self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the pascal-adic transformation
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Self-similarity of the corrections tothe ergodic theorem for thePascal-adic transformation
Elise Janvresse, Thierry de la Rue, Yvan Velenik
Laboratoire de Mathematiques Raphael SalemCENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHESCIENTIFIQUE
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
1 The Pascal-adic transformation
2 Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
3 Ergodic interpretation
4 Generalizations and related problems
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 3: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Pascal Graph
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 4: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Pascal Graph
2005
-03-
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Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
Pascal Graph
The Pascal graph: it is composed of infinitely many vertices
and edges.
![Page 5: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Pascal Graph
12
n
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 6: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Pascal Graph
12
n(n,0) (n,k) (n,n)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 7: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pascal Graph
12
n(n,0) (n,k) (n,n)
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
Pascal Graph
Its vertices are arranged in levels numbered 0, 1, 2, . . . , n, . . .
Level n contains (n + 1) vertices, denoted by
(n, 0), (n, 1), . . . , (n, k), . . . , (n, n). Each vertex (n, k) is
connected to two vertices at level n + 1: (n + 1, k) and
(n + 1, k + 1).
![Page 8: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Pascal Graph
12
n(n,0) (n,k) (n,n)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 9: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pascal Graph
12
n(n,0) (n,k) (n,n)
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
Pascal Graph
We are interested in trajectories on this graph, starting from
the 0-level vertex (the root) and going successively through all
its levels.
![Page 10: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Pascal Graph
12
n(n,0) (n,n)
x=01100100111... 0 1
(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 11: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pascal Graph
12
n(n,0) (n,n)
x=01100100111... 0 1
(n,k)
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
Pascal Graph
Each step to the left is labelled by a 0, and each step to the
right by a 1. We then identify each trajectory with an infinite
sequence of 0’s and 1’s.
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
We list all trajectoriesgoing through (n, k)and fixed beyondthis point.
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 13: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
We list all trajectoriesgoing through (n, k)and fixed beyondthis point.
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
We introduce a partial order on the trajectories. We start by
considering all trajectories coinciding from level n on.
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
First those coming from(n− 1, k − 1),
(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 15: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
First those coming from(n− 1, k − 1),
(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
The order is defined in a recursive way: among all trajectories
going through (n, k), those going through (n− 1, k − 1)
precede those going through (n− 1, k).
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
First those coming from(n− 1, k − 1),
(n,k)(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 17: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
First those coming from(n− 1, k − 1),
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 18: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
First those coming from(n− 1, k − 1),
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 19: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
then those coming from(n− 1, k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 20: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
then those coming from(n− 1, k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 21: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
then those coming from(n− 1, k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 22: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
then those coming from(n− 1, k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 23: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
then those coming from(n− 1, k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
(n,k)
(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 24: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
then those coming from(n− 1, k)
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 25: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Recursive enumeration of trajectories
When this is over, wego one level down. . .
(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)(n,k)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 26: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
The transformation
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 27: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
The transformation
0
1
r
0s
1x = ...0 1r1 0s
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 28: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The transformation
0
1
r
0s
1x = ...0 1r1 0s20
05-0
3-31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
The transformation
We obtain the successor of a trajectory by looking at the first
01 “left elbow” in the associated word. . .
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
The transformation
x = ...0 1r1 0s
1 0Tx =
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 30: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The transformation
x = ...0 1r1 0s
1 0Tx =20
05-0
3-31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
The transformation
. . . we reverse the “elbow”. . .
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
The transformation
x = ...0 1r1 0s
1 0Tx = ...0s r1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 32: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The transformation
x = ...0 1r1 0s
1 0Tx = ...0s r120
05-0
3-31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
The transformation
. . . and we order the preceding letters (i.e. first all 0’s, then all
1’s).
![Page 33: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
The transformation
x = ...0 1r1 0s
1 0Tx = ...0s r1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 34: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The transformation
x = ...0 1r1 0s
1 0Tx = ...0s r120
05-0
3-31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Introduction to the transformation
The transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation, denoted by T in this talk,
corresponds simply to the passage from a trajectory to its
successor. Note that Tx is defined for all but a countable
number of trajectories, namely those of the form
x = 1r0000 . . . Similarly, T−1x is defined for every x, except x
of the form 0s1111 . . .
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Ergodic measures
The ergodic measures for T are the Bernoullimeasures µp, 0 ≤ p ≤ 1, where p is the probabilityof a step to the right.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Law of large numbers
x
kn(x)
n−→n→∞
p µp-almost surely.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 37: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Law of large numbers
x
kn(x)
n−→n→∞
p µp-almost surely.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Invariant measures
Law of large numbers
We denote by kn(x) the index such that at level n, the
trajectory x passes through (n, kn(x)). Observe that kn(x) is
the sum of the values associated to the first n steps of x.
![Page 38: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Law of large numbers
x
kn(x) n
kn(x)
n−→n→∞
p µp-almost surely.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 39: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Law of large numbers
x
kn(x) n
kn(x)
n−→n→∞
p µp-almost surely.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 40: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a b
a ba ba ba ba ba ba b
. . . aa
a
baab . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 41: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a b
a b
a ba ba ba ba ba b
. . . aa
ab
aab . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 42: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a ba b
a b
a ba ba ba ba b
. . . aa
aba
ab . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 43: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a ba ba b
a b
a ba ba ba b
. . . aa
abaa
b . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 44: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a ba ba ba b
a b
a ba ba b
. . . aa
abaab . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 45: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a ba ba ba ba b
a b
a ba b
. . . a
aabaab . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 46: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a ba ba ba ba ba b
a b
a b
. . . aaabaab . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 47: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a ba ba ba ba ba b
a b
a b
. . . aaabaab . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Coding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
The orbit of a point x under the action of T is thus coded by
a doubly-infinite sequence of a’s and b’s. The underlined letter
indicates the origin.
![Page 48: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a ba ba ba ba ba ba b
a b
. . . aaabaab . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 49: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Coding by a generating partition
We write a if the first step of the trajectory is a 0,and b if it is a 1.
a ba ba ba ba ba ba b
a b
. . . aaabaab . . .
This sequence characterizes the trajectory x.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Coding: basic blocks
Coding by a generating partition
A partition P is called generating if the doubly infinite word it
associates (the P-name) to every point x characterizes the
latter.
![Page 50: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Basic blocks
ba
Bn,k : sequence of a’s and b’s corresponding to theordered list of trajectories arriving at (n, k).
Bn,k = Bn−1,k−1Bn−1,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 51: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Basic blocks
ba
ba ab
Bn,k : sequence of a’s and b’s corresponding to theordered list of trajectories arriving at (n, k).
Bn,k = Bn−1,k−1Bn−1,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 52: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Basic blocks
ba
ba ab
ba aab abb
Bn,k = Bn−1,k−1Bn−1,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 53: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Basic blocks
ba
ba ab
ba aab abb
Bn,k = Bn−1,k−1Bn−1,k
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Coding: basic blocks
Basic blocks
The trajectories arriving at (n, k) are ordered in such a way
that those going through (n− 1, k − 1) appear before those
going through (n− 1, k). Consequently, Bn,k is the
concatenation of Bn−1,k−1 and Bn−1,k.
![Page 54: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Basic blocks
ba
ba ab
ba aab abb
aababb ba aaab abbb
Bn,k = Bn−1,k−1Bn−1,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 55: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Basic blocks
ba
ba ab
ba aab abb
aababb ba aaab abbb
aaaab aaabaababb aababbabbb abbbba b
Bn,k = Bn−1,k−1Bn−1,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 56: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Basic blocks
. . . abaababbaababbabbbaaabaababbaababbabbbab . . .
x
kn(x) n
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 57: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Introduction to the transformationInvariant measuresCoding: basic blocks
Basic blocks
. . . abaababbaababbabbb aaabaababb︸ ︷︷ ︸Bn,kn(x)
aababbabbbab . . .
x
kn(x) n
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 58: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Basic blocks
. . . abaababbaababbabbb aaabaababb︸ ︷︷ ︸Bn,kn(x)
aababbabbbab . . .
x
kn(x) n
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
The Pascal-adic transformation
Coding: basic blocks
Basic blocks
The sequence of words Bn,kn(x) observed along x is increasing
and converges to the doubly infinite words coding the orbit of
x.
![Page 59: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
1 The Pascal-adic transformation
2 Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
3 Ergodic interpretation
4 Generalizations and related problems
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 60: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Study of the words B2k,k
These words quickly become complicated:
abaababb
aaabaababbaababbabbbaaaabaaabaababbaababbabbbaaabaababbaababbabbbabbbb
...
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 61: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Study of the words B2k,k
These words quickly become complicated:
abaababb
aaabaababbaababbabbbaaaabaaabaababbaababbabbbaaabaababbaababbabbbabbbb
...
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
Graph associated to B2k,k
Study of the words B2k,k
We are interested in the asymptotic structure of the words
appearing in the triangle. We first consider the words
appearing along the vertical (2k, k). Their length grows very
rapidly (|Bn,k| = Ckn); it is therefore useful to represent them
differently.
![Page 62: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Study of the words B2k,k
These words quickly become complicated:
ab
aababbaaabaababbaababbabbb
aaaabaaabaababbaababbabbbaaabaababbaababbabbbabbbb...
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 63: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Study of the words B2k,k
These words quickly become complicated:
abaababb
aaabaababbaababbabbbaaaabaaabaababbaababbabbbaaabaababbaababbabbbabbbb
...
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 64: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Study of the words B2k,k
These words quickly become complicated:
abaababb
aaabaababbaababbabbb
aaaabaaabaababbaababbabbbaaabaababbaababbabbbabbbb...
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 65: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Study of the words B2k,k
These words quickly become complicated:
abaababb
aaabaababbaababbabbbaaaabaaabaababbaababbabbbaaabaababbaababbabbbabbbb
...
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 66: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Graph associated to a word
Graphical representation of words: a b
Example : B6,3 = aaabaababbaababbabbb becomes
a a a b a a b a b b a a b a b b a b b b
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 67: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Graph associated to a word
Graphical representation of words: a b
Example : B6,3 = aaabaababbaababbabbb becomes
a a a b a a b a b b a a b a b b a b b b
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 68: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Graph associated to B2k,k
k = 2
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 69: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Graph associated to B2k,k
k = 2
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
Asymptotic behavior of B2k,k
Graph associated to B2k,k
A remarkable phenomenon takes place: after a suitable
normalization, the graph associated to the words B2k,k
converges to a self-similar curve.
![Page 70: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Graph associated to B2k,k
k = 3
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 71: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Graph associated to B2k,k
k = 4
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 72: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Graph associated to B2k,k
k = 5
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 73: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Graph associated to B2k,k
k = 6
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 74: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Graph associated to B2k,k
k = 7
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 75: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Graph associated to B2k,k
“k = ∞”
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 76: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
MacDonald’s curve
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 77: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
MacDonald’s curve
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
MacDonald’s curve
Some people call this limiting curve the MacDonald’s curve.
We really don’t know why!
![Page 78: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
MacDonald’s Blancmange curve
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 79: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
MacDonald’s Blancmange curve
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
MacDonald’s Blancmange curve
In fact, this curve is known in the litterature under the name
Blancmange curve, because it looks like the dessert. . .
![Page 80: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Blancmange curve
The fractal Blancmange curve (also called Takagi’scurve) is the attractor of the family of the two affinecontractions
(x, y) 7→ (12x, 1
2y+x) (x, y) 7→ (12x+1
2 ,12y−x+1)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 81: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Blancmange curve
The fractal Blancmange curve (also called Takagi’scurve) is the attractor of the family of the two affinecontractions
(x, y) 7→ (12x, 1
2y+x) (x, y) 7→ (12x+1
2 ,12y−x+1)
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Blancmange curve
This limiting curve is also called Takagi’s curve (who
introduced it in 1903 as a simple example of a continuous
nowhere-differentiable function). This curve can be
constructed in several ways. The relevant construction for this
talk is the following one: we introduce two affine
transformations, that we apply iteratively starting with the
segment [0, 1]. The attractor is the Blancmange curve.
![Page 82: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Blancmange curve
1 step
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 83: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Blancmange curve
2 steps
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 84: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Blancmange curve
3 steps
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 85: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Blancmange curve
4 steps
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 86: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Blancmange curve
5 steps
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 87: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Blancmange curve
The attractor : M1/2
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 88: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Result
Theorem
After a suitable scaling, the curve associated to theblock B2k,k converges in L∞ to M1/2.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 89: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
B2k,k
B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−2,k−2
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 90: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Idea of the proof
B2k,k
B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−2,k−2
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
We are going to compute the coordinates of a dense subset of
points of B2k,k, when k →∞.
![Page 91: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
B2k,k
B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−2,k−2
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 92: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Idea of the proof
B2k,k
B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−2,k−2
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
The word B2k,k is the concatenation of the two symmetric
words B2k−1,k−1 and B2k−1,k. The quantities we are interested
in are the length and the height of the word B2k−1,k−1. This
gives us the coordinates of a first point.
![Page 93: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
B2k,k
B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−2,k−2
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 94: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
B2k,k
B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−2,k−2
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 95: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
B2k,k
B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
h2k−2,k−2
B2k−2,k
B2k−2,k−1
2k−2,k−2B
B2k−2,k−1
h2k−1,k−1B2k−1,kB2k−1,k−1
B2k,k
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 96: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
Bn,k
|Bn,k| = Ckn
hn,k = |Bn,k|a − |Bn,k|b = Ckn−1−Ck−1
n−1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 97: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
hn,k
| |Bn,k
|Bn,k| = Ckn
hn,k = |Bn,k|a − |Bn,k|b = Ckn−1−Ck−1
n−1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 98: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
hn,k
| |Bn,k
|Bn,k| = Ckn
hn,k = |Bn,k|a − |Bn,k|b = Ckn−1−Ck−1
n−1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 99: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Idea of the proof
hn,k
| |Bn,k
|Bn,k| = Ckn
hn,k = |Bn,k|a − |Bn,k|b = Ckn−1−Ck−1
n−1
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
The length of a word Bn,k is equal to the number of
trajectories connecting (0, 0) and (n, k).
![Page 100: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
hn,k
| |Bn,k
|Bn,k| = Ckn
hn,k = |Bn,k|a − |Bn,k|b
= Ckn−1−Ck−1
n−1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 101: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
n
k
|Bn,k| = Ckn
hn,k = |Bn,k|a − |Bn,k|b
= Ckn−1−Ck−1
n−1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 102: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
n
k
a
|Bn,k| = Ckn
hn,k = |Bn,k|a − |Bn,k|b = Ckn−1−
Ck−1n−1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 103: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Idea of the proof
n
k
a
|Bn,k| = Ckn
hn,k = |Bn,k|a − |Bn,k|b = Ckn−1−
Ck−1n−1
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
|Bn,k|a, the number of a’s in Bn,k, is equal to the number of
trajectories connecting (1, 0) and (n, k).
![Page 104: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
n
k
a b
|Bn,k| = Ckn
hn,k = |Bn,k|a − |Bn,k|b = Ckn−1−Ck−1
n−1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 105: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 106: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Idea of the proof
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
We present now an efficient method to obtain the coordinates
of points located at the words boundaries. We start by
constructing the “ascending” triangle composed of (2k, k) and
all its “ancestors”. Consider first the case of abscissae.
![Page 107: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
1
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 108: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Idea of the proof
1
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
The length of the first word after horizontal normalization is
arbitrary. We choose it to be 1.
![Page 109: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 110: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
By symmetry, the lengths of its two parents are therefore equal
to 1/2.
![Page 111: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
1/4 1/4 1/4
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 112: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
1/4 1/4 1/4
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
Going on like this, we easily obtain all the abscissae.
![Page 113: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
1/4 1/4 1/41/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 114: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
1/4 1/4 1/41/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32
Abscissae
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 115: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 116: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
The heights of all the words located along the vertical through
(0, 0) is equal to 0.
![Page 117: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 118: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
The height, after vertical normalization, of the parents of
(2k, k) is arbitrary. We choose it to be 1.
![Page 119: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11−11
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 120: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11−11
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
This allows us to fill in two more values. At this stage, weneed an additional information. The following asymptoticseasily follows from the formula for hn,k:
limk→∞
h2k−1,k−1
h2k+1,k+1= 1/4.
![Page 121: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 122: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.20
05-0
3-31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
We can now completely fill in the array.
![Page 123: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4 −3/41/4
3/4−1/4
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 124: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4 −3/41/4
3/4−1/4
3/16 −3/16
−1/21/2
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 125: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4 −3/41/4
3/4−1/4
3/16 −3/16
−1/21/25/16 −5/16
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 126: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4 −3/41/4
3/4−1/4
3/16 −3/16
−1/21/25/16 −5/16
Ordinates
hn,k = hn−1,k−1 + hn−1,k
limk→∞h2k+1,k+1
h2k−1,k−1= 4.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 127: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
1/4 1/4 1/41/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32
x
1/2
1/32
1/8 1/8 1/81/41/4
1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32
1/16
1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64
1/32
12x
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4 −3/41/4
3/4−1/4
3/16 −3/16
−1/21/25/16 −5/16
y
11 0
3/4 1/4 −1/41/2 −1/401/4
5/16 3/16 −3/161/16 −1/16
3/16 1/8 1/16 0 −1/16 −1/8
12y + x
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 128: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
1/4 1/4 1/41/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32
x
1/2
1/32
1/8 1/8 1/81/41/4
1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32
1/16
1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64
1/32
12x
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4 −3/41/4
3/4−1/4
3/16 −3/16
−1/21/25/16 −5/16
y
11 0
3/4 1/4 −1/41/2 −1/401/4
5/16 3/16 −3/161/16 −1/16
3/16 1/8 1/16 0 −1/16 −1/8
12y + x
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
It remains to explain how the link with the Blancmange curve
is made. Let us consider the first of the two affinities used in
its construction.
![Page 129: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
1/4 1/4 1/41/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32
x
1/2
1/32
1/8 1/8 1/81/41/4
1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32
1/16
1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64
1/32
12x
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4 −3/41/4
3/4−1/4
3/16 −3/16
−1/21/25/16 −5/16
y
11 0
3/4 1/4 −1/41/2 −1/401/4
5/16 3/16 −3/161/16 −1/16
3/16 1/8 1/16 0 −1/16 −1/8
12y + x
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 130: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Idea of the proof
11/2 1/2
1/4 1/4 1/41/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32 1/32
x
1/2
1/32
1/8 1/8 1/81/41/4
1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32
1/16
1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64
1/32
12x
0
0
0
−11−11
1/16 −1/16
1/4 −1/4 −3/41/4
3/4−1/4
3/16 −3/16
−1/21/25/16 −5/16
y
11 0
3/4 1/4 −1/41/2 −1/401/4
5/16 3/16 −3/161/16 −1/16
3/16 1/8 1/16 0 −1/16 −1/8
12y + x
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
Applying this transformation to the abscissae and ordinates we
have just computed, we obtain two new ascending triangles.
![Page 131: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
1
1/41/8
1/16
1/32
1/21/4
1/81/16
1/321/32
1/16
1/81/4
1/81/16
1/321/32
1/16
1/32
1/2
x
1/2
1/32
1/8 1/8 1/81/41/4
1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32
1/16
1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64
1/32
12x
1/2 1/41/16 −1/16 −3/16
0−1/41/43/4
11
0
5/16 3/16
−1−1
0
−3/4
−5/16
−1/2−1/4
y
11 0
3/4 1/4 −1/41/2 −1/401/4
5/16 3/16 −3/161/16 −1/16
3/16 1/8 1/16 0 −1/16 −1/8
12y + x
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 132: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Idea of the proof
1
1/41/8
1/16
1/32
1/21/4
1/81/16
1/321/32
1/16
1/81/4
1/81/16
1/321/32
1/16
1/32
1/2
x
1/2
1/32
1/8 1/8 1/81/41/4
1/16 1/16 1/16
1/32 1/32 1/32
1/16
1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64 1/64
1/32
12x
1/2 1/41/16 −1/16 −3/16
0−1/41/43/4
11
0
5/16 3/16
−1−1
0
−3/4
−5/16
−1/2−1/4
y
11 0
3/4 1/4 −1/41/2 −1/401/4
5/16 3/16 −3/161/16 −1/16
3/16 1/8 1/16 0 −1/16 −1/8
12y + x
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
We then observe that these two triangles are precisely those
obtained when removing the rightmost border of the original
triangles.
![Page 133: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Idea of the proof
1
1/41/8
1/16
1/32
1/21/4
1/81/16
1/321/32
1/16
1/81/4
1/81/16
1/321/32
1/16
1/32
1/2
x
1/2 1/41/16 −1/16 −3/16
0−1/41/43/4
11
0
5/16 3/16
−1−1
0
−3/4
−5/16
−1/2−1/4
y
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 134: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Idea of the proof
1
1/41/8
1/16
1/32
1/21/4
1/81/16
1/321/32
1/16
1/81/4
1/81/16
1/321/32
1/16
1/32
1/2
x
1/2 1/41/16 −1/16 −3/16
0−1/41/43/4
11
0
5/16 3/16
−1−1
0
−3/4
−5/16
−1/2−1/4
y
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
The limiting curve
Idea of the proof
But these two subtriangles correspond to the coordinates of
the points of the left half of the curve. The desired
self-similarity is therefore seen to hold. The second affinity can
be analyzed similarly.
![Page 135: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
What about the other words?
The curve obtained for B33,11
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 136: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
What about the other words?
The curve obtained for B33,11
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
General case of the blocks Bn,k
What about the other words?
Observing, for example, the word associated to B33,11, we see
that the latter is essentially a straight line. This leads us to
the study of what one obtains when renormalizing this graph
in order to remove this leading linear growth.
![Page 137: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
What about the other words?
We subtract the straight line. . .
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 138: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
What about the other words?
We subtract the straight line. . .
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 139: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
What about the other words?
. . . and we change the vertical scale
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 140: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
What about the other words?
The attractor M1/3
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 141: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
What about the other words?
The attractor M1/3
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
General case of the blocks Bn,k
What about the other words?
Obviously, this is not M1/2, but a related curve.
![Page 142: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
The family of limiting curves
We consider the family of curves Mp defined asfollows: Mp is the attractor of the family of the twoaffine contractions
(x, y) 7→ (px, py + x)
(x, y) 7→ ((1− p)x + p, (1− p)y − x + 1)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 143: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Limiting curve for p = 0.4
Construction of M0.4
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 144: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Some examples
M0.2
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 145: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Some examples
M0.3
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 146: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Some examples
M0.4
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 147: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Some examples
M0.5
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 148: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Some examples
M0.6
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 149: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Some examples
M0.7
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 150: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Some examples
M0.8
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 151: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Graph associated to B2k,kAsymptotic behavior of B2k,kThe limiting curveGeneral case of the blocks Bn,k
Result
Theorem
Let (kn) be a sequence such thatlimn kn/n = p ∈ (0, 1).After a suitable normalization, the curve associatedto the block Bn,kn
converges in L∞ to Mp.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 152: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
1 The Pascal-adic transformation
2 Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
3 Ergodic interpretation
4 Generalizations and related problems
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 153: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
The case of i.i.d. random variables
t 7→ 1
`
∑0≤j<t`
Xj
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 154: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
The case of i.i.d. random variables
t 7→ 1
`
∑0≤j<t`
Xj2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Ergodic interpretation
Corrections to the ergodic theorem
The case of i.i.d. random variables
We want to interpret the preceding result in term of
corrections to the ergodic theorem. For this, we make a
parallel with a better known situation: the case of bounded
i.i.d. random variables. First consider a large integer `, and
the graph representing the partial sums up to time n.
![Page 155: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
The case of i.i.d. random variables
t 7→ 1
`
∑0≤j<t`
Xj t 7→ t
`
∑0≤j<`
Xj
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 156: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
The case of i.i.d. random variables
t 7→ 1
`
∑0≤j<t`
Xj −t
`
∑0≤j<`
Xj
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 157: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
The case of i.i.d. random variables
t 7→ 1
`
∑0≤j<t`
Xj −t
`
∑0≤j<`
Xj2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Ergodic interpretation
Corrections to the ergodic theorem
The case of i.i.d. random variables
We substract a linear function so that the graph ends on the
line y = 0.
![Page 158: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
The case of i.i.d. random variables
t 7→ K`
(1
`
∑0≤j<t`
Xj − t1
`
∑0≤j<`
Xj
)
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 159: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
The case of i.i.d. random variables
Brownian bridge
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 160: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
The case of i.i.d. random variables
Brownian bridge
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Ergodic interpretation
Corrections to the ergodic theorem
The case of i.i.d. random variables
After a suitable vertical renormalization, we (asymptotically)
get a typical trajectory of a Brownian bridge, which describes
the corrections to the law of large numbers.
![Page 161: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Ergodic theorem
Let g(x) =
{1 if x begins with 0
−1 if x begins with 1.
Since g is integrable, the ergodic theorem yields, for0 < t < 1
lim`→∞
K`
(1
`
∑0≤j<t`
g(T jx
)− t
1
`
∑0≤j<`
g(T jx
))= Mp
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 162: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Ergodic theorem
Let g(x) =
{1 if x begins with 0
−1 if x begins with 1.
Since g is integrable, the ergodic theorem yields, for0 < t < 1
lim`→∞
1
`
∑0≤j<t`
g(T jx
)= t lim
`→∞
1
`
∑0≤j<`
g(T jx
).
lim`→∞
K`
(1
`
∑0≤j<t`
g(T jx
)− t
1
`
∑0≤j<`
g(T jx
))= Mp
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 163: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Ergodic theorem
Let g(x) =
{1 if x begins with 0
−1 if x begins with 1.
Since g is integrable, the ergodic theorem yields, for0 < t < 1
lim`→∞
K`
(1
`
∑0≤j<t`
g(T jx
)− t
1
`
∑0≤j<`
g(T jx
))= Mp
lim`→∞
K`
(1
`
∑0≤j<t`
g(T jx
)− t
1
`
∑0≤j<`
g(T jx
))= Mp
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 164: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Ergodic theorem
Let g(x) =
{1 if x begins with 0
−1 if x begins with 1.
Since g is integrable, the ergodic theorem yields, for0 < t < 1
lim`→∞
K`
(1
`
∑0≤j<t`
g(T jx
)− t
1
`
∑0≤j<`
g(T jx
))= Mp
lim`→∞
K`
(1
`
∑0≤j<t`
g(T jx
)− t
1
`
∑0≤j<`
g(T jx
))= Mp
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 165: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Ergodic theorem
Let g(x) =
{1 if x begins with 0
−1 if x begins with 1.
Since g is integrable, the ergodic theorem yields, for0 < t < 1
lim`→∞
K`
(1
`
∑0≤j<t`
g(T jx
)− t
1
`
∑0≤j<`
g(T jx
))= Mp
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 166: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Ergodic theorem
Let g(x) =
{1 if x begins with 0
−1 if x begins with 1.
Since g is integrable, the ergodic theorem yields, for0 < t < 1
lim`→∞
K`
(1
`
∑0≤j<t`
g(T jx
)− t
1
`
∑0≤j<`
g(T jx
))= Mp20
05-0
3-31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Ergodic interpretation
Corrections to the ergodic theorem
Ergodic theorem
Our theorem is the analog of what happens in the i.i.d. case,
when one considers the partial ergodic sums of a special
function g depending on the first step of the trajectory during
an interval of time corresponding to a basic block. What is
remarkable here is that we get a deterministic limit (depending
only on the ergodic component).
![Page 167: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Cylindrical functions
It is natural to extend this study to functions
g(x1, . . . , xN0)
depending only on the first N0 steps of thetrajectory.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 168: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Examples
1 0 0 -1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 169: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Examples
1 0 0 -1
p = 1/2
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 170: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Examples
1 0 0 -1
p = 1/5
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 171: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Examples
1 0 0 -1
p = 4/5
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 172: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Examples
1 0 0 -1
p = 4/52005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Ergodic interpretation
Sufficiently regular functions
Examples
For this particular function g depending on the first 2 steps of
the trajectory, the situation seems to be the same as what we
observed for the simpler function.
![Page 173: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Examples
0 0 1 -1
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 174: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Examples
0 0 1 -1
p = 1/2
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 175: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Examples
0 0 1 -1
p = 1/5
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 176: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Examples
0 0 1 -1
p = 1/4
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 177: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
Examples
0 0 1 -1
p = 1/42005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Ergodic interpretation
Sufficiently regular functions
Examples
But for this function g, we get an amazing phenomenon: For
some values of the parameter p, i.e. for some ergodic
components, the limiting curve is reversed! And for the special
value p = 1/4, we get a different kind of limiting curve.
![Page 178: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
General result
Let g be a cylindrical function depending only on thefirst N0 steps, and not cohomologous to a constant.
TheoremThere exists a polynomial P g of degree N0 + 1 suchthat the behavior of the ergodic sums of thefunction g is characterized by the sign of P g(p) : if
P g(p) 6= 0, the limiting curve is sign(P g(p)
)Mp.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 179: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
General result
Let g be a cylindrical function depending only on thefirst N0 steps, and not cohomologous to a constant.
There does not exist a function h such that
g = h ◦ T − h + C.
TheoremThere exists a polynomial P g of degree N0 + 1 suchthat the behavior of the ergodic sums of thefunction g is characterized by the sign of P g(p) : if
P g(p) 6= 0, the limiting curve is sign(P g(p)
)Mp.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 180: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
General result
Let g be a cylindrical function depending only on thefirst N0 steps, and not cohomologous to a constant.
TheoremThere exists a polynomial P g of degree N0 + 1 suchthat the behavior of the ergodic sums of thefunction g is characterized by the sign of P g(p) : if
P g(p) 6= 0, the limiting curve is sign(P g(p)
)Mp.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 181: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
The polynomial P g
The polynomial P g is given by the following formula:
P g(p) = −covµp(g, kN0
) .
It has at most N0 − 1 zeros in the interval (0, 1).
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
The critical case
Question: What happens when P g(p) = 0 ?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 183: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Other classes of functions?
It is easy to construct functions g for which such aresult does not hold.
Question: If g is such that
limN0→∞
covµp(g, kN0
)
exists and is non zero, does one observe the samephenomenon?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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Other classes of functions?
It is easy to construct functions g for which such aresult does not hold.
Question: If g is such that
limN0→∞
covµp(g, kN0
)
exists and is non zero, does one observe the samephenomenon?
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Ergodic interpretation
Sufficiently regular functions
Other classes of functions?
We can either construct them by hand, or use a result of
Dalibor Volny stating that one can always find a function
satisfying the invariance principle.
![Page 185: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Corrections to the ergodic theoremSufficiently regular functions
Other classes of functions?
It is easy to construct functions g for which such aresult does not hold.Question: If g is such that
limN0→∞
covµp(g, kN0
)
exists and is non zero, does one observe the samephenomenon?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 186: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
1 The Pascal-adic transformation
2 Self-similar structure of the basic blocks
3 Ergodic interpretation
4 Generalizations and related problems
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
In 1988, Conway introduced the following recursivesequence:
C(j) = C(C(j − 1)) + C(j − C(j − 1))
with initial conditions C(1) = C(2) = 1.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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Conway’s sequence
In 1988, Conway introduced the following recursivesequence:
C(j) = C(C(j − 1)) + C(j − C(j − 1))
with initial conditions C(1) = C(2) = 1.
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Generalizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequence
Conway’s sequence
During a talk at the Bell Laboratories in 1988, John Conway
described this recursive sequence, and challenged the audience
to find the first n such that, for all j ≥ n, we have
|C(j)/j − 1/2| < 0.05. He thought that it was so difficult to
solve that he promised $10 000 for the solution. But two
weeks later, Colin Mallows solved Conway’s problem. The two
men then agreed that Conway had suffered a “slip of the
tongue” in offering $10 000, when he had meant only $1 000.
![Page 189: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
We introduce the infinite word D∞ obtained byconcatenating all the words Bn,k:
D∞ = B1,0B1,1B2,0B2,1B2,2B3,0 . . .
Let Dj be the word given by the first j letters ofD∞. The following relation holds (j ≥ 3)
C(j) = 1 + |Dj−2|a.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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Conway’s sequence
We introduce the infinite word D∞ obtained byconcatenating all the words Bn,k:
D∞ = B1,0B1,1B2,0B2,1B2,2B3,0 . . .
Let Dj be the word given by the first j letters ofD∞. The following relation holds (j ≥ 3)
C(j) = 1 + |Dj−2|a.2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Generalizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequence
Conway’s sequence
In fact the recursive sequence C(j) is closely related to the
basic blocks Bn,k.
![Page 191: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
The beginning of the word D∞
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
level 3
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 193: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
level 5
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 194: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
level 8
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 195: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
level 10
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
level 15
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
level 20
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 198: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
level 27
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 199: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
Conway’s sequence
limit
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 200: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
Conway’s sequence
limit
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Generalizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequence
Conway’s sequence
In his analysis of Conway’s problem, Mallows observed that
the graph associated to D∞, consists in a series of bigger and
bigger humps. Each of these humps corresponds to the
concatenation of all the basic blocks in a given level n. He
proved that, when suitably renormalized, the humps converge
to the smooth curve x = 2 + 2Φ(u), y = ϕ(u), where ϕ and
Φ are respectively the density and the cumulative function of
the standard Gaussian distribution. The results we present
here can be interpreted as a refinement of this convergence.
![Page 201: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The generalized Pascal-adic
There exists a natural generalization of thePascal-adic transformation, in which the graph has(q − 1)N + 1 vertices at level N , but where eachvertex has q offsprings.
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
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The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The generalized Pascal-adic
Example: the graph for q = 3
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 203: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The generalized Pascal-adic
q = 3
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 204: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The generalized Pascal-adic
q = 8
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 205: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The generalized Pascal-adic
q = 128
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 206: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The generalized Pascal-adic
limit ?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 207: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
The generalized Pascal-adic
limit ?
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Generalizations and related problems
The generalized Pascal-adic
The generalized Pascal-adic
When q →∞, it seems that the limiting curve converges to
the same smooth function as the humps described before.
![Page 208: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The question of the rank
E(T) = 0
E(T) = 0
LB
E(T) = 0
LB
finite ranklocal rank one
rank one
Is the Pascal-adic transformation of rank one? Offinite rank? Of local rank one?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 209: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The question of the rank
E(T) = 0E(T) = 0
LB
E(T) = 0
LB
finite ranklocal rank one
rank one
Is the Pascal-adic transformation of rank one? Offinite rank? Of local rank one?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 210: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The question of the rank
E(T) = 0E(T) = 0
LB
E(T) = 0
LB
finite ranklocal rank one
rank one
Is the Pascal-adic transformation of rank one? Offinite rank? Of local rank one?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 211: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The question of the rank
E(T) = 0E(T) = 0
LB
E(T) = 0
LB
finite ranklocal rank one
rank one
Is the Pascal-adic transformation of rank one? Offinite rank? Of local rank one?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 212: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
The question of the rank
E(T) = 0E(T) = 0
LB
E(T) = 0
LB
finite ranklocal rank one
rank one
Is the Pascal-adic transformation of rank one? Offinite rank? Of local rank one?
2005
-03-
31
Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
Generalizations and related problems
Open questions for the Pascal-adic
The question of the rank
We know that the Pascal-adic transformation has zero entropy
and is loosely Bernoulli. In the class of zero-entropy
loosely-Bernoulli transformations, we have the following
stronger properties: Rank one =⇒ finite rank =⇒ local rank
one. The conjecture is that the Pascal-adic transformation is
not of local rank one, but we are not even able to prove that it
is not rank one!
![Page 213: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The question of weak mixing
Is the Pascal-adic transformation weakly mixing?
If λ is an eigenvalue of T for the ergodic componentµp, then for µp-every x
λCkn(x)n −→
n→∞1.
x
kn(x) n
Does this imply that λ = 1 ?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 214: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The question of weak mixing
Is the Pascal-adic transformation weakly mixing?
If λ is an eigenvalue of T for the ergodic componentµp, then for µp-every x
λCkn(x)n −→
n→∞1.
x
kn(x) n
Does this imply that λ = 1 ?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 215: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
The question of weak mixing
Is the Pascal-adic transformation weakly mixing?
If λ is an eigenvalue of T for the ergodic componentµp, then for µp-every x
λCkn(x)n −→
n→∞1.
x
kn(x) n
Does this imply that λ = 1 ?
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation
![Page 216: Self-similarity of the corrections to the ergodic theorem for the Pascal-adic transformation](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081622/613c65edf237e1331c515071/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
The Pascal-adic transformationSelf-similar structure of the basic blocks
Ergodic interpretationGeneralizations and related problems
Conway’s 10 000$ sequenceThe generalized Pascal-adicOpen questions for the Pascal-adic
To be continued. . .
T. de la Rue, E. Janvresse, Y. Velenik Self-similarity of the Pascal-adic transformation