semantic blockchain - starting point #semanticblockchain

8/15/2019 Semantic Blockchain - Starting Point #semanticblockchain

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Semantic Blockchain STARTING POINT)

By: Héctor E. Ugarte R.https://semanticblocks.wordpress.com/

https://semanticblocks.wordpress.com/https://semanticblocks.wordpress.com/


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1. BACKGROUND


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Bitcoin 1.0

•

The world's first decentralized digital currency

• A solution to the central• Achieve concensus with


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SOURCE: Andreas Antonopoulos. Mastering bitcoin: Unlocking digital cryptocurrencies. O'Reilly,Sebastopol, CA

Public keys

u c ey cryptograp y

Hash functions

Every 10 minutesa new block is added


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Bitcoin 2.0:

•

The application of decentralized public ledgers for purposes otherthan just digital currencies.• There are many (metacoins and others), but Ethereum includes a

programmable smart contract platform.• SMART CONTRACT: programs and protocols to facilitate the

automated performance of a contract. Different possible languages,supported one: SOLIDITY


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Ethereum Decentralized Application DApp)

SOURCE: Hector Ugarte. Semantic web on/with the blockchain - Multilayered architecture on Ethereum,https://semanticblocks.wordpress.com/2016/03/29/multilayered-architecture-on-ethereum/ 20

https://semanticblocks.wordpress.com/2016/03/29/multilayered-architecture-on-ethereum/https://semanticblocks.wordpress.com/2016/03/29/multilayered-architecture-on-ethereum/


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2. ANALYSIS


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Why Ethereum over Bitcoin? (metacoins)

•

General purpose.• Turing-complete, universal scripting language.• Fees - regulate its Turing-complete functionality and prevent abusiv

transactions transaction fee for each computational step of scriptexecution.

• Mining algorithms: Different more energy friendly “Proof of stake”• GHOST - GHOST is a new block propagation protocol that allows

blockchains to have much faster block confirmation times, ideally ithe range of 3-30 seconds.


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Why blockchain technologies?• Interoperable/Robust: A modular, interoperable platform that eliminates the possibility of double spendin• Cost-efficient/Reduce costs: A solution to drastically reduce costs by eliminating the need for “handling

companies” to be audited• Real-time and agile: A fast and highly accessible sign-up means quick deployment• Public/Transparency/censorship resilent/ Incorruptible/ Inmutable / Auditable/Traceability : The opennes

the platform enables innovation and could achieve bottom-up transparency in supply chains instead ofburdensome top-down audits. Ethics can be hard-coded. An auditable record that can be inspected and usby companies, standards organizations, regulators, and customers alike

• Guaranteed continuity: The elimination of any central operator ensures inclusiveness and longevity.• Trustless• Super distributed Security: You would have to hack each node in the chain to hijack the system• proof of uniqueness• ownership of data


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Why Semantic Web?

• Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) used to identify documents and alsoconcepts (people, places, things, abstract/intangible concepts) andproperties / data relationships (consistency).

• Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides a W3C standard way twrite simple logical statements about relationships. (Standardizati

• Ontologies are like data dictionaries with additional logical annotationsMultiple ontologies can co- exist and be used in parallel. It’s also easy tcross-reference between them. (Standarization).

• SPARQL query language enables a query to combine machine-readabledata from multiple sources and also allows new data relationships to beconstructed from existing data. (Linking and mappings).


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The Symbiosis

Block_1

Block_header

Transaction_1

614ea8dd47267035f15b638c0a459900

6e410e714f95fe73b

Transaction_2

Merkle_root

has

hashas


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3. PROPOSED SOLUTION


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Proposed solutions

1. Developed ontologyto explore Bitcoin and Ethereumblockchain

…


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Proposed solutions

Evaluation:A basic mapping between JSON RPC (using Ethereum JSON RPC Aand RDF (using vocabulary)


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Proposed solutions

2. Implement a usecase on EthereumChosen usecase : “PROVENANCE on the Supply Chain ”

“ Provenance is defined as a record that describes the people,institutions, entities, and activities involved in producing, influencing, o

delivering a piece of data or a thing. ”

W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) Provenance Working Grou


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Provenance in the Semantic Web Layer Cake Diagram.

Simplified view of PROV spe


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SOURCE: Christopher Brewster. Semantic blockchains in the supply chain. Aston University, 2015.


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SOURCE: Luc Moreau. Enabling Provenance on the Web Standardization and Research Questions. Web and Internet SUniversity of Southampton, 2015.


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The Project Provenance Ltd

• Prototype that uses blockchain technology to enablesecure traceability ofcertifications and othersalient information insupply chains.


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Data Journalism Scenario

the journalist data cruncher

editor webmaster

1

3

4

SOURCE: Luc Moreau, Paul Groth. Provenance : an introduction to PROV. Morgan & Claypool, 2013.


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Individuals diagram

Using The PROV Ontology (PROV-O)


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Data Journalism Ðapp Schema


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Future Work

• Ethereum Contract ABI (Application binary interface)

?


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Future Work

• Ethereum Natural Specification Format

• @title: This is a title that should describe the contracthe contract definition• @author: The name of the author of the contract. Shoabove the contract definition.•

@notice: Represents user documentation. This is theappear to the user to notify him of what the function hexecute is doing• @dev: Represents developer documentation. This is that would only be visible to the developer.• @param: Documents a parameter just like in doxygefollowed by the parameter name.• @return: Documents the return type of a contract's fu