semc radiology quarterly newsletter-cardiac imaging · cardiac imaging !...

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CARDIAC IMAGING Cardiac disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States. The SEMC radiology department is dedicated to partnering with you to ensure comprehensive imaging workup of cardiac diseases. CARDIAC CT The radiology department at SEMC has a 256 slice CT scanner in the Emergency Department which has allowed us to expand our program of cardiovascular CT. The scanner is equipped with iterative reconstruction algorithms and dose modulation to minimize radiation dose and maximize image quality. This is particularly important in the area of cardiac CT, where doses tend to be higher due to the need for EKG gating. Calcium Score INDICATIONS: 1. In conjunction with coronary artery CTA, to assess the amount of coronary artery calcification in order to appropriately plan the coronary artery CTA. 2. As a standalone test, calcium scoring can be useful in assessing the risk of obstructive coronary artery disease. Clinical trials show that coronary artery calcification on CT is highly sensitive and moderately specific for the presence of moderate or greater degrees of coronary atherosclerosis and outperforms the Framingham risk score. Calcium scoring is done with EKG gating, but without IV contrast. The coronary arteries are analyzed by the technologist and radiologist, according to the Agatston protocol. They are reported as absolute number, but also as a percentile compared to age and gender matched controls. Coronary Artery CTA INDICATIONS: 1. Evaluate patients at low to moderate risk of coronary artery disease in the absence of cardiac enzyme elevation and ischemic ST changes (ACR appropriateness level 6). 2. Evaluate patients with indeterminate myocardial perfusion scans due to breast attenuation. 3. Noninvasively exclude the possibility of coronary artery disease in patients requiring valve replacement or repair, many of whom are young and at low risk of having obstructive coronary artery disease. 4. Comprehensively evaluate congenital anomalies of coronary artery origin and course using 3D imaging. EKG GATING/HEART RATE Cardiac CTA is performed with EKG gating. Typically cardiac CT examinations require a heart rate under 65. This is particularly important for younger patients as it allows the greatest amount of radiation dose reduction. It is important in older patients as well, since their vessels tend to be calcified and therefore easier to evaluate at lower heart rates. Both prospective and retrospective forms of EKG gated cardiac CT exams are available. This allows us to tailor the examination according to patient age, body habitus, and heart rate. Heart rate reduction is best achieved by administering oral metoprolol for 24 hours in advance of the examination. In some cases, IV metoprolol is added or substituted for oral administration. IV CONTRAST CT angiography requires IV contrast administration, so renal function tests performed within 30 days prior to imaging are necessary for all patients over age 60 or with risk factors that might predispose SEMC RADIOLOGY 9/15/2014 Edition 3, Volume 1

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Page 1: SEMC Radiology quarterly newsletter-Cardiac Imaging · CARDIAC IMAGING ! Cardiac!disease!isthe#leadingcauseofdeath# anddisabilityintheUnitedStates.##TheSEMC radiology#department#is#dedicated#to#partnering#

 

CARDIAC IMAGING  

Cardiac  disease  is  the  leading  cause  of  death  and  disability  in  the  United  States.    The  SEMC  radiology  department  is  dedicated  to  partnering  with  you  to  ensure  comprehensive  imaging  

workup  of  cardiac  diseases.  

 

CARDIAC CT The  radiology  department  at  SEMC  has  a  256  slice  CT  scanner  in  the  Emergency  Department  which  has  allowed  us  to  expand  our  program  of  cardiovascular  CT.  The  scanner  is  equipped  with  iterative  reconstruction  algorithms  and  dose  modulation  to  minimize  radiation  dose  and  maximize    image  quality.  This  is  particularly  important  in  the  area  of  cardiac  CT,  where  doses  tend  to  be  higher  due  to  the  need  for  EKG  gating.    

Calcium Score

INDICATIONS:      

1. In  conjunction  with  coronary  artery  CTA,  to  assess  the  amount  of  coronary  artery  calcification  in  order  to  appropriately  plan  the  coronary  artery  CTA.    

2. As  a  standalone  test,  calcium  scoring  can  be  useful  in  assessing  the  risk  of  obstructive  coronary  artery  disease.  Clinical  trials  show  that  coronary  artery  calcification  on  CT  is  highly  sensitive  and  moderately  specific  for  the  presence  of  moderate  or  greater  degrees  of  coronary  atherosclerosis  and  outperforms  the  Framingham  risk  score.      

 Calcium  scoring  is  done  with  EKG  gating,  but  without  IV  contrast.    The  coronary  arteries  are  analyzed  by  the  technologist  and  radiologist,  according  to  the  Agatston  protocol.  They  are  reported  as  absolute  number,  but  also  as  a  percentile  compared  to  age  and  gender  matched  controls.    

Coronary Artery CTA

INDICATIONS:    

1. Evaluate  patients  at  low  to  moderate  risk  of  coronary  artery  disease  in  the  absence  of  cardiac  enzyme  elevation  and  ischemic  ST  changes  (ACR  appropriateness  level  6).  

2. Evaluate  patients  with  indeterminate  myocardial  perfusion  scans  due  to  breast  attenuation.    

3. Noninvasively  exclude  the  possibility  of  coronary  artery  disease  in  patients  requiring  valve  replacement  or  repair,  many  of  whom  are  young  and  at  low  risk  of  having  obstructive  coronary  artery  disease.    

4. Comprehensively  evaluate  congenital  anomalies  of  coronary  artery  origin  and  course  using  3D  imaging.  

 EKG  GATING/HEART  RATE  Cardiac  CTA  is  performed  with  EKG  gating.  Typically  cardiac  CT  examinations  require  a  heart  rate  under  65.  This  is  particularly  important  for  younger  patients  as  it  allows  the  greatest  amount  of  radiation  dose  reduction.  It  is  important  in  older  patients  as  well,  since  their  vessels  tend  to  be  calcified  and  therefore  easier  to  evaluate  at  lower  heart  rates.  Both  prospective  and  retrospective  forms  of  EKG  gated  cardiac  CT  exams  are  available.  This  allows  us  to  tailor  the  examination  according  to  patient  age,  body  habitus,  and  heart  rate.    Heart  rate  reduction  is  best  achieved  by  administering  oral  metoprolol  for  24  hours  in  advance  of  the  examination.  In  some  cases,  IV  metoprolol  is  added  or  substituted  for  oral  administration.    IV  CONTRAST  CT  angiography  requires  IV  contrast  administration,  so  renal  function  tests  performed  within  30  days  prior  to  imaging  are  necessary  for  all  patients  over  age  60  or  with  risk  factors  that  might  predispose  

SEMC RADIOLOGY UPDATE 9/15/2014 Edition 3, Volume 1

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them  to  abnormal  renal  function.    If  necessary,  patients  with  mildly  to  moderately  reduced  eGFR  can  be  hydrated  in  the  radiology  department  prior  to  imaging,  to  allow  them  to  more  safely  receive  IV  contrast  material.  

Planning  of  the  imaging  is  performed  at  the  scanner  console  by  an  experienced  CT  technologist  and  radiologist  team.  Acquiring  the  images  takes  less  than  one  minute.    Once  the  images  are  acquired,  the  radiologists  and  technologists  work  collaboratively  to  generate  2D  and  3D  reconstructions  that  accurate  evaluate  and  display  the  relevant  anatomy.    Representative  images  are  saved  to  PACS.  Cardiac  CT  is  available  during  regular  business  hours,  Monday  thru  Friday.  It  can  be  ordered  through  central  scheduling.  Dr.  Rebecca  Schwartz  and  Dr.  Ashley  Davidoff  are  available  for  consultation  regarding  any  patient  prior  to  or  following  any  cardiac  CT.    INSURANCE  COVERAGE  Insurance  coverage  for  coronary  artery  CTA  has  been  challenging.  Medicare  provides  coverage  for  most  typical  indications  (atherosclerotic  disease,  valvular  heart  disease,  congenital  anomalies)  but  commercial  insurers  evaluate  patients  on  a  case  by  case  basis  and  many  do  not  cover  this  procedure.  However,  a  patient  who  wishes  to  pay  out  of  pocket  may  do  so  at  a  total  cost  of  $399  for  calcium  score  CT  and  $879  for  coronary  artery  CTA  with  calcium  score.        CARDIAC MRI  St.  Elizabeth’s  has  the  only  cardiac  MRI  program  at  Steward.    There  are  two  1.5  T  MRI  units  at  SEMC,  both  of  which  have  recently  been  upgraded  with  a  new  software  package  to  enable  state  of  the  art  cardiac  MRI.    The  upgrade  allows  us  to  image  much  more  quickly  and  reliably,  with  fewer  artifacts.    We  routinely  scan  patients  from  across  the  Steward  system.        Indications:    

1. Evaluation  of  nonischemic  cardiomyopathies  2. Viability  after  myocardial  infarction  3. Ejection  fraction  verification  4. Evaluation  for  arrhythmogenic  right  

ventricular  cardiomyopathy  (ARVC,  also  known  as  ARVD)  in  patients  with  arrhythmias  or  family  history  

5. Evaluation  of  coronary  artery  origins  (this  can  be  done  by  CTA  as  well,  but  in  MRI  can  be  done  without  IV  contrast,  making  it  possible  to  do  it  in  patients  with  renal  compromise  and/or  CT  contrast  allergy)  

6. Myocarditis/pericarditis  

Figure  1:  Top  image  demonstrates  normal,  high  quality  coronary  artery  CTA  “globe  view”;  Bottom  image  demonstrates  short  axis  and  filet  views  of  cakcified,  diseased  LAD  coronary  artery  

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7. Cardiac  or  pericardial  tumor  evaluation  8. Differentiating  cardiac  thrombus  from  masses  

of  different  types,  and  characterizing  those  masses  

9. Evaluation    of  infiltrative  cardiomyopathies,  e.g.,  amyloidosis  or  hemochromatosis  

 IV  CONTRAST    Most  types  of  cardiac  MRI  require  gadolinium  contrast  administration.  In  any  patient  over  age  60  or  with  history  of  renal  disease  or  at  elevated  risk  of  renal  disease,  renal  function  studies  obtained  within  the  past  30  days  must  be  available.  As  long  as  the  eGFR  is  greater  than  30  and  the  patient  does  not  have  either  acute  kidney  injury  or  severe  intercurrent  acute  illness  (ICU  stay,  recent  surgery),  or  other  contraindication  to  gadolinium  (e.g.  allergy),  gadolinium  will  be  administered.  In  most  cases,  if  gadolinium  cannot  be  administered,  cardiac  MRI  should  not  be  ordered,  but  there  are  a  few  exceptions  and  we  are  happy  to  speak  with  you  about  any  individual  case.    EXAM  TOLERANCE  Patients  should  be  made  aware  that  the  examination  is  lengthy,  often  more  than  one  hour.  If  they  are  likely  to  be  claustrophobic  or  have  severe  anxiety  about  MRI,  it  is  recommended  that  the  ordering  provider  prescribe  the  patient  an  anxiolytic  for  him/her  to  take  upon  arrival  to  the  MRI  department.    CONTRAINDICATIONS    Contraindications  to  cardiac  MRI  include  typical  MRI  contraindications  (most  pacemakers,  intraorbital  metallic  foreign  body,  certain  kinds  of  

intracranial  aneurysm  clips  and  certain  prosthetic  cardiac  valves).    Patients  with  many  metallic  foreign  bodies  such  as  orthopedic  hardware  and  most  vascular  stents  are  candidates  for  MRI,  including  cardiac  MRI.      Patients  who  cannot  lie  flat  cannot  have  cardiac  MRI.  The  patient  should  also  be  able  to  suspend  respiration  for  up  to  15-­‐20  seconds.  If  this  is  a  concern  before  the  exam,  preMRI  dieresis  or  thoracentesis  should  be  

considered.      The  upper  weight  limit  for  our  MRI  machines  is  300  lbs,  but  some  patients  weighing  between  250-­‐300  lbs  with  wide  shoulders  may  be  too  physically  large  to  allow  the  magnet  to  function  properly.      Imaging  includes  structural  images;  cine  FIESTA    movie  type  images  to  evaluate  cardiac  wall  motion,  ejection  fraction,  and  valve  function;  and  late  gadolinium  enhanced  images,  to  evaluate  for  scar  and/or  enhancement  of  cardiac  masses.      After  the  study  is  complete,  images  are  transferred  to  a  dedicated  cardiac  MRI  workstation,  where  they  are  analyzed  and  manipulated  collaboratively  by  the  radiologist  and  technologist.    Cardiac  MRI  is  available  during  regular  business  hours,  Monday  thru  Friday.  It  can  be  ordered  through  central  scheduling.  Dr.  Rebecca  Schwartz  is  available  for  consultation  regarding  any  patient  prior  to  or  following  any  cardiac  MRI.    INSURANCE  COVERAGE  There  is  widespread  insurance  coverage  for  the  above  indications,  but  preauthorization  typically  must  be  obtained  on  a  case  by  case  basis.  

Figure  2:  Four  post  contrast  cardiac  MRI  images;  top  left  image  is  of  an  inferior  wall  myocardial  infarct;  top  right  image  shows  a  restrictive  cardiomyopathy  (amyloid);  bottom  left  image  is  normal;  bottom  right  image  is  an  enhancing  pericarditis  

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QUESTIONS?  

 Appointments  can  be  made  through  Central  Scheduling.    Feel  free  to  reach  out  to  either  of  us  at  617-­‐789-­‐2740.    Cardiac  Radiology  Imaging  Team    Rebecca  K.  Schwartz,  MD  Interim  Chair,  SEMC  Radiology    Ashley  Davidoff,  MD    

Steward Health Care� 9/5/2014 11:53 AMFormatted: Font:12 pt