Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Semantic Web Technology: The Key to MakingScientific Information Systems SocialPresentation at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf

Christoph Lange

University of Bremen, Germany

2012-02-29

Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 1

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

‘Hello, World!’

2011: Ph.D. from Jacobs University Bremen(with Michael Kohlhase)Enabling Collaborationon SemiformalMathematical Knowledgeby Semantic Web Integrationfrom 2011: Postdoctoral researcher at theUniversity of Bremen(with John Bateman, Till Mossakowski)Ontology Integration and Interoperability(OntoIOp) – Distributed Ontology Language(DOL)↝ ISO 17347

Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 2

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

The Semantic Web Visionvision of Berners-Lee, Hendler andLassila 2001:

Machines understand the data onthe Web. . . to assist userswithknowledge-related tasks.

low-profile artificial intelligence:

Don’t try to automaticallyunderstand documents, . . .. . . but enable authors andapplications to publishstructured data.

now goingmainstream(Berners-Lee, Hendler andLassila 2001)

Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 3

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

The schema.org Search Vocabularyinitiative of search engine operators (Bing, Google, etc.)annotation vocabulary for structuring web pages; covers . . .

creative works

events

organizations

persons

places

products

Example (Movie description)

AvatarDirector: James Cameron (born August 16, 1954)Science fictionTrailer

Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 4

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

The schema.org Search Vocabularyinitiative of search engine operators (Bing, Google, etc.)annotation vocabulary for structuring web pages; covers . . .

creative works

events

organizations

persons

places

products

Example (Movie description)

<div class="movie"><h1>Avatar</h1><div class="director">Director: James Cameron(born August 16, 1954)

</div><span class="genre">Science fiction</span><a href="../movies/avatar-theatrical-trailer.html"Trailer</a>

</div>

Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 4

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

The schema.org Search Vocabularyinitiative of search engine operators (Bing, Google, etc.)annotation vocabulary for structuring web pages; covers . . .

creative works

events

organizations

persons

places

products

Example (Movie description)

<div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Movie"><h1 itemprop="name">Avatar</h1><div itemprop="director" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">Director: <span itemprop="name">James Cameron</span>

(born <span itemprop="birthDate">August 16, 1954</span>)

</div><span itemprop="genre">Science fiction</span>

<a href="../movies/avatar-theatrical-trailer.html"

itemprop="trailer">Trailer</a></div>

Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 4

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

The schema.org Search Vocabularyinitiative of search engine operators (Bing, Google, etc.)annotation vocabulary for structuring web pages; covers . . .

creative works

events

organizations

persons

places

products

Example (Movie description)

Movie Avatar Person

James Cameron

August 16, 1954Science fiction../movies/. . .type na

me

directorgenre

trailer

type

namebirthDate

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Social Data with schema.org

review or rating of a creative work, organization or product(written by a person)social network of a person:

person follows/knows personperson works for person, is colleague of personperson has parents/siblings/spouse/children/other relatives

Example (Reviews of a movie)

Movie type

Avatar

name

reviews

authorreviewRat

ing

reviewsauthor

reviewRating

6ratingValue

8.5ratingValue

Pünktchenname

Antonname

Persontype

type

knows

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

What Search Engines make out of schema.org

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Facebook’s Open Graph ProtocolLet people ‘like’ your website without maintaining a Facebook page

1 Annotate it with Open Graph metadata2 Integrate your site into Facebook’s ‘social graph’

<html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#"xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"><meta property="og:image"content="http://www.malcolmcoles.co.uk/blog/..."/>

<meta property="og:site_name"content="Malcolm Coles&#39;s blog"/>

<meta property="fb:admins" content="522100824"/><meta property="og:title"content="Malcolm Coles: SEO, Twitter and ..."/>

<meta property="og:type" content="blog"/>

<meta property="og:url"content="http://www.malcolmcoles.co.uk/blog/"/>

<meta property="og:description"content="The blog of Malcolm Coles. ..."/>

...

Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 7

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Science is Social – Collaboration in Mathematics

History of collaboration

in the small: Hardy/Littlewoodin the large: hundreds ofmathematicians classifying the finitesimple groups‘industrialization’ of research

Utilizing the Social Web

research blogs: Baez, Gowers, TaoPolymath: collaborative proofs

Collaboration = creation,formalization, organization,understanding, reuse, application

Polymath wiki/blog: P ≠ NP proof

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Discourse in Mathematics

Proofs and Refutations (Lakatos 1976):1 initial theorem, initial proof sketch2 problem in the proof identified (only covers a specific case);

counter-example3 rework proof, or even restate theorem

Peer review (not just in mathematics)1 read paper

‘What does this mean?’(missing background knowledge, unfamiliar notation)‘How does this work?’‘What is this good for?’look up background information in cited publications

2 verify claims3 point out problems with the paper and its formal concepts

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

An Integrated Representation ofMathematical Knowledge and Discourse

Position

Decision

Issue

Inappropriatefor Domain

Wrong Incomprehensible

subClassOf

Idea

ProvideExample

Keep asBad Example

Delete

subClassOfproposes_solution_for

agrees_with/disagrees_with

agrees_with/disagrees_with

decides decides

supported_by

OntologyEntity

resolves_into

Math. Know-ledge Item

Theorem Example

subClassOf

subClassOf

SIOCargumentationmodule (partly shown)

Domain-specificargumentationclasses (partly shown)

OMDoc ontology

……

(Lange, Hastrup and Corlosquet 2008)Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 10

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Problem Solving in a Semantic Wiki

(Lange 2011)

1 Is there an unresolved issuethat is considered legitimate?

2 If solutions have beensuggested, let thehighest-ranked suggestionwin.

Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 11

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Problem Solving in a Semantic Wiki

(Lange 2011)

Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 11

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Problem Solving in a Semantic Wiki

(Lange 2011)

↓

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Usability Evaluation of the Wiki Prototype

Is the system usable?learnable?effective?useful?satisfying to use?

Can we effectively support maintenance workflows?

Quick local fixing of minor errors(in text, formalization, or presentation)Peer review, and discussing about problems

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Feedback Statements from Test Users

36understoodconcept

93

positivestatement

95

successfulaction

61negativestatement

52

confusion/uncertainty51

expectationnot met

44

not understoodwhat to do

43dissatisfaction

18 unexpected bug18 not understood concept

Understanding only seemsmarginal, but had a high impact onsuccessfully accomplishing tasks! (Lange 2011)Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 13

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Results, Interpretation, and ConsequencesParticular results about argumentation model and user interface:

generally successful:1 associate new discussion post

with the knowledge item in question2 model covers most commonly used argumentation primitives3 user interface informs about available primitives4 effectively supports user in choosing the right one

missed ‘question’ post type

requested better documentation of available argumentationprimitives and how to use them

Conclusion

Make the user interface semantically transparent (for learnability)

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Self-explaining Publicationsand Assistive Services

(David, Kohlhase, Lange, Rabe, Zhiltsov and Zholudev 2010)Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 15

Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Planetary: e-Math on the Web 3.0Planetary:math-enabled social semanticweb information portal

(http://trac.mathweb.org/planetary/; Kohlhase, Corneli, David,Ginev, Jucovschi, Kohlhase, Lange, Matican, Mirea andZholudev 2011, Elsevier Executable Paper Challenge finalist)based on Drupal 7 Content Management System

contributing legacymathematical knowledgecollections to the Web ofData

PlanetMathencyclopedia

arXiv.org pre-prints

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

Self-explaining UIs with System Ontologies

System ontologies in Planetary: structural ontologies, workflowontologies, argumentation ontology

Customizable in the environment (= mathematical documents)

‘The ontology is the API’(needs rich ontology language, e.g. DOL)Self-explaining user interface via ontology documentation

`

discussion page

knowledgeitems

(OMDoc ontology)on wiki pages

definitionforum1

example

post1: Issue(UnclearWh.Useful)

post7: Decision

post2: Elaboration

post4: Idea(ProvideExample)

post3: Position

post5: Evaluation

exemplifies

hasDiscussion(IkeWiki ontology)

has_container

has_reply

resolvesInto

physical structure(SIOC Core)

argumentativestructure

(SIOC Arg.)

elaborates_on

agrees_with

proposes_solution_for

supports

post6: Position

agrees_with

decides

supported_by

Position

Decision

Issue

Inappropriatefor Domain

Wrong Incomprehensible

subClassOf

Idea

ProvideExample

Keep asBad Example

Delete

subClassOfproposes_solution_for

agrees_with/disagrees_with

agrees_with/disagrees_with

decides decides

supported_by

OntologyEntity

resolves_into

Math. Know-ledge Item

Theorem Example

subClassOf

subClassOf

SIOCargumentationmodule (partly shown)

Domain-specificargumentationclasses (partly shown)

OMDoc ontology

……

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Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems

References I

Berners-Lee, Tim, James Hendler and Ora Lassila (2001). ‘TheSemantic Web. A new form of Web content that is meaningful tocomputers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities’. In:Scientific American 284.David, Catalin, Michael Kohlhase, Christoph Lange, Florian Rabe,Nikita Zhiltsov and Vyacheslav Zholudev (2010). ‘Publishing MathLecture Notes as Linked Data’. In: The Semantic Web: Research andApplications (Part II). 7th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC)(Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, 30th May–3rd June 2010). Ed. byLora Aroyo, Grigoris Antoniou, Eero Hyvönen, Annette ten Teije,Heiner Stuckenschmidt, Liliana Cabral and Tania Tudorache. LectureNotes in Computer Science 6089. Springer Verlag, pp. 370–375.arXiv:1004.3390v1 [cs.DL].

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References II

Kohlhase, Michael, Joe Corneli, Catalin David, Deyan Ginev,Constantin Jucovschi, Andrea Kohlhase, Christoph Lange,Bogdan Matican, Stefan Mirea and Vyacheslav Zholudev (2011). ‘ThePlanetary System: Web 3.0 & Active Documents for STEM’. In:Procedia Computer Science 4: Special issue: Proceedings of theInternational Conference on Computational Science (ICCS). Ed. byMitsuhisa Sato, Satoshi Matsuoka, Peter M. Sloot, G. Dick van Albadaand Jack Dongarra. Finalist at the Executable Papers Challenge,pp. 598–607. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2011.04.063. url:https://svn.mathweb.org/repos/planetary/doc/epc11/paper.pdf.Lakatos, Imre (1976). Proofs and Refutations. The Logic ofMathematical Discovery. Cambridge University Press.

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References III

Lange, Christoph (2011). Enabling Collaboration on SemiformalMathematical Knowledge by Semantic Web Integration. Studies onthe Semantic Web 11. Heidelberg and Amsterdam: AKA Verlag andIOS Press. isbn: 978-1-60750-840-3.Lange, Christoph, Tuukka Hastrup and Stéphane Corlosquet (Oct.2008). ‘Arguing on Issues with Mathematical Knowledge Items in aSemantic Wiki’. In:Wissens- und Erfahrungsmanagement LWA(Lernen, Wissensentdeckung und Adaptivität) Conference Proceedings.Ed. by Joachim Baumeister and Martin Atzmüller. Vol. 448.

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