kedosQ:iesagSAmudhizsj.kkls¯gnhosQvusddfolkeusvk,tksmuosQvkn'kks±dksysdjvkxsc<+sAmudhfopkjèkkjkdkiYyoudjrsgq,budfo;ksaus,dvksjrksuohudkO;èkkjkdkJhx.ks'kdjrsgq,Hkkjrsanqdkyhu leL;k iwfrZ] jhfr fu:i.k ls ¯gnh dfork dks eqDr fd;krksnwljhvksj[kM+hcksyhdksdkO;Hkk"kkosQ:iesaizfrf"Brdjfn;kAHkk"kkifj"dkj,oalaLdkjdktksdk;Zf}osnh;qxesagqvkoglnSoLej.kh;jgsxkA
11-1-2 ¯gnh uotkxj.k vkSj ljLorh
lu~1857bZ-esagq,izFkeLora=krklaxzkeusuotkxj.kdkfcxqyctkfn;kvkSjHkkjrh;tuekulesans'kHkfDr]Lora=krk]jk"VªksRFkku]Lons'kkfHkekudhHkkouk,¡tkxzrgksusyxhaAHkkjrsanq;qxesatgk¡budklw=kikrgqvk]oghaf}osnh;qxesa;siYyfor,oafodflrgksxb±AMkW-jkefoykl'kekZusblhfy,¯gnhuotkxj.kdks¯gnwtkfrdktkxj.kekukgSA bluotkxj.kdhygjdkstu&turdigq¡pkusesa^ljLorh*if=kdkdkfo'ks"k;ksxnkugSAblosQvfrfjDrizHkk]e;kZnkif=kdkdksHkh;gJs;tkrkgSA
ljLorhif=kdkdkizdk'kulu~1900bZ-lsizkjaHkgqvkrFkklu~1903bZ-esaegkohjizlknf}osnhusbldklaiknuHkkjlaHkkykAf}osnhthusblif=kdkesa,slsys[kksadksizdkf'krfd;kftUgksausuotkxj.kdhygjdksizlkfjrdjusesaegÙoiw.kZ;ksxnkufd;kAMkW-jkefoykl'kekZusviuhiqLrd^vkpk;Zegkohjizlknf}osnhvkSj¯gnhuotkxj.k*esaljLorhif=kdklsm¼j.knsdjblckrdksiq"Vfd;kgSA
vkpk;Zegkohjizlknf}osnhlsizsj.kkysdjrFkkmuosQvkn'kks±dksysdjvkxsc<+usokysvusddfolkeusvk,ftuesaizeq[kgSaµeSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] xksiky'kj.k flag] x;k izlkn 'kqDy ^lusgh*vkSjykspuizlkn ikaMs;vkfnA;ghughavfirqcgqrlkjs,slsdfotksigyscztHkk"kkesadforkfy[kjgsFksrFkkmudhfo"k;oLrq,oa'kSyhizkphui¼frijFkh]vcf}osnhth,oa^ljLorh*lsizsfjrgksdjdkO;osQfpj&ifjfprmiknkuksadksNksM+dju,fo"k;ksaij[kM+hcksyhesadforkfy[kusyxsA,slsdfo;ksaesaizeq[kgSaµv;ksè;kflag mikè;k; ^gfjvkSèk*] Jhèkj ikBd] ukFkwjke 'kekZ ^'kadj* rFkkjk; nsohizlkn ^iw.kZ*AbulHkhdfo;ksadhdfork,¡uotkxj.k]jk"Vªh;rk]Lons'kkuqjkx,oaLons'khHkkouklsifjiw.kZgSaA
f}osnh;qxesaosQoyHkk"kk{ks=kesaghifjorZuughagqvkvfirqNanksaosQ{ks=kesaHkhifjorZuifjyf{krgSAvcijaijkxrNaniz;ksxosQlkFk&lkFklaLÑrosQo.kZo`Ùkksadkiz;ksxHkhdfox.kizpqjrklsdjusyxsA
^ljLorh*if=kdkusdfo;ksadh,dubZikSèkrS;kjdhAmudhizsj.kklsvusddfo;ksausuohufo"k;ksaijdforkfy[khAmuosQ,dfucaèklsizsfjrgksdjeSfFkyh'kj.k xqIrusfpjmisf{krkmfeZykdksegÙonsusgsrq^lkosQr*ukedegkdkO;dhjpukdhAmUgksausegkohjizlknf}osnhdhizsj.kkdksfuEuiafDr;ksaesaLohdkjdjrsgq,viuhÑrKrkKkfirdhgSµ
djrs rqylhnkl Hkh oSQls ekul ukn\ egkohj dk ;fn ugha feyrk mUgsa izlknAA
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ledkyhu dfork
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oLrqr%^ljLorh*if=kdkusHkk"kkvkSjlkfgR;nksuksagh{ks=kksaesaifj"dkjfd;kAblosQekè;elsKkudkizpkj&izlkjgqvk]fdrusghu,ys[kdvkSjdfoizdk'kesavk,]Hkk"kklaLdkjgqvk]lektlqèkkj]ns'kizse]pfj=k&fuekZ.kdhHkkouk,¡fodflrgqb±Ans'kHkfDr ,oa jk"Vªh;rk dh psruk fodflr djus esa Hkh bl if=kdk dk fof'k"V ;ksxnku gSA
11-1-3 jk"Vªh;&lkaLÑfrd /kjk osQ izeq[k dfo
ek[kuyky prqosZnhµek[kuykyprqosZnh(1889&1968)dktUeeè;izns'kosQftykgks'kaxkcknosQxk¡ockcbZesagqvkFkkAbuosQfirkxk¡oosQLowQyesavè;kidFks]blfy,budhvkjafHkdf'k{kkoghagqbZA;s,dltx]laosnu'khy,oamRlkghO;fDrFksvkSjvkjaHklsghns'kdhn'kkosQizfrtkx:dFksAbuijlS;nvehjvyh^ehj*]LokehjkerhFkZvkSjekèkojktlizsdkfo'ks"kizHkkoFkkAoS".ko&laLdkjrksbUgsaviusifjokjlsghfeysFksAviusthoudkvkjaHkbUgksaus,dvè;kidosQ:iesafd;kFkk]¯drq;si=kdkfjrkosQ{ks=kesaHkhdk;Z'khyjgsvkSjbUgksaus^izHkk*]^izrki*rFkk^deZohj*dklaiknufd;kAbudkmiuke^,dHkkjrh;vkRek*FkkvkjaHkesa;sØkafrosQn'kZulsizHkkforgq,Fks]¯drqcknesabudhvkLFkkxk¡èkhokndhvksjgqbZAbudhjktuhfrdlfØ;rkosQdkj.kbUgsadbZckjcanhcuk;kx;kAtsyosQthou&dkyesabUgksausvusddforkvksadhjpukdhANk;kokn&;qxosQbuosQizeq[kdfork&laxzggSaµ^fgefdjhfVuh*vkSj^fgerjafxuh*AprqosZnhthdhjpukvksaesans'kosQizfrxaHkhjizsevkSjns'k&dY;k.kosQfy,vkReksRlxZdhmRdVHkkoukfn[kkbZnsrhgSAblekxZijpyusokysO;fDrdksrHkhliQyrkfeyldrhgStcogthouosQlq[kvkSjoSHkodksBqdjkdjla?k"kZvkSjlkèkukdkekxZviuk,AbUgksausviuhjpukvksa}kjkns'kokfl;ksadksblhla?k"kZvkSjlkèkukosQekxZijpyusdhizsj.kknhAbudhdbZjpukvksaesaµfo'ks"kdjvkjafHkdjpukvksaesavkè;kfRedvuqHkwfrdksHkhok.khfeyhgSAbudhvkè;kfRedHkkoukijfuxqZ.kHkfDr]lxq.kHkfDrvkSjvkReksRlxZdkizHkkogSA
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90 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl jkT;lHkk osQ lnL; jgsAoqQNle;rdbUgksaus^izHkk*vkSj^izrki*dkHkhlaiknufd;kFkkAbudhjpuk,¡lu~1918lsghif=kdkvksaesaizdkf'krgksusyxhFkha]ysfdubUgksausmudksfofèkor~izdkf'krdjkusdkdksbZiz;klughafd;kA^oaqQoqQe*(1939)budkigykdfork&laxzggSA^m£eyk*dkO;dksbUgksauslu~1934esaghiwjkdjfy;kFkk]¯drqmldkizdk'ku1975bZ-esagqvkAblesadfousm£eykosQpfj=kosQekè;elsHkkjrdhizkphuvk;ZlaLÑfrosQmTToy:idksizLrqrdjusdkiz;klfd;kgSAdFkkuddksviusifjos'kosQ;FkkFkZlsµHkkjrh;laLÑfrvkSjfczfV'klkezkT;oknosQla?k"kZlsµlac¼djusosQ fy,dfousoqQNizlaxksadhvR;ardkS'kyiwoZdla;kstukdhgSAbuosQvU;dkO;&xzaFkgSaµ^viyd*] ^jf'ejs[kk*] ^Dokfl*rFkk ^ge fo"kik;h tue osQ*A ^uohu*thdh jpukvksaesaiz.k;vkSjjk"Vª&izsenksuksaHkkoksadh'kfDr'kkyhvfHkO;fDrfeyrhgSAbudhiz.k;&lacaèkhjpukvksaesaNk;koknhiz.k;osQlekuLoPNanrkrFkkizsevkSjeLrhosQdkO;&tSlhek£edrkfn[kkbZnsrhgSAbl:iesa^uohu*thdksijorhZizsevkSjeLrhosQdkO;osQvxznwrosQ:iesaLohdkjfd;ktkldrkgSAbudhjk"Vªh;&lkaLÑfrddforkvksaesavuqHkwfr;ksadklhèkklacaèkbuosQthouosQlkFkgSAns'kdhLora=krkrFkklektdhubZjpukosQfy,bUgksaustksvFkdlkèkukdhFkh]oghlkèkukfu'NyvkSjlgt'kfDrosQlkFkbudhjk"Vªh;jpukvksaesaHkhfn[kkbZnsrhgSAjk"Vªh;&lkaLÑfrdèkkjkosQvU;dfo;ksaosQlekughbuosQdkO;osQizèkkufo"k;gSaµvrhrdhefgekdkxkSjo&xku]rRdkyhuHkkjrh;lektdh#X.kvoLFkkosQizfrO;FkkvkSjvkØks'k]Hkfo";dksvorfjrdjusdhdkeukvkfnA¯drq]budhdkO;&psrukdk,di{kfcyoqQyfuthvkSjvuqHkwfr&izèkkugSµ^^gevfuosQru]gevfuosQru]gerksjersjkegekjkD;k?kj]D;knj]oSQlkoru\**dgharks;sviusiQDdM+iuvkSjeLrhdhvfHkO;fDrdjrsgSavkSjdghau'ksesaxoZQgkstkukpkgrsgSaµ^^gkstkusnsxoZQu'ksesa]eriM+usnsiQoZQu'ksesa**;sftlyydvkSjmRlkgosQlkFkdeZvkSjlkèkukdhvksjvxzljgksrsgSa]mlhvkos'kvkSjvklfDrosQlkFkiz.k;esaMwctkukpkgrsgSaAiQyLo:iigyhn'kkdkla?k"kZvkSjrukovkSjnwljhfLFkfrdhengks'khvkSjeLrhnksuksadkj.k&dk;Z&Hkkolslac¼gksdjijLijiwjd&lsyxrsgSaA
lqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgkuµlqHknzkth(1905&1948)dktUeiz;kxftysosQfugkyiqjxk¡oesagqvkFkkAbUgksausiz;kxesaghf'k{kkxzg.kdhAlu~1921esavlg;ksx&vkanksyuosQizHkkoesabUgksasusf'k{kkvèkwjhghNksM+nhvkSj;sjktuhfresalfØ;HkkxysusyxhaAviusjktuhfrddk;ks±osQdkj.kbUgsadbZckjtsytkukiM+kAdkO;&jpukdhvksjbudhizo`fÙkfo|kFkhZ&dkylsghFkhAbudhdfork,¡^f=kèkkjk*vkSj^eqoqQy*esaladfyrgSaAHkkodhn`f"Vlsbudhdforkvksadksnksoxks±esafoHkkftrfd;ktkldrkgSAizFkeoxZesajk"Vª&izsedhdfork,¡j[khtkldrhgSaftuesabUgksausvlg;ksx;kvk”kknhdhyM+kbZesaHkkxysusokysohjksadksviukfo"k;cuk;kgSAbudh^>k¡lhdhjkuh*dforkrkslkekU;turkesacgqrizfl¼gqbZgSAnwljsoxZosQvarxZrosdfork,¡j[khtkldrhgSaftudhizsj.kkbUgsaviusikfjokfjdthoulsizkIrgqbZgSa,slhdforkvksaesaoqQNrksifr&izsedhHkkouklsvuqizkf.krgSavkSjoqQNesalarkuosQizfrokRlY;dhlgt,oaek£edvfHkO;fDrfeyrhgSAbudhHkk"kk'kSyhHkkoksaosQvuq:iljyrkvkSjxfrfy,gq,gSA
vU; dfoµNk;kokn&;qxesajk"Vªh;&lkaLÑfrddkO;èkkjkosQfodklesaftuvU;dfo;ksausmYys[kuh;;ksxfn;kvFkokblèkkjkosQijorhZizeq[kdfo;ksaesalsftudfo;ksadh,d&nksÑfr;k¡vkyksP;dkyesaizdk'kesavkbZmuesajkeujs'kf=kikBh]mn;'kadjHkV~V]txUukFkizlknfe¯yn]fnudjvkfndkmYys[kvko';dgSAjkeujs'k f=kikBh(1881&1960)us^ekulh*(1927)dhdfri;ns'kHkfDrijddforkvksaosQvfrfjDr^ifFkd*(1920)vkSj^LoIu*(1921)'kh"kZd[kaMdkO;ksaesadkYifuddFkkvksaosQekè;elsns'kosQm¼kjosQfy,vkReksRlxZdhHkkoukdksO;Drfd;kgSAnksuksadkO;ksaosQuk;dlkekU;turkosQizfrfufèkgSA^ifFkd*dkuk;dtu&thouosQoS"kE;dksnwjdjusosQmís';lsjktra=klsyksgkysrkgSvkSjvaresablhmís';dhiw£rosQfy,viukrFkkviusifjokjdkcfynkudjnsrkgSA^LoIuesadfous,d,slslaosnu'khyuk;ddhdFkkdko.kZufd;kgStksigysrksLokFkZvkSjyksd&lsokvFkokO;fDrxrlq[kvkSjlekt&dY;k.kesafojksèkns[krkgS]¯drq
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 91
vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh ,oa mudk ;qx % jk"Vª dkO;èkkjk ,oa
ledkyhu dfork
fiQjmlsdÙkZO;dkcksèkgksrkgSvkSjogns'kosQdY;k.kosQfy,iwjh'kfDrlsdeZyhugksrkgSA^ifFkd*osQfoijhrbldkO;dkvarlq[kngSAbunksuksadkO;ksaesadfousjk"Vª&lsokosQvkn'kZdhLFkkiukdhgSrFkklekt&fojksèkh'kfDr;ksaosQizfrfonzksgdjusdhizsj.kknhgSAblizdkj;sdfYirdFkkudHkhlgtghdfoosQlkekftd;FkkFkZlslac¼gksdjvfèkdlkFkZdcux,gSAmn;'kadj HkV~V (1898&1966) osQ vk[;ku&dkO; ^r{kf'kyk* (1929)dh x.kuk Hkh izLrqr dkO;èkkjk osQvarxZrdhtkldrhgSµHkkjrdhlkaLÑfrdxq.k&xkFkkdhvfHkO;fDrbljpukdkeq[;vHkh"VgSAtxUukFk izlkn fe¯yn(1907&1986)osQ^thou&laxhr*esaHkkjrosQlkaLÑfrdxkSjo]jk"Vªh;psrukvkSjcfynkudhHkkoukdksO;Drdjusokyhdfork,¡ladfyrgSaAbudhjpuk1922ls1936osQeè;gqbZFkhAfnudj&Ñr^js.kqdk*(1935)Hkhblh'kSyhdkdfork&laxzggSA:<+h&fonzksg]uo;qxdhLiwQ£rvkSjvkstfLorkdhn`f"Vls bldhdfork,¡vizfregSaA bllanHkZesaeSfFkyh'kj.kxqIrdh^Lons'k&laxhr*(1925)]dfo^f=k'kwy*(x;kizlkn'kqDy^lusgh*)dh^jk"Vªh; ea=k*(1921)]osQnkjukFk feJ^izHkkr*dh^Tokyk*(1921)]egs'kpanz izlkndh^dkaxzsl'krd*(1936)vkfnjpukvksadkmYys[kHkhvko';dgSµml;qxdhjk"Vªh;&laLÑfrddkO;&psrukdksxfrekudjusesabuÑfr;ksadk;ksxnkuvfoLej.kh;gSA
11-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• iafMregkohjizlkn f}osnhdk ¯gnhlkfgR;esa;ksxnku,dltZdosQ:iesamrukughagSftruk,dfopkjd]fn'kk&funsZ'kd]fpard,oafu;kedosQ:iesagSAmudhizsj.kkls¯gnhosQvusddfolkeusvk,tksmuosQvkn'kks±dksysdjvkxsc<+sAmudhfopkjèkkjkdkiYyoudjrsgq,budfo;ksaus,dvksjrksuohudkO;èkkjkdkJhx.ks'kdjrsgq,HkkjrsanqdkyhuleL;kiwfrZ]jhfrfu:i.kls¯gnhdforkdkseqDrfd;krksnwljhvksj[kM+hcksyhdksdkO;Hkk"kkosQ:iesaizfrf"Brdjfn;kAHkk"kkifj"dkj,oalaLdkjdktksdk;Zf}osnh;qxesagqvkoglnSoLej.kh;jgsxkA
• ^ljLorh*if=kdkusHkk"kkvkSjlkfgR;nksuksagh{ks=kksaesaifj"dkjfd;kAblosQekè;elsKkudkizpkj&izlkjgqvk]fdrusghu,ys[kdvkSjdfoizdk'kesavk,]Hkk"kklaLdkjgqvk]lektlqèkkj]ns'kizse]pfj=k&fuekZ.kdhHkkouk,¡ fodflrgqb±Ans'kHkfDr,oajk"Vªh;rkdhpsrukfodflrdjusesaHkhblif=kdkdkfof'k"V;ksxnkugSA
11-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- jk"Vªh;rkµjk"VªdhHkkouk]jk"Vªizse
2- fo'oca/qRoµlalkjesa,drkrFkkHkkbZpkjk
11-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- egkohjizlknf}osnhvkSjmuosQ;qxosQfo"k;esalaf{kIrfVIi.khfyf[k,A
2- fganhuotkxj.kvkSjljLorhdkfoLrkjlsmYys[kdhft,A
3- (v)ckyÑ".k'kekZ^uohuth*(c)lqHknzkoqQekjhpkSgkuijlaf{kIrfVIi.khfyf[k,A
4- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaµ
1- -------------------ljLorhif=kdkosQlaikndosQ:iesafganhtxr~dhegkulsokdhvkSjfganhlkfgR;dhfn'kk,oan'kkdkscnyusesavHkwriwoZ;ksxnkufn;kA
2- f}osnhthus-------------------osQekè;elsdfo;ksadksukf;dkHksntSlsfo"k;NksM+djfofoèkfo"k;ksaijdforkfy[kusdhizsj.kknhA
92 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 3- f}osnhthdh-------------------lsfganhosQvusddfolkeusvk,tksmuosQvkn'kks±dksysdjvkxsc<+sA
5- cgqfodYih; ç'uµ
1- fganhuotkxj.kdhygjdkstu&turdigq¡pkusesa-----------------if=kdkdkfo'ks"k;ksxnkugSA
(d) fou; ([k) rstLorh
(x) e`xkorh (?k) ljLorh
2- f}osnhthdhizsj.kklsvusddfo;ksaus-----------------fo"k;ksaijdfork,¡fy[khA
(d) xaHkhj ([k) uohu
(x) izkphu (?k) nk'kZfud
3- -----------------osQi|fo/kuijf}osnhthdkiwjk&iwjkvljiM+kA
(d) eSfFkyhcksyh ([k) laLÑrcksyh
(x) [kM+hcksyh (?k) mijksDresalsdksbZugha
6- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crk,¡µ
7- f}osnhthviuhjpukvksa}kjkns'kokfl;ksadksblhla?k"kZvkSjlk/ukosQekxZijpyusdhizsj.kkughanslosQA
8-ns'kdhLora=krkrFkklektdhubZjpukosQfy,f}osnhthusvFkdlk/ukdhA
9- f}osnhthdhHkk"kk&'kSyhHkkoksaosQvuq:iljyrkvkSjxfrfy,gq,gSA
11-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
2- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
3- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
4- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 93
Nk;kokn
Nk;kokn
:ijs[kk12.1 mís';(Objectives)12.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)12.3 Nk;kokndhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡
12.1.1 Nk;kokndkvFkZvkSjifjHkk"kk
12.1.2 Nk;koknhdkO;dhfo'ks"krk,¡
12.1.3 mÙkj&Nk;kokn
12.1.4 O;fDroknhxhfrdfork
12.1.5 jk"Vªh;&lkaLÑfrddfork
12.1.6 ekDlZoknD;kgS\
12.1.7 ekDlZokfn;ksadklkfgfR;dn`f"Vdks.k
12.1.8 izxfroknvkSjpsruk
12.1.9 izxfrokndhizeq[kizo`fÙk;k¡
12.1.10 iz;ksxokndkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk
12.1.11 izxfroknoiz;ksxoknesavarj
12.1.12 iz;ksxokndhizeq[kizo`fÙk;k¡
12.1.13 ubZdforklsvfHkizk;
12.1.14 ubZdforkdkyhuifjfLFkfr;k¡
12.1.15 ubZdforkdhizeq[kizo`fÙk;k¡
12.1.16 vdfork;klkBksÙkjhdfork
12.4 lkjka'k(Summary)12.5 'kCndks'k(Keywords)12.6 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)12.7 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
12-1- mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ
• Nk;kokndkvFkZ]ifjHkk"kkvkSjdkO;xrfo'ks"krk,atkuusesaA
• ekDlZokfn;ksaosQlkfgfR;dn`f"Vdks.kdkstkuusesaA
• izxfrokndhizeq[kizo`fÙk;k¡le>usesaA
• ubZdforkdhizeq[kizo`fÙk;k¡le>usesaA
94 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 12-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)
vuqekuosQvuqlkjNk;koknhdkO;dhle;lhek1918bZ-ls1936bZ-rdekuhtkldrhgSANk;kokndkfodklf}osnh;qxdforkosQmijkarfganhesagqvkAjkepanz'kqDyusHkhNk;kokndkizkjaHk1918bZ-lsekukgS]bldkizeq[kdkj.k;ggSfdNk;koknosQizeq[kdfo;ksaiaar]izlkn]fujkykusviuhjpuk,ayxHkxblho"kZosQvkl&iklfy[kuhizkjaHkdhFkhANk;koknhdkO;dktUef}osnh;qxhudkO;dhizfarfØ;kLo:igqvk]D;ksafdf}osnh;qxhudforkfo"k;fu"B]o.kZuizèkkuvkSjLFkwyFkh]tcfdNk;koknhdforkO;fDrfu"BdYiukizèkku,oalw{egSA
12-3- Nk;kokn dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
12-1-1 Nk;kokn dk vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk
Nk;kokndkfodklf}osnh;qxhudforkosQmijkar¯gnhesagqvkAeksVsrkSjijNk;koknhdkO;dhle;lhek1918bZ-ls1936bZ-rdekuhtkldrhgSAvkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDyusHkhNk;kokndkizkjaHk1918bZ-lsekukgS]D;ksafdNk;koknosQizeq[kdfo;ksaiar]izlkn]fujkykusviuhjpuk,¡yxHkxblho"kZosQvkl&iklfy[kuhizkjaHkdhFkhaA1918esaizlkndk^>juk*izdkf'krgkspqdkFkkrFkkfujkykdhizfl¼dfork^twgh dh dyh* 1916bZ-esaizdkf'krgqbZFkhAiarosQ^iYyo*dhoqQNdfork,¡Hkh1918esaizdkf'krgkspqdhFkhaAizlkndh^dkek;uh* 1935bZ-easizdkf'krgqbZrFkkizxfr'khyys[kdla?kdhLFkkiuk1936bZ-esagqbZAbunksuksackrksadksè;kuesaj[kdjNk;kokndhvafrelhek1936bZ-ekuuklehphugSA
Nk;koknhdkO;dktUef}osnh;qxhudkO;dhizfrfØ;kLo:igqvk]D;ksafdf}osnh;qxhudforkfo"k;fu"B]o.kZuizèkkuvkSjLFkwyFkh]tcfdNk;koknhdforkO;fDrfu"B]dYiukizèkku,oalw{egSAizkjaHkesa^Nk;kokn*dkiz;ksxO;aX;:iesamudforkvksaosQfy,fd;kx;ktksvLi"VFkha]ftudh^Nk;k*(vFkZ)dghavkSjiM+rhFkh]¯drqdkykarjesa;gukemudforkvksaosQfy,:<+gksx;kftuesaekuovkSjizÑfrosQlw{elkSan;Zesavkè;kfRedNk;kdkHkkugksrkFkkvkSjosnukdhjgL;e;hvuqHkwfrdhyk{kf.kd,oaizrhdkRed'kSyhesavfHkO;atukdhtkrhFkhA
Nk;kokn dh izeq[k ifjHkk"kk,¡
1- vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDyµ^^Nk;kokn'kCndkiz;ksxnksvFkks±esale>ukpkfg,,drksjgL;oknosQvFkZesa]tgk¡mldklacaèkdkO;oLrqlsgksrkgS]vFkkZr~tgk¡dfomlvuarvkSjvKkrfiz;redksvkyacucukdjvR;arfp=ke;hHkk"kkesaizsedhvusdizdkjlsO;atukdjrkgSA---Nk;kokn'kCndknwljkiz;ksxdkO;'kSyh;ki¼frfo'ks"kosQO;kidvFkZesagSA**
2- t;'kadj izlknµ^^tcosnukosQvkèkkjijLokuqHkwfre;hvfHkO;fDrgksusyxhrc¯gnhesamls^Nk;kokn*osQukelsvfHkfgrfd;kx;kAèoU;kRedrk]yk{kf.kdrk]lkSan;Ze;izrhdfoèkkurFkkmipkjoozQrkosQlkFkLokuqHkwfrdhfoo`fÙkNk;kokndhfo'ks"krk,¡gSaA**
3- MkW- jkeoqQekj oekZµ^^ijekRekdhNk;kvkRekesa]vkRekdhNk;kijekRekesaiM+usyxrhgS]rHkhNk;kokndhl`f"VgksrhgSA**
4- MkW- uxsaæµ^^Nk;koknLFkwyosQizfrlw{edkfoæksggSANk;kokn,dfo'ks"kizdkjdhHkkoi¼frgS]thouosQizfr,dfo'ks"kHkkokRedn`f"Vdks.kgSA**
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 95
Nk;kokn 5- egknsoh oekZµ^^Nk;koknrRor%izÑfrosQchpthoudkmn~xhFkgSA---mldkewyn'kZulokZReokngSA**
6- MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZµ^^Nk;koknLFkwyosQizfrlw{edkfoæksgugha jgk]oju~FkksFkhuSfrdrk]:f<+oknvkSjlkearhlkezkT;oknhcaèkuksaosQizfrfoæksgjgkgSA;gfoæksgeè;oxZosQrRokoèkkuesagqvkFkkblfy,mlosQlkFkeè;oxhZ;vlaxfr]ijkt;vkSjiyk;udhHkkoukHkhtqM+hgqbZgSA**
7- vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnhµ^^Nk;koknosQewyesaik'pkR;jgL;oknhHkkoukvo';FkhAblJs.khdhewyizsj.kkvaxzsthdhjksekafVdHkkoèkkjkdhdforklsizkIrgqbZFkhvkSjblesalansgughafdmDrHkkoèkkjkdhi`"BHkwfeesabZlkbZlarksadhjgL;oknhlkèkukvo';FkhA**
mDrifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkyksdesaNk;koknhdkO;osQfuEuy{k.kfu:ifrfd,tkldrsgSaµ
1-Nk;koknhdkO;esajgL;oknhizo`fÙkjgrhgSA
2-Nk;koknhdforkizse]lkSan;Z,oaizÑfrdkdkO;gSA
3-Nk;koknesaLFkwyrkosQLFkkuijlw{erkjgrhgSA
4-Nk;kokndh'kSyh&f'kYi,oavfHkO;atuki¼fresauohurkgSA
5-Nk;koknesaLOkkuqHkwfrdhizèkkurkgSA
mDry{k.kksaosQvkyksdesaNk;kokndh,dloZekU;ifjHkk"kkblizdkjnhtkldrhgSµ
^^izse] izÑfr vkSj ekuo lkSan;Z dh LokuqHkwfre;h jgL;ijd lw{e vfHkO;atuk yk{kf.kd ,oa izrhdkRed 'kSyh esa ftl dkO; dh jpuk gksrh gS] mls Nk;kokn dgk tkrk gSA**
12-1-2 Nk;koknh dkO; dh fo'ks"krk,¡
Nk;koknhdkO;fo"k;&oLrq,oa'kSyhnksuksaghn`f"V;ksalsviusiwoZorhZdkO;lsvyxgSAbldkO;èkkjkdhizeq[kizo`fÙk;ksadkfu:i.kfuEu'kh"kZdksaosQvarxZrfd;ktkldrkgSµ
1- vkRekfHkO;atuµNk;koknhdfo;ksausdkO;dhfo"k;&oLrqviusO;fDrxrthoulsgh[kkstusdkiz;klfd;kAviusthouosQfuthizlaxksa]?kVukvksa,oaO;fDrxrHkkoukvksadksvusdNk;koknhdfo;ksausdkO;dhfo"k;&oLrqcuk;kANk;koknhdforkesaoS;fDrdlq[k&nq%[kdh[kqydjvfHkO;fDrgqbZAizlknÑr^vk¡lw*dkO;vkSjiarÑr^mPNokl*ukeddforkbldFkuosQleFkZuesais'kdhtkldrhgSAiarthusviuh^fiz;k*dkseueafnjesaclkdjmlsiwtusdkmYys[kfuEuiafDr;ksaesafd;kgSµ
foèkqj mj osQ e`nq Hkkoksa ls rqEgkjk dj fur uo Ük`axkjA
iwtrk gw¡ eSa rqEgsa oqQekfj] ewan nqgjs n`x }kjAA µiar
fujkykdhdbZdforkvksaesamuosQO;fDrxrthoudklR;O;DrgqvkgS jke dh 'kfDr iwtk*esajkedhgrk'kk]fujk'kkesadfoosQviusthoudhfujk'kkdhvfHkO;fDrdhgqbZgSAmUgsathouHkjyksxksaosQftlfojksèkdks>syukiM+kmldhvuqxwatfuEuiafDr;ksaesagSµ
^^fèkd thou tks ikrk gh vk;k gS fojksèkA
fèkd lkèku ftlosQ fy, lnk gh fd;k 'kksèkA µfujkyk
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110 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 111
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112 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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(d) laosnuk
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 113
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114 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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^^èkwi pedrh gS pk¡nh dh lkM+h igus]
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^^rst èkkj dk deZB ikuh] pV~Vkuksa osQ mQij p<+dj]
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(vi) O;aX;µizxfroknhdfo;ksaesaO;aX;{kerkdhvR;arizHkko'khymifLFkfrgSAlektosQewyfgrksaosQizfrxgjkbZlsizfrc¼gksusosQdkj.k;sdfoLokFkhZoO;fDroknh
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 115
Nk;koknrRoksadkslguughadjikrsvkSjfryfeykgViSnkdjusokysrh[ksO;aX;ksadkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,µ
¶nl gtkj nl yk[k ejsa]
ij >aMk m¡Qpk jgs gekjkA¸
12-1-10 iz;ksxokn dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk
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iz;ksxoknesaiz;qDr^iz;ksx*'kCnu,thoulR;ksadksikusdhcspSuhdk|ksrdgSAvKs;usrkjlIrddhHkwfedkesaiz;ksx'khy'kCndkiz;ksxfd;kgSvkSjblsthou&lR;ksaosQvUos"k.kdkekè;eekukgSAvr%vKs;osQvuqlkj]^^iz;ksxviusvkiesalkè;ughagS]oglkèkugSvkSjnksgjklkèkugS_D;ksafd,drksogmllR;dkstkuusdklkèkugSftlsdfoizsf"krdjrkgS]nwljsogmlizs"k.kdhfØ;kdksvkSjmlosQlkèkuksadkstkuusdkHkhlkèkugSA**nwljslIrddhHkwfedkesa^iz;ksxokn*ukedj.kdkfojksèkdjrsgq,vKs;usfy[kkgSfdiz;ksxdkdksbZoknughagksrkAfdlhdksiz;ksxoknhdgukmrukghfujFkZdgSftrukdforkoknhdgukAvr%^iz;ksx'khy*gksusvkSj^iz;ksxoknh*gksusesaiQoZQgSAiz;ksxoknoLrqr%iz;ksx'khyrkdki{kèkjgSA
12-1-11 izxfrokn o iz;ksxokn esa varj
iz;ksxoknvkSjizxfroknesadbZfcanqvksaijoSpkfjdVdjkgVgSµ
(i) izxfrokndykdeZdkslkekftddk;ZekurkgSrFkkbunksuksadhv}Srrkdh?kks"k.kkdjrkgStcfdiz;ksxoknosQvuqlkjdforkosQizfrnkf;RovkSjukxfjdnkf;RoesaewyHkwriQoZQgSAdforkdk{ks=klkSan;kZuqHkwfrdk{ks=kgSAdfoblfy,dfogksrkgSfdmlosQiklfo'ks"klkSan;kZuqHkwfrgksrhgSA
(ii) izxfrokndforkdks^lksís';*ekurkgSvkSjmldkmís';HkhiwoZr%fuèkkZfjrdjnsrkgSµiwathokndklagkjrFkklkE;okndhLFkkiukdkvL=kcuukAvr%izxfroknjpukvkSjjpukdkjdhLok;Ùkrkdkfu"ksèkdjrkgSAiz;ksxoknekurkgSfddforkosQmís';dforklsckgjughagksrsAoglektdkifjorZuughadjrh]mls,slkiz;kldjukHkhughapkfg,AvKs;dkergSfd]^^dfork dk ewy y{; vfèkd&ls&vfèkd O;fDr dks laLdkfjr djuk gSA**
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116 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 12-1-12 iz;ksxokn dh izeq[k izo`fÙk;k¡
(d) laosnuk
(i) Hkkoqdrk rFkk ckSf¼drk dk la'ys"k.kµiz;ksxoknhdforkesaurksNk;koknhdkO;osQtSlhok;oh;rk]vfrHkkoqdrk,oadYiukgSvkSjughizxfrokndhrjgfdlhfopkjèkkjk osQ izfr;kaf=kdeksgA uxjh;thouosQ nckoksa ls fufeZr budhpsrukesaHkkoukckSf¼drklsla;qDrgksdjO;DrgksrhgSAblfy,budhdkO;kuqHkwfresajksekfu;r;krhozrkughacfYdxSj&jksekuhiurFkkrVLFkrkfn[kkbZiM+rhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,µ
^^lquks dfo] Hkkouk,¡ ugha gS lksrk]
Hkkouk,¡ [kkn gSa osQoy]
”kjk mudks nck jD[kks]
mudks vkSj idus nks]
rkus vkSj rpus nks
fd mudk lkj cudj èkjk dks moZjk dj nsA**
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^^bl fn'kk ls ml fn'kk rd@NwVus dk lq[k@VwVus dk lq[k@
fcuk lh<+h osQ c<s+axs@rhj osQ tSls c<+saxs
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µHkokuh izlkn feJ
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^^ge unh osQ }hi gSa@ge ugha dgrs fd gedks NksM+dj ÏksrfLouh cg tk;s@
og gesa vkdkj nsrh gS@&&& ¯drq ge gSa }hi@ge èkkjk ugha gSa@fLFkj leiZ.k gS gekjk@
ge lnk ls }hi gSa ÏksrfLouh osQ@¯drq ge cgrs ugha gSa@D;ksafd cguk jsr gksuk gSA**
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 117
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118 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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(iii) izrhdµiz;ksxoknesacM+siSekusijizrhdksadkiz;ksxgqvkgSA;FkkFkZdhtfVyrkolw{erkdksvfHkO;DrdjusosQiz;klesa;sizrhdiz;qDrgq,gSaAlokZfèkdizrhd;kSuizlaxksalslacafèkrgSaAO;fDrolektosQtfVylacaèkksadksHkhcawnoleqæ]}hiounh]nhionhiekykvkfnizrhd&;qXeksalsO;aftrfd;kx;kgSA;sizrhdizk;%rkfoZQdgSa]blfy,vcksèkxE;rkdhleL;kiSnkughadjrsAizxfrokfn;ksadkvk{ksigSfd;FkkFkZHkh:gksusosQdkj.kbUgksausdforkesaizrhsdksadksiqu%'kkfeyfd;k¯drqiz;ksxokfn;ksadkmÙkjgSfdoslw{e;FkkFkZdkizHkko'kkyhvadudjusosQfy,izrhdksadkiz;ksxdjrsgSaA
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12-1-13 ubZ dfork ls vfHkizk;
(d) ubZ dfork dk vkjaHk rFkk vFkZ
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uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 119
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120 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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12-1-14 ubZ dforkdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;k¡
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12-1-15 ubZ dfork dh izeq[k izo`fÙk;k¡
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 121
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vkèkqfud Hkkocksèk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
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vks firk@ la'k; fud"k gS@½r dk HkhA¸
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122 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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T;ksa T;ksa lhrk gw¡A** µlosZ'oj
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¶eSa izLrqr gw¡@ ;g {k.k Hkh dgha u [kks tk,
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D;k tkus@ vxys gh {k.k dh vkgV ik]
lc oqQN vius esa fiQj lesV ys vanjA¸ µdhfrZ pkSèkjh
(vii) ubZdforkesalfØ;jktuhfrdpsrukHkhmifLFkrgSAbldkizeq[kLojjktuhfrosQpfj=kdkinkZiQk'kdjukgSA;gk¡jktuhfrdeksgHkaxdhfLFkfrgSD;ksafdLora=krkosQLoIuVwVx,gSaAtksLora=krkfeyhgS]ogukeek=kdhgSAu;kdfodgrkgSµ
¶vius ;gk¡ tura=k ,d rek'kk gS] ftldh tku enkjh dh vk'kk gSA¸ µèkwfey
f'kYi i{k
(i) Hkk"kkµ;sdfoHkk"kkijvR;fèkdcynsrsgSaAbuosQvuqlkj]O;fDrosQvuqHkorFkkfparudhlkeF;ZmlosQHkk"kk&cksèkijghfuHkZjgSAbuosQ;gk¡fofHkUuizdkjosQ'kCnksadks[kqykvkea=k.kfeyrkgSD;ksafdbuosQfy,ckrdkslVhd<axlsdgukvfèkdegÙoiw.kZgS];gughafdbUgksausdkSuls'kCnksadkiz;ksxfd;kgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,µ
¶ftl rjg ge cksyrs gSa] ml rjg rw fy[k] vkSj mlosQ ckn Hkh] gels cM+k rw fn[kA¸
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 123
Nk;kokn ubZdforkdhHkk"kkesavaxzs”kh]¯gnh]mnwZvkSjyksdHkk"kkosQ'kCnksadkfu%ladkspiz;ksxgqvkgSµ
¶fil x;k og Hkhrjh] vkS ckgjh]
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^^fVd fVd fVd] ySV eh LihdA¸
(ii) NanµubZdforkNaneqDrdforkgSAy;Hkh;gk¡'kCnksaesaughaoju~vFkks±osQLrjijlfØ;gSAmnkgj.kosQfy,µ
¶rqe D;k tkuks]
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flldh dhA¸
(iii) u, miekuµubZdforkesaiz;ksxokndhrjgHkko&cksèkdhvfHkO;fDrosQfy,u,&u,miekuksadkiz;ksxgqvkgSAeqfDrcksèktSlsdfo;ksausizkphuoyksd&miekuksaijghcyfn;k ¯drqvKs;vkSjtxnh'koqQekjvkfnusmiekuksadhrktxhdksizLrkforfd;kAmnkgj.kosQfy,µ
¶pk¡nuh panu ln`'k ge D;ksa dgsa]
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ftlesa ped gS ij [kud xk;c gSA¸ µtxnh'k oqQekj
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¶ftanxh nks maxfy;ksa esa nch]
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ftls oqQN yEgksa esa ihdj]
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124 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl (vii) O;aX;µ;FkkFkZcksèklsizsfjrubZdforkesafLFkfr;ksadhHk;kogrkijpksVdjusdhxgjh{kerkgSA;gk¡ijjktuhfrdeksgHkaxdhvuqHkwfrgS¯drqO;oLFkkesaifjorZuudjikusdhdlelkgVHkhgSAblfy,foo'krkdhvfHkO;fDrO;aX;osQekè;elsdhxbZgSA
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12-1-16 vdfork ;k lkBksÙkjh dfork
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uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 125
Nk;koknvdfork dh fo'ks"krk,¡
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^^?kw¡V&?kw¡V@ lkbukbM ihrk gw¡@ ,d f?kls lksy osQ@iQVs twrs dk@
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blhizdkj]losZ'ojfy[krsgSaµ
^^eSa g¡lrk gw¡@ xkrk gw¡@ jksrk gw¡] ph[krk gw¡@ I;kj djrk gw¡] xkfy;k¡ nsrk gw¡@
ysfdu gj fLFkfr esa@ oSlk dk oSlk gh jg tkrk gw¡@ tSls eSa eqnks± osQ chp gw¡A**
4- ekuoh;lacaèkksaosQizfrvukLFkkdkHkkovdforkdhegÙoiw.kZfo'ks"krkgSAizseosQizfrbuesauNk;koknhjksekfu;rgS]uizxfroknhnkEiR;&psrukAiz;ksxoknoubZdforkesaftlizdkjizsedks,dekufldo'kkjhfjd”k:jrle>kx;k]buosQ;gk¡oSlkn`f"Vdks.kHkhughagSA;sizse'kCnlsghuiQjrdjrsgSa]D;ksafdbudhjk;eas;g,dudyhofy”kfy”kk'kCngSAtxnh'kprqosZnhviuhdfork^bfrgklgark*esafy[krsgSaµ
^^eSa izse tSls vfHk'kIr jksx dks eqV~Bh esa Hkjdj]
vkx esa >ksad nsuk pkgrk gw¡]
eSa vklikl osQ ?kjksa esa ,d gkgkdkj epkuk pkgrk gw¡]
,d vfufnZ"V O;k?kkrA**
126 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl lkSfe=keksguusHkhlacaèkksaosQfy”kfy”ksiuijfuEufyf[krdforkfy[khgSµ
^^vxj dksbZ thus dh 'krZ gS rks]
;g fd vkneh lM+d
dk oqQÙkk cu tk; ;k choh
dk xqyke ;k ,;j bafM;k
dk foKkiuA**
5- vdforkegkuxjh;cksèkdhdforkgSAvdforkesa'kkfeydfoewyr%dLcksaosQyksxgSa]tksegkuxjh;thouosQrukolgtrkiwoZd>syughaikrsAtxnh'kprqosZnhusbluxjtU;osnukdksfo'ysf"krdjrsgq,fy[kkgSfdµ^^geesalsvfèkdka'kdfoegkuxjksa;kuxjksaesajgjgsgSaAuxjksadkthou;kaf=kdgksx;kgSAO;Lrrkesayhu,dvthc&lhmelvkSjvtufc;rrFkkvosQysiudhHkkoukgeesa?kjdjrhtkjghgSA**blhegkuxjh;&cksèkdksoqQekj^fody*viuhdforkesablizdkjO;DrdjrsgSaµ
^^HkhM+ osQ lkFk@ nkSM+rk tkrk gw¡@ tcfd eSa tkurk gw¡]
fd HkhM+ dh vk¡[ksa ugha gksrha@ osQoy vkok”k gksrh gSA**
6- vdforkesaukjhosQizfrxfjekiw.kZn`f"Vdks.kughafeyrkAbudfo;ksadhpsrukizsedkseqDrnSfgdHkksxlsmQijughans[krhA;ghdkj.kgSfdukjhbudhdforkvksaesaizk;%oLrqcudjvkrhgS]mldkO;fDrRoughamHkjikrkAJhdkaroekZ,slsghfu"ksèkHkkolsfy[krsgSaµ
^^dfo;ksa dh >wB esa fyiVh gqbZ]
os';k ek¡]
viuh larkuksa dk LoxZ ns[k jgh gSA**
7- vdforkHkk"kkvkSjf'kYiosQn`f"VosQizfrdksbZlS¼kafrdn`f"Vdks.kizLrkforughadjrhD;ksafdmldkmís';lHkhvkSipkfjdrkvksalseqfDrgSAoLrqr%blesaHkk"kkrFkkdforkosQizfrfu"ksèkdkHkkofn[krkgStksbuosQloZrksUeq[khfu"ksèkdkgh,dfgLlkgSAfuEufyf[krmnkgj.kksaesa,slkghHkkofn[krkgSµ
^^exj [kcjnkj eq>s dfo er dgks]
eSa cdrk ugha gw¡ dfork,¡@ bZtkn djrk gw¡@ xkyh@
fiQj mls cqncqnkrk gw¡@ eSa dfork,¡ cdrk ugha gw¡A** µJhdkar
^^vc ;gk¡ dksbZ vFkZ [kkstuk O;FkZ gS]
is'ksoj Hkk"kk osQ rLdj laosQrksa esa]
× × × ×
vFkZ [kkstuk O;FkZ gSA** µèkwfey
Li"VgSfdvdforkubZdforkdhfu"ksèkoknhizo`fÙk;ksadkfoLrkjgSA¯gnhdforkosQbfrgklesalkèkkj.kr%blsvaèkdkjoirudkdkyekukx;kgSA
12-4- lkjka'k (Summary)
• izkjaHkesa^Nk;kokn*dkiz;ksxO;aX;:iesamudforkvksaosQfy,fd;kx;ktksvLi"VFkha]ftudh^Nk;k*(vFkZ)dghavkSjiM+rhFkh]¯drqdkykarjesa;gukemudforkvksaosQfy,:<+gksx;kftuesaekuovkSjizÑfrosQlw{elkSan;Zesavkè;kfRedNk;kdkHkkugksrkFkkvkSjosnukdhjgL;e;hvuqHkwfrdhyk{kf.kd,oaizrhdkRed'kSyhesavfHkO;atukdhtkrhFkhA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 127
Nk;kokn• Nk;koknhdkO;dktUef}osnh;qxhudkO;dhizfrfØ;kLo:igqvk]D;ksafdf}osnh;qxhudforkfo"k;fu"B]o.kZuizèkkuvkSjLFkwyFkh]tcfdNk;koknhdforkO;fDrfu"B]dYiukizèkku,oalw{egSA
• Nk;kokn¯gnhdkO;dkxkSjoiw.kZvè;k;gSrFkkizlkn]iar]fujkykvkSjegknsohbl;qxosQ,slsgLrk{kjgSaftuosQ;ksxnkuls¯gnhlkfgR;dksJhle`¼izkIrgqbZgSA
• ekDlZoknosQvuqlkjlkfgR;^Lok;Ùk*;k^Lora=k*lajpukughagScfYdlektdhmRiknuiz.kkyhdkgh,dmi&mRikngSA
• vkèkqfud¯gnhdforkosQbfrgklesalu~1943esavKs;}kjklaikfnr^rkjlIrd*osQizdk'kuosQlkFkgh,du;keksM+mifLFkrgksrkgSftls^iz;ksxokn*dgkx;kgSA
• izxfrokndykdeZdkslkekftddk;ZekurkgSrFkkbunksuksadhv}Srrkdh?kks"k.kkdjrkgStcfdiz;ksxoknosQvuqlkjdforkosQizfrnkf;RovkSjukxfjdnkf;RoesaewyHkwriQoZQgSA
• ubZdforkNBsn'kddhdforkgSAvKs;us1951esa^nwljklIrd*izdkf'krfd;kvkSj;ghals^iz;ksxokn*^ubZdfork*esa:ikarfjrgksx;kA
• vdfork1960bZ-osQcknfodflrgqvkvkanksyugSAblsizfrf"Brdjusdhigyhdksf'k'k1963bZ-esatxnh'kprqosZnhosQ^izkjaHk*ukeddkO;ladyueasgqbZAvdforkdklclsizfl¼dkO;&xzaFk^foti*gSA
12-5- 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
1- Lohdk;Zµftldksekufy;ktk,]eatwjh]lgefr
2- iqufoZpkjµfdlhfo"k;ijnqckjkfparudjuk
12-6- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- Nk;kokndkvFkZ]ifjHkk"kkvkSjNk;koknhdkO;fo'ks"krkvksadko.kZudjsaA
2- jk"Vªh;&lkaLÑfrddforklsD;krkRi;ZgS\o.kZudjsaA
3- lkfgR;dhekDlZoknhifjHkk"kkrFkklkfgfR;dn`f"Vdks.kdhfoospukdhft,A
4- iz;ksxokn,oaizxfroknesavarjLi"VdjsarFkkiz;ksxokndkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kknhft,A
5- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaµ
1- ------------------esaoS;fDrdlq[k&nq%[kdh[kqydjvfHkO;fDrgqbZgSA
2-Nk;koknhdfo;ksausukjhosQizfrmnkÙkn`f"Vdks.kviukdjlektesamlosQlEekuh;LFkkudk------------------fd;kA
3-Nk;koknhdkO;esa------------------izo`fÙkHkhizeq[k:ilsmiyCèkgksrhgSA
4- ------------------osQxhrNk;koknlsvyxugVdjmldhlaHkkoukvksalsfufeZrgSaA
6- cgqfodYih; ç'uµ
1-oS;fDrdxhfrdforkdhvfHkO;fDrmldh,d-------------------gSA
(d) vewY;nsu ([k) fo'ks"knsu
(x) cM+hnsu (?k) mijksDresalsdksbZugha
2-Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh;rkesaLo&j{kkdkHkkoizèkkuFkk]tcfdLora=k-------------------ns'kksaesaLo&fodkldkA
(d) mÙkjh ([k) nf{k.kh
(x) iwohZ (?k) if'peh
128 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl 3-ekDlZosQvuqlkj]'kksf"kroxZdhleL;kvksadk,dghlekèkkugSfdog----------------gksdjfgaldØkafrdjsA
(d) ,df=kr ([k) Øksfèkr
(x) laxfBr (?k) mijksDresalsdksbZugha
4- -------------------dfolkE;oknosQvkn'kZesaiwjkfo'oklj[krsgSaA
(d) ,drkoknh ([k) :<+hoknh
(x) lerkoknh (?k) izxfroknh
7- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lR;@vlR; crk,¡µ
1-iz;ksxoknesaiz;qDriz;ksx'kCnu,thoulR;ksadksikusdhcspSuhdk|ksrdgSA
2-D;kiz;ksxoknekurkgSfddforkosQmís';dforklsckgjgksrsgSa\
3-D;kiz;ksxoknhdfo;ksausHkk"kkdksdkiQhegÙofn;kgS\
4-izxfroknosQcknfganhdforkesaLokuqHkwfar,oadyki{kijvfèkdè;kuughafn;kx;kgSA
12-7- lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)
iqLrosaQ 1- HkfDrdkyhulkfgR; µ MkW-jkeew£rf=kikBh
2- jhfrdkylkfgR; µ MkW-uxsUnz
3- vkèkqfudlkfgR; µ MkW-jktukFkoekZ
4- ¯gnhlkfgR; µ MkW-HkksykukFkfrokjh