semester 1 2009 gfl/lecture physics 1901 (advanced) prof geraint f. lewis rm 560, a29...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Physics 1901 (Advanced)
Prof Geraint F. LewisRm 560, [email protected]/~gfl/Lecture
![Page 2: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Energy Using Newton’s laws can be tricky
as we have to keep track of the components of vector quantities
This can lead to coupled differential equations which can be hard to solve
Many problems can be simplified by examining them in terms of Energy.
![Page 3: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
What is Energy?
Force is a well defined concept
In physics, energy is a specific, yet abstract thing
Energy comes in a large number of forms; thermal, kinetic, electrical etc
![Page 4: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
What is Energy?
In these lectures, we will consider two forms of energy;
Potential Energy: Energy that a body has by virtue of its position
Kinetic Energy: Energy that a body has by virtue of its motion
Coupled with the conservation of energy we have a powerful toolbox for problems.
![Page 5: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Work & Kinetic EnergyThe concept of work can be understood when a force is applied to a body to change its motion
Work is done on an object when a force changes its point of application & is defined to be;
![Page 6: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
What’s the dot? (Sec 1.10)The dot product allows us to multiply two vectors;
Given the components of a vector, the dot product is simple to calculate;
Notice that the result is a scalar!
![Page 7: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Why the dot?
For a constant force;
Only the force in the direction of motion contributes to the work done on an object. This is selected by the dot product.
Work has units of N m which equals Joules (i.e. it is energy)
![Page 8: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Why work?From the kinematic equations;
A force acting on a body results in a change of kinetic energy. This is known as the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem.
![Page 9: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Negative Work
Friction opposes the direction of motion (=180)
Negative work done on an object reduces the amount of kinetic energy it has.
![Page 10: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Using Energy
A mass of 10kg is acted on by a force of 10N at an angle of 30o. The force acts over a distance of 5m. What is the change in velocity due to the action of the force?
![Page 11: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Using Energy
Why would we prefer to consider energy rather than examine a system using Newton’s laws?
In many problems, the force acting on a body is not constant and varies with position
Using F=ma becomes problematic as this results in accelerations being a function of position
The overall equations can become quite messy
![Page 12: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Using Energy
Calculating the work done by a variable force is equivalent to area under the force-distance curve along the path of the object.
This can be much simpler than dealing with vectors.
![Page 13: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Example: A spring
A mass is pushed up against a spring, compressing it by a distance X. The mass is then released. What is its velocity as it passes through x=0?
![Page 14: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
What is Kinetic Energy? Energy only makes sense when we talk
about changes or transfers of energy Kinetic energy is a measure of the
amount of work that one object can do on another
We will examine this more closely when we look at collisions, but a more massive object or a faster moving object does more work (i.e. when it hits something).
![Page 15: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Potential Energy
The work done by the force of gravity as an object is changes position is;
The kinetic energy is reduced
Where did the energy go?
![Page 16: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Potential Energy
So, the energy extracted by gravity is somehow stored in the gravitational field (although this energy is not localized).
Using conservation of energy, we can define the change in gravitational potential energy to be
As well as putting energy into the gravitational field, we can extract it; the force is conservative
![Page 17: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Potential EnergyGiven this, we can further define the gravitational potential energy to be;
where h is the height above some point.
Consider a mass at rest at height h2. It is release and falls to h1. Work done by gravity on the mass is
![Page 18: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Potential Energy
Note that only the difference of gravitational potential energy between points appears in these equations, and the absolute values of potential energy do not matter.
You are free to choose the zero-point, so do so to ease the problem you are looking at.
![Page 19: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Potential Energy: An example
A cart is released from a height h and slides down a friction less track. It encounters a loop of radius R. What is its velocity at the top of the loop? (Assume the cart is fixed to the track). What happens if we consider friction?
![Page 20: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Springs & GravityWe can use a similar argument to gravity to define the elastic potential energy stored in a spring.
Unlike gravitational potential energy, the zero-point is not arbitrary as UE(x=0) = 0.
The total (mechanical) energy is conserved so
![Page 21: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Springs & Gravity
![Page 22: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Conservative Forces
The change in gravitational potential is the same for each.
![Page 23: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Conservative Forces Energy depends only on the difference
between the initial and final states Independent of the path Reversible If start point and end point are the
same, then the work done is zero Can define a potential energy function
Conservative forces allow energy storage!
![Page 24: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Conservative Forces: Springs
![Page 25: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Force & Potential EnergyWork done is related to potential energy via
Remembering the definition of work, this is
The force is the gradient of the potential!
![Page 26: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Force & Potential Energy
In 3-D;
This can be quite useful when you have complicated potential functions. Consider, however, gravity & springs
![Page 27: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Force & Potential Energy
![Page 28: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Force & Potential Energy
![Page 29: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Energy Diagrams
For an object with a total energy E, the potential curve can be used to calculate the kinetic energy.
In this case, the mass oscillates between -A and A. The mass is stuck in a potential well and can’t get to other values of x.
![Page 30: Semester 1 2009 gfl/Lecture Physics 1901 (Advanced) Prof Geraint F. Lewis Rm 560, A29 gfl@physics.usyd.edu.au gfl/Lecture](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062422/56649f325503460f94c4ed59/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Semester 1 2009 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gfl/Lecture
Non-conservative forces When moving a mass in a gravitational
field, the amount of work done by gravity is independent of the path taken.
The same is not true of friction as it always opposes the direction of motion.
Whereas gravity can do positive and negative work on an object, friction only does negative.