Semester – I

BGT – 101/Core Course Credit - 4 Microbiology (General) 40L

1. History of Microbiology and bacterial classification: - Early history and milestone discoveries in Microbiology. (2L)

2. Bacterial Taxonomy:- Brief idea about the modern approach of bacterial taxonomy. (2L)

3. Ultrastructure of prokaryotic cell:- Cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria and archaea; Muerin biosynthesis; capsule, pili, and flagella. Mechanism of flageller movement and chemotaxis; Reserve material and other cytoplasamic inclusions; Endospore – structure, formation and regulation of endospore formation and germination. (6L)

4. Bacterial genetic material: – Structure and replication of bacterial chromosome; Plasmid – structure type and properties, episome; Spontaneous and induced mutation of bacteria. (3L)

5. Bacterial growth and nutrition :- Growth curve, growth factor, growth kinetics ; batch and continuous culture; synchronous culture , enrichment culture, diauxic growth; Microbial growth control by disinfectant, antiseptic and chemotherapeutic agents – a brief account of their types and mode of action. Brief idea about Autotrophy, heterotrophy and Mixotrophy. (5L)

6. Genetic recombination in bacteria: – Molecular mechanism of Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction, Gene mapping and Complementation test. (4L)

7. Gene regulation and metabolic inhibition in bacteria: - Operon concept; lac and trp operon; catabolic repression, attenuation and riboswitch; allosteric control, types of feedback inhibition and isozyme. (4L)

8. Microbes in N2 Cycle:-Nitrification, Denitrification, Ammonification; Mechanism of biological N2 fixation; structure and regulation of nif gene. (3L)

9. Virus: - Organization and structure of Capsid, Viral genome –types and structure; Replication of virus and viral nuclic acid, Lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage , regulation of lysogeny , induction of lysogeny and significance of lysogeny; Viroid and Prion. (5L)

10. Fundamentals of Immunology:- Innate and acquired immunity, T-cell, B-cell, MHC, Cytokines, Antigen- types and characteristics; Structure and functions of immunogloblins, Cell mediated and Humoral Immunity; Ag-Ab reactions and Immunological techniques – RIA, ELISA . (6L)

BGT – 102/Core Course Credit - 4 Phycology 40L

1. Modern criteria of algal classification with special emphasis on chloroplast ultrastructure, flagella and pigments.

2. Endosymbiosis and its significance in algae.

3. Cyanophyta: General features & ecology; genetic recombination; heterocyst structure and function; affinities.

4. Rhodophyta: General features; specialities in sexual reproduction and post-fertilization changes.

5. Chlorophyta: Characteristic features of different classes highlighting distinctive features of different orders; evolutionary trends.

6. Photosynthetic Stramenopiles: distinctive features a) Diatoms: Features and ecology. b) Xanthophyceans: General features, parallelism with green algae & affinities. c) Phaeophyceans: General features & ecology; lifecycle patterns.

7. Algal biotechnology: aquaculture, bioremediation, biodiesel, bioethanol and hydrogen production by algae, carbon sequestration by algae, algae as health food; Industrial use of algae, algae in bioremediation, photobioreactors and raceway ponds.

BGT – 103/Core Course

Credit - 4 Mycology 40 L

1. Position of fungi in modern systematic: Modern approaches towards classification of fungi. 2. Ultrastructural features of fungal cell structures: Nucleus and its division, cell wall and its biochemical composition, tissue organization, modifications of fungal hyphae. (6 L). 3. Life cycle patterns: Basic pattern of sexuality, sexual mechanisms and their correlations in different groups of fungi, Parasexual cycle-basic concept. (6 L). 4. Fungal symbionts: Mycorhizae-basic concept and their applications. Lichen-Phycobiont and mycobiont, histology, biology and physiology of lichen thallus, economic importance of lichen. (6 L). 5. Beneficial uses of fungi: Fungi in medicine and antibibtic production, alcohol production and organic acid production; industrial production of alcohol and penicillin. (6L). 6. Edible Mushrooms: cultivation technology, nutritional and medicinal properties of mushrooms. (5 L). 7. Fungi as animal parasites: Mycoses of vertebrates- types and symptoms, insect fungus association. (4 L). 8. Mastigomycotina: A comprehensive knowledge with emphasis on occurrence of sex hormones and sporangia to conidia transition. (4 L). 9. Ascomycotina: A comprehensive knowledge with emphasis on types of ascocarps and methods of spore dispersal. (2 L). 10. Basidiomycotina: A comprehensive knowledge with emphasis on fruiting structures and methods of spore dispersal. (2 L). 11. Deuteromycotina: A general account with emphasis on sporulating structures of the members, classification with special reference to conidial ontogeny. (2 L). 12. Fungal diseases in animal and man and their management.

BGT – 104/Core Course

Unit - I

Credit – 1.5 Bryology 20 L 1. Introduction: Diversity in forms, habitats, economic importance and ecological values. 2. Classification of Bryophytes – traditional and modern systems. 3. Brief idea about: a) Bryophyte phylogeny b) Fossil Bryophytes c) Photoperiodism d) Water relations e) Axenic culture of Bryophytes h) Peristome characteristics and their importance i) Broad ideas. Unit - II

Full Marks – 1.5 Plant Anatomy 20 L 1. Organization of shoot and root apical meristems. Changes in shoot apex during transition to flowering. 2. Development and differentiation: Polarity, symmetry, pattern formation (brief idea of genetic control of differentiation and organogenesis). 3. Origin, differentiation and phylogeny of xylem and phloem. 4. Leaf morphogenesis (brief idea of genetic control of genetic control of differentiation and organogenesis). 5. Xylotomy and its importance. 6. Ultra structural features of sieve tube elements and their importance.

BGP - 106/Core Course Credit - 3 Pteridology 40 L

1. Introduction about pteridophytes. (1L) 2. Concept about primitive and advanced characters as proposed by Bower. (1L) 3. An idea about the outline system of classifications of ferns by Copeland (1947) and

Pichi Sermolli (1977). (2L) 4. Comparative studies on the vegetative and reproductive organographies, evolutionary

tendencies and affinities of the members belonging to different groups of Rhyniopsida. Zosterophyllopsida, Trimerophytopsida, Psilopsida, Lycopsida (Drepanophycales, Protolepidodendrales, Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, Lepidodendrales and Isoetales) and Sphenopsida (Hyeniales, Sphenophyllales, Calamitales and Equisetales). (14L)

5. A comparative study of the members belonging to the following taxonomic groups and also their systematic treatments, evolutionary tendencies and affinities: (a) Coenopteridales, (b) Marattiales, (c) Ophioglossales, (d) Filicales (Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Cyatheaceae, Polypodiaceae), (e) Salviniales, (f) Marsileales. (11L)

6. Stelar concept, types and evolution (2L) 7. Soral evolution in ferns (1L) 8. Spores : Types, germination pattern, gametophyte development and types. (4L) 9. Mating systems in ferns, control of sexuality in homosporous pteridophytes by

Antheridogen activity, Apogamy and Apospory. (4L)

BGP - 106/Core Course

Credit - 2 Microbiology

1. Aseptic method:- Autoclave, hot air oven, Incubator, bacterial filter and Laminar air flow. 2. Preparation and sterilization of culture media :- Idea about different kinds of bacterial media, preparation of media, slants, stabs and pouring of plates. 3. Methods of isolation of pure culture by streak plate and pour plate method. 4. Morphological characteristics of bacteria and microscopic examination of stained cell preparation - Simple staining,Gram staining, Endospore staining. 5. Direct examination of root nodule bacteria in microscope and isolation of Rhizobium from root nodule. 6. Measurement of bacterial growth by turbidimetry and by direct cell count by Breed method or Haemocytometer method. 7. Isolation and enumeration of microorganisms from natural samples (soil and water) by agar plate technique. 8. Physio-biochemical test for identification of bacteria:- a) Catalase b) Protease, c) Amylase e) Indole production 9. Determination of antibiotic sensitivity of some bacteria by disc diffusion method. 10. Demonstration of the following experiments:- a) Replica plating technique for isolation of auxotrophic mutants. b) Isolation of pure culture from streak plate method 11. Isolation of bacteriophage from sewage. 12. Blood grouping by Ag-Ab reaction (Kit based method).

Phycology

1. Collection & identification of local algae of West Bengal. 2. Study of common phytoplankton. 3. Study of representative marine algae.

BGP - 106/Core Course Unit - I Credit - 0.5 Bryology 1. Methods of collection and preservation of Bryophytes 2. Identification of unknown bryological specimen up to genus level using a suitable artificial key. 3. Methods of preparation of permanent slides. [Students are required to submit field and laboratory records, preserved and dried specimens and permanent slides].

Full Marks -0.5 Plant Anatomy 1. Study of stomatal index, palisade ratio, vein-islet number. 2. Comparative study of nodal vascular: Unilacunar, Trilacunar, Multilacunar. 3. Comparative study of lacitifers. 4. Structural analysis of secondary xylem and secondary phloem in section. 5. Study of sieve elements in angiosperms and gymnosperms. [Submission of laboratory records including permanent slides]

Unit - II Credit - 1 Pteridology 1. Anatomical, morphological and palynological studies of some members of Pteridophytes occurring in West Bengal, Identification up to the genus. 2. Study of some fossils (slide and megafossils). 3. Field work including submission of field and laboratory records.

BGP - 107/Core Course

Credit - 2 Mycology 1. Study of fungal tissue organization. 2. Study of different spore forms in fungi. 3. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of some important members of the following groups and their identification: (a) Phycomycetes, (b) Ascomycetes, (c) Basidiomycetes, (d) Deuteromycetes. 4. Study of some important rusts showing different spore forms. 5. Smut spore forms. 6. Principles of sterilization, autoclave-demonstration. 7. Preparation of fungal culture media, preparation of slants, stubs and sterilization of media. 8. Demonstration for subculturing of fungal cultures and inoculation technique. [Students are required to submit field and laboratory records, preserved and dried specimens and permanent slides]

Semester – II BGT – 201/Core Course Credit - 3 Gymnosperm 40 L

1. Introduction to gymnospermy; general features of gymnosperms. 2. Origin of seed-habit: Origin and evolution of nucellus and integument; switchover

from zooidogamy to siphonogamy - hydrasperman reproduction, prepollen and evolution of typical gymnospermous pollen grains.

3. Progymnospermopsida: Geologic distribution, characteristic features, range of vegetative morphology and reproductive structures and classification; the plexus progymnosperms as the progenitor of gymnosperms.

4. Classification of gymnosperms. 5. Geologic and geographic distributions, general features, organography and phylogeny

of major clads of gymnosperms. 6. Development of female gametophytes among extant gymnosperms. 7. Embryogeny including polyembryony and karyology of extant gymnosperms. 8. Economic importance of gymnosperms with reference to timber, paper and board,

resin, essential oils, drugs and food.

BGT – 202/Core Course Credit - 4 Plant Physiology 40 L

1. Solute transport and photoassimilates translocation: uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules, mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates.

2. Present day concept of phytohormones and plant growth regulators; Phytohormone

families and members of each family; growth promoting and retarding chemicals; general mode of phytohormone action; hormone binding proteins; second messengers; gene activation; examples of target cells for hormone action; a brief idea about modern techniques for hormone assay.

3. Auxins: Chemistry, biosynthesis and degradation/deactivation of IAA; a brief account

of the auxin structure and activity relationship; antiauxins and auxin antagonists; mechanism of auxin action – acid growth theory, auxin mutants and signaling.

4. Gibberellins: Diversity, chemical and structural characteristics of gibberellins; biosynthesis of GAs, antigibberellins and their site of action, role of gibberellins on cereal seed germination, dwarfism and flowering; mode of action of gibberellins, gibberellin mutants and signaling.

5. Cytokinins: Chemical and structural characteristics, biosynthesis and degradation; role of cytokinins in cell division, chloroplast development, senescence, movement of nutrient, organogenesis and embryogenesis; mode of action, cytokinin mutants and signaling.

6. Abscisic acid: Chemical and structural characteristic, biosynthesis and degradation;

role of ABA in seed maturation, germination, gravitropism and stomatal closure; mode of action, ABA mutants and signaling.

7. Ethylene : Hormonal status; chemical characteristics, biosynthesis and metabolism;

triple responses, Yang cycle; factors regulating ethylene biosynthesis; quantification of ethylene, mode of ethylene action; its role in higher plants, commercial uses of ethylene, ethylene mutants and signaling.

8. Seed dormancy: Types, control mechanism, chemical and physical manipulative

methods of breaking seed dormancy; biological significance of dormancy.

9. Flowering: Photoperiodic control, hormonal regulation; nature of floral stimulus; experimental evidence to prove the mobile nature of floral stimulus, gene- induced regulation floral development, ABC model, second messenger and flowering.

10. Senescence: Types of senescence, biochemical indices of senescence,

physiobiochemical changes occurring during leaf senescence, senescence regulatory genes.

11. Fruit ripening: Climacteric and nonclimacteric fruits; hormonal regulation of fruit

ripening, biochemical changes occurring during fruit ripening.

BGT – 203/Core Course

Credit - 4 Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants 40 L 1. The atom and chemical bonds, stabilizing interactions, reaction orders, pH, buffer, physicochemical properties of water. 2. Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis and its control and significance; TCA Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation; Pentose phosphate pathway and its control and significance; Gluconeogenesis and its control and significance, Glyoxalate cycle. 3. Amino acids and Proteins : Classification and structures, properties, determination of amino acid sequence in a polypeptide; Structural organization of Proteins, Post translational modification of protein, , chaperon and protein folding, protein targeting, Ramachandran plot 4. Enzyme kinetics: Deduction of Michaelis-Menten equation, Lineweaver-Burk plot; enzyme inhibition, isozymes, allosteric enzymes, ribozymes and abzymes. 5. Lipid metabolism: biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids

6. Photosynthesis and Photorespiration: Photosynthesis: Z-scheme, PCRC, Different modes of CO2 concentrating mechanisms, energetics and significance. Photorespiration: Compartmentalized reactions, regulation,, energetics and significance; Structural and functional characteristics of Rubisco and its regulation 7. Cell signaling: Signal perception Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction and regulation. 8. DNA & RNA Metabolism: DNA topology, DNA damage and repair transcription, processing, regulation, post-transcriptional control and gene silencing, 9. Gene expression: Principles of gene regulation; Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

10. Plant genes, promoters, intron splicing, vectors, codon optimization, gene mapping and cloning of plant genes

11. Recombinant DNA technology: Principles and methods of recombinant DNA technology- expression of cloned genes in E. coli, cloning in yeast: transformation in yeast, yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), retrovirus like vector (Ty) in yeast/shuttle vector, Molecular improvement of crops.

BGT – 204/Core Course Credit - 4 Cell biology and Bioinformatics 40 L 1. Introduction: Cellular organization – its origin and evolution 2. Biomembranes: Structural models, composition and dynamics, biogenesis and assembly,

transport of macromolecules and ions. 3. Mitochondria: Biogenesis, origin and evolution, mitochondrial genome. 4. Chloroplast: Biogenesis, origin and evolution, chloroplast genome. 5. Nucleus: Chromatin organization and activation, packaging and its higher order structure,

chromosome, basic nucleolar structure structures and dynamics. 6. Cytoskeletons: Nature, intermediate filaments, microtubules, actin-binding filaments. 7. Cell signaling and interaction: Signal transduction, its basic components and types,

intercellular junctions and adhesions. 8. Cell cycle: Phases and control in Yeasts; Cancer – molecular events, proto-oncogenes,

tumor-suppressor gene and their inter-play, therapy. 9. Bioinformatics: Genome and protein information resources, sequence analysis, multiple

sequence alignment, homology and analogy, pattern recognition, analysis package, application and prospects in medicine and agriculture.

BGT – 205/Core Course Credit - 3 Pharmacognosy and Economic Botany 40 L 1. Definition. History and scope of Pharmacognosy including indigenous system of medicine.

2. Drugs: Various systems of classification of drugs of natural origin, Morphological and microscopic examination of drugs. 3. Extraction and purification of natural products; Chromatographic study of drugs;

Spectroscopic techniques; Methods of identification and analysis of results; Applications of phytochemical analysis.

4. Importance of Crude drug; Preparation of drugs for commercial market: a) Collection, Harvesting, Drying, Garbling, Packaging, storage and preservation. b) Drug evalution. Significance of pharmacopoeial standards, Adulteration, contamination and substitution. 5. Pharmacological activities of natural products, its’ importance in pharmaceutical industries. 6. Silviculture: Definition, scope and objective; Farm forestry, social forestry and agro Forestry; Natural and artificial regeneration of forests; Non-timber forest products of economic values.

7. Plants as a source of petroleum substitute.

BGP – 206/Core Course

Credit - 2 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Unit – I Plant Physiology

1. Determination of water potential of plant samples by Chardakov’s method. 2. Isolation of chloroplast and Study of photolysis of water by demonstration of Hill

reaction. 3. Effect of high temperature stress on membrane deterioration in terms of membrane

permeability test. 4. Effect of respiratory inhibitor on the rate of respiration. 5. Effect of sodium azide on water uptake by plants. 6. Demonstration of a bioassay method for IAA by wheat coleoptile test. 7. Demonstration of cytokinin-induced deferral of senescence by chlorophyll retention

test in leaves of different chronological ages. 8. Extraction and estimation of photosynthetic pigments from leaf tissues.

Unit – II Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants

1. Assay of enzymes from plant sample: Catalase, Protease 2. Spectrophotometric estimation : reducing sugar, amino acids, DNA , RNA, Protein,

phenolics 3. Protein purification from plant tissue.

4. Biochemistry tools: Different Centrifuges, including Ultracentrifuge, Spectrophotometry, Spectroflurometry, Chromatography, 1D SDS-PAGE ( Demonstration).

5. Molecular Biology tools: PCR, Gel electrophoresis (Agarose gel), Isolation of plasmid and genomic DNAs (Demonstration).

BGP – 207/Core Course Credit - 2 Unit – I Cell biology and Bioinformatics

1. Bioinformatics: Data base, sequence analysis, phylogenetic inference package. 2. Cell Biology: Isolation of plant genomic DNA; estimation of purity; agarose gel

electrophoresis; protein gel electrophoresis; native and 1D SDS-PAGE; subcellular fractionation of plant tissue and isolation of cellular organelles.

3. Determination of abnormality index and types of chromosomes/nuclear abnormalities in root tip meristem.

Unit – I Pharmacognosy and Economic Botany 1. Organoleptic and microscopic studies in crude drug materials of plant origin in form of intact (fresh) and powdered samples: leaf, stem, rhizome, root, fruit and seed – drugs. 2. Study of unorganized drugs - grains, resins, latex, oils etc. 3. Routine phytochemical tests for identification of certain secondary metabolites (alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, steroids, antroquinones, ellagic acid, gallic acid, glucosinolates etc.) 4. The fluorescence characteristics of powedered drug samples treated with inorganic acids and solvents under ordinary light and UV light. 5. Total antioxidants capacity of some edible parts of some medicinal plants.

BGP – 208/Core Course

Credit - 2 Gymnosperms 1. Study of the vegetative and reproductive parts of extinct gymnosperms. 2. A comparative study of the vegetative and reproductive parts of extant cycads and

conifers. 3. Fieldwork. ** (Submission of field and laboratory records including permanent slides).

Semester – III BGT – 301/Core Course Unit-I Credit - 2 Palaeobotany 15 L

1. Definition of fossil. 2. Principals of correlation and stratigraphy; dating of rocks; outline of Standard

Geologic Time Scale. 3. Origin of life; early life forms known from Precambrians. 4. Major events plant life through geologic history. 5. Indian Gondwana Sequence, megafloral succession through the sequence. 6. Continental Drift Hypothesis. 7. Introductory idea of the importance of fossil plants in palaeoecological studies.

Unit-I Credit - 2 Palynology and Reproductive Biology 25 L

1. Microspore tetrads, polarity of spores and pollen grains. 2. Spore-pollen morphology: Symmetry, shape, size, aperture patterns, NPC System for

numerical expression of apertural details, exine stratification, surface structures and sculptures of sporoderm; LO-analysis and edge-analysis.

3. Chemical nature of sporopollenin, development of pollen wall, Ubisch body, exineless pollen grains.

4. Extraexinous wall material - perine, viscin-threads. pollen-kitt. 5. Application of palynology: Palynology in taxonornic arid phylogenetic deductions,

Aeropalynology with reference to allergy, Melissopalynology, Palaeopalynology, Forensic palynology.

6. Pollination Biology : Pollen dispersal units; pollination types, pollination modes and pollination syndromes.

7. Breeding systems, self-incompatibility and compatibility control with reference to pollen-pistil interactions.

BGT – 302/Core Course

Credit – 4 Taxonomy of Angiosperm and Phytogeography 40 L 1. Taxonomy and Systematics - Concept, objective and relevance to conservation 2. Plant Nomenclature – ICN, Principles, Rules, Recommendations and Appendices, Type concept, Valid publication and Rejection of names. 3. Taxonomic hierarchy, delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank. Species concept. 4. Recent Systems of Angiosperm classification including APGII (2009). 5. Taxonomic literature: Types, definition and examples.

6. Objective Taxonomy: Phenetics and Cladistics: Principles, Methods, Merits and Demerits. 7. Biosystematics-methods, categories and relationship with traditional taxonomv. 8. Circumscription and phylogeny: Magnoliales, Hamamelidales, Apiales, Lamiales, Campanulales, Alismatales, Pandanales, Cyperales and Orchidales. 9. Biodiversity: components, levels, values, Hotspots and conservation. 10. Concept of Phytogeography: Endemism, Plant migration, Disjunction, Vicariance, Phytochorionomy (Brief introduction). 11. Major Phytochona of the World and India.

BGT – 303/Core Course Unit – I Credit – 1.5 Evolution 20 L

1. Early ideas leading to the firm establishment of the reality of evolution. 2. Pre Darwinian scenario of the theories on evolution. 3. Darwinian paradigm: Natural Selection as the driving force of evolution. 4. Mendelian and Post-Mendalian developments in understanding the cause of heritable

changes among the individuals of a species. 5. Origin of eukaryotic cells, mitosis and meiosis. 6. Domains of life. 7. Species concepts.

Unit – II Credit – 1.5 Developmental Biology 20 L 1. Basic idea of regulatory cascade, commitment pattern formation, cell fates, spacio temporal gene expression. 2. Gene expression: Homeotic genes, molecular expression of organ specific genes, floral organ genes, cadastral genes.

BGT – 304/Core Course

Credit – 3 Ecology 40 L 1. The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions.

2. Ecosystem: Structure and function; energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP); primary

production and decomposition.

3. Habitat and niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and

realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.

4. opulation ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population

regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and

dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations.

5. Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory,

pollination, symbiosis.

6. Community ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of

species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones.

7. Ecological succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax.

8. Applied ecology: Environmental pollution; global environmental change.

9.Conservation of Biodiversity –Brief idea about In situ (Afforestation, Social Forestry, Agro

forestry, Botanical Gardens, Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries and Sacred Groves

and Ex situ (Cryopreservation, Gene Banks, Seed Banks, Pollen Banks, Sperms Banks, DNA

Banks, Tissue Culture and Biotechnological Strategies), ecorestoration, environmental education.

BGT – 305/Core Course

Credit – 4 Plant Pathology 40 L

1. History of the development of Plant Pathology. 2. Plant diseases: Classification and types.

3. Pathogenesis: Contact, entry and penetration, infection of host tissue and disease development relationship between pathogen and host factor(s).

4. Plant pathogen in offence: enzymes, toxins and growth regulators. 5. Host plant in defense: structural and biochemical defense; concept of horizontal and vertical resistance.

6. Physiological changes in host plants as a result of infection: Photosynthesis, Respiration Translocation of water and nutrients; Molecular changes in protein and nucleic acid in diseased plants. 7. Plant disease epidemiology: Factors responsible for development of plant disease epidemic; Disease forecasting and Remote Sensing; Computer simulation technique. 8. Strategies of plant disease management: Cultural, chemical, biological and integrated management of pest and diseases; Biopesticides and their applications in management of plant diseases. 9. Seed pathology: Factors responsible for seed deterioration, effect of fungal deteriorationof

seeds and grains, mycotoxin production and control of seed deterioration. 10. Wood decay: Decay of wood and wood products by wood rotting fungi; Structural

and biochemical changes of wood as a result of decay. 11. Study of plant diseases: Symptoms, etiology, disease cycles and control measures of some important diseases of the following crops: Rice, Wheat, Potato, Sugarcane and Tea.

BGP – 306/Core Course

Unit – 1 Credit – 1 Taxonomy of Angiosperm and Phytogeography 1. Acquaintance with different types of taxonomic literatures – Flora, Manual, Monograph, Glossary, Index, Dictionary, Keys and Periodicales. 2. Application of taxonomic methods for identification of Species of different families of angiosperms. 3. Acquaintance with flora of local and any other phytogeographical region and preparation of field notes. Unit - 2

Part – I Paleobotany Credit – 0.5

1. Palaeobotanical field work. 2. Study of representative megafloral assemblages and determination of age.

** (Submission of field and laboratory records including permanent slides) Part – II Palynology and Reproductive Biology Credit – 0.5

1. Pollen morphological studies of selected taxa of pterodophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms representing different morphological types using acetolysis / alkali maceration method. 2. Extraction of pollen grains from honey sample and study of the frequency of different morpho-types. 3. Study of in vivo and in vitro germination of pollen grains. 4. Study of the growth of pollen tube through stigma and style. ** (Submission of laboratory records including permanent slides)

BGP – 307/Core Course Credit – 1 Plant Pathology

1. Study of different types of symptoms of plant diseases 2. Study of some important plant pathogens in relation to suspect and symptoms produced by members of a) Phycomycetes b) Ascomycetes c) Basidiomycetes d) Deuteromycetes. 3. Principles of sterilization and application of sterilization technique in plant pathology; demonstration in autoclave technique. 4. Preparation of media and their sterilization. 5. Isolation of plant pathogens from diseased plants.

Credit – 1 Developmental Biology of Plants 1. Structure of young anther wall, microsporogenesis, mature anther (permanent slides). 2. Study of monoscopic (Polygonium) type of embryo sac development (Permanent slides/photographs). 3. Study of embryo sac through electron micrographs. 4. Determination of stomatal index of leaf of the given plant material. 5. Determination of stomatal frequency of the leaf of given plant sample.

BGP – 308/Core Course

Credit – 02 Ecology 1. Application of quadrat method in determining: a) Species-area relationship b) Important value index 2. Determination of association index 3. Determination of Simpson index, Shannon index. 4. Estimation of organic matter, Nitrogen and phosphate of soil. 5. Determination of total soluble salts in soil/water. 6. Determination of soil texture. 7. Determination of DO in polluted and non-polluted water. 8. Ecological observation during field study.

Semester - IV

BST – 401/Elective Course

Plant Physiology Credit - 4

1. An overview of traditional and nontraditional plant growth regulators; a general account of polyamines, brassinosteroids, jasmonic and salicylic acid with reference to chemical, structural and functional characteristics, physiological roles and signaling. Biosynthetic pathways of brassinosteroids and polyamines, brassinosteroid signaling pathway.

2. Cyanide resistant respiration: occurrence in plant groups, characteristics, mechanism, energetics and significance.

3. Propagules and seeds: microbiotic, mesobiotic and macrobiotic; orthodox, recalcitrant and synthetic seeds; seed vigour and viability, invigouration and devigouration of seeds, Harrington’s thumb rule for seed deterioration, physiological and biochemical changes during seed deterioration, accelerated ageing technique and its significance, tests for seed viability, techniques for post harvest seed storage, seed longevity and its manipulation with special reference to the role of cryogenic technique.

4. Herbicides and their action: chemical herbicides and bioherbicides, diversity of synthetic herbicides, ecofriendly and hazardous aspects of herbicidal agents, selective and nonselective herbicides, general mode of herbicidal action.

5. Stress physiology: Responses of plants to abiotic (water, temperature and salt) and biotic (pathogen and insects) stresses, mechanisms of stress tolerance and avoidance, stress inducible genes and stress proteins (HSPs, cold acclimation proteins, osmotin and phytochelation).

6. Crop physiology: physiological basis of crop yield with special reference source- sink relationship; designer crops, Prospects and controversial aspect of GM crops, role of contributory and noncontributory leaves on productivity, ideotypic characters of rice and sunflower.

7. Physiology and biochemistry of seed development, role of plant hormones on seed developmental process; physiological maturity and harvest maturity of crop seeds. Role of desiccation for safe harvest maturity of orthodox seeds.

8. Senescence, abscission and programmed cell death, types of senescence, senescence associated and senescence down- regulated genes, pigment metabolism during senescence, impact of senescence on photosynthesis and respiration, mechanism of senescence, biological significance of senescence.

9. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants: Physiological basis of formation and properties of ROS, oxidative damage, physiological roles of ROS, antioxidant types and role.

Microbiology Credit - 4 1. Modern concept of bacterial Taxonomy: - Classical and Molecular taxonomy, Numerical taxonomy, Bergey’s manual of Determinative & Systematic Bacteriology, Type culture collection centre. (4L) 2. Concise account of the following groups:- a) Mycoplasmatales b) Myxobacteria c) Stalked bacteria d) Bdellovibrio e)Actinobacteria (5L) 3. Bacterial photosynythesis:- Photosynthetic bacteria and mechanism of bacterial photosynthesis. (4L) 4. Chemolithotrophic bacteria: - types, modes of metabolism and energy transfer; heterotrophic CO2 fixation. (4L) 5. Membrane Transport system of bacteria :- Active and passive transport, facilitated diffusion , group translocation , ion transport through ionophores and protein transport. (4L) 6. Aerobic, Anaerobic respiration in bacteria & Bacterial Fermentation: - EMP pathway, HMP pathway , ED pathway, Phosphoketolase pathway, Bifidum pathway,TCA Cycle, Glyoxalate Cycle, ETC, Protonmotive force, Chemiosmotic theory ; Dentrification, Alcohol Fermentation Lactate Fermentation . (6L) 7. Biosynthesis of Amino acids & Nucleic acids in Bacteria: Glutamate and Aspartate families of amino acids and their regulation. (2L) 8. Fermentation Technology-Fermenter –Basic principles, types, operation, sterilization, aeration, control of temperature, surfactant; Microbial fermentation of Butanol, Citric acid, Lysine; Biogas Production. (6L) 9. Milk Microbiology:-Sources of microorganisms in milk, microbiological examination of milk and fermented milk products. (2L) 10. Biofertilizers and PGPR: -Types, production and importance in Agriculture. (3L) Molecular Plant Pathology and Fungal Biotechnology Credit - 4

1. Medical mycology: Human diseases caused by fungi; Mycoses – types, symptoms and clinical measures. General account of cell mediated and humoral immunity.

2. Mycotoxins: Aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway with enzymatic and genetic informations; Effects of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed and its consequences in human health.

3. Fungi in industry and medicine: Antibiotics- Penicillin, Organic acids- citric acid, Plant growth regulators- Gibberellin, Alcohol and Fungal enzymes (General account). Role of mushrooms as nutraceutials.

4. Wood decay: Decay of wood and wood products by wood rotting fungi; Structural and biochemical changes of wood as a result of decay.

5. Fungal metabolism: Carbon, Nitrogen and Vitamins.

6. Genetic recombination in fungi: Heterothallism; Heterokaryosis and Parasexualal cycle-events and significance. Extra chromosomal and transposable genetic elements in fungi. 7. Cell cycle control in yeast: Cell cycle organization; cell cycle genetics in yeast; cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases; regulation of cell cycle. 8. Protein secretion in yeast: Protein secretion pathway; directed secretion; morphology of secretary pathway; processing, modification and folding of secretary proteins. 9. Industrial strain improvement: Genetic manipulation of industrially important fungi: Strain improvement, Recombinant DNA technology, and selection of vectors for cloning of industrially important fungal strains.. Paleobotany and Palynology Credit - 4

1. Outline classification of rocks according to their origin and composition; sedimentary processes; diastrophic changes in sedimentary strata (dip-strike, fold, fault); unconformity. 2. Principles of correlation and stratigraphy, geochronology; stratigraphic systems and the units of classification; Standard Geologic Time Scale. 3. Prebiotic environment; Chemical evolution and origin of life; Precambrian life-forms; Indian Precambrian stratigraphy; Palaeobiology of Vindhyans. 4. Diversification of algae, fungi and bryophytes through ages. 5. Siluro-Devonian land floras; Permo-Carboniferous floral provinces; Devonian and Carboniferous floras of North-West India. 6. Triassic floras of Molteno and Chinle formations; Upper Mesozoic floras of Yorkshire and Jura. 7. Concept of Indian Gondwana Sequence, stratigraphy and correlation of Gondwana Sequence in Peninsular Indian basins, mega- and miofloristics of Peninsular Indian Gondwana formations; Indian Perigondwana floras.

Phycology Credit - 4

1. Work done on freshwater algae with special reference to India & Contributions of Prof. M. O. P. Iyengar. 3

2. Distribution pattern of Marine algae in Indian coasts. 3 3. Endosymbiosis and origin of Eukaryotic algae 4 4. Green cyanobacteria: their taxonomic status. 3 5. Charophytes & origin of land plants. 3 6. Dinoflagellates: distinctive features & importance. 4 7. Desmids: taxonomy & importance. 4 8. A brief study of the following classes of algae: 12

a) Prymnesiophyceae b) Raphidophyceae c) Chrysophyceae

d) Euglenophyceae e) Chlorarachniophyceae f) Synurophyceae

9. Biochemical taxonomy of algae. 5 10. Fossil algae & their importance. 4

Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Credit – 4 1. Principles of the APG III system of classification and phylogenomics 2. Circumscription and Phylogeny of Dilleniidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Rosidae, Asteridae; Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae, Zingiberidae and Liliidae sensu Cronquist (1988). 3. Taxonomy of Parasitic, Mycoheterotrophic and Insectivorous plants and their specializations. 4. Plant diversity of India, Centres of origin and diversity of cultivated plants Plant Genetics and Biotechnology Credit - 4

1. Genetic Analysis: Overview, genetic analysis pathway – forward and reverse genetics, Evolution of gene concept, Complex of gene-protein interaction.

2. Regulation and gene expression: Chromatin remodeling in gene expression; DNA protein interaction during transcription, Modes of mRNA, tRNA splicing, snRNPS, capping, polyadenylation and other processing events, RNA editing, Rbozyme, RNA interference, miRNP pathway.

3. Hybrid Cultivars and Molecular Breeding: Combining ability, hybrids production by cytoplasmic male sterility system, Molecular marker- types, detection of polymorphism, mapping of molecular loci, QTL mapping and marker assisted selection.

4. Molecular Genetics of : Plant Nodulation and N2 Fixation, Host pathogen interaction, Agro-infection and Crown-Gall Tumor development, Assembly of Photosystem I and II and RUBISCO, Expression of floral identity genes, MADS box genes.

5. Transposon Tagging: Ac/Ds elements of corn, cloning maize Ac/Ds element, molecular feature of maize Ac/Ds system, Transposon tagging- cloning of cf-9 gene in tomato, gene pyramiding and evolutionary significance of transposon.

Pteridology Credit - 4

1. Pteridophytic flora of India. Diversity of Pteridophytes- An Ecological Perspective. Endangered pteridophytes and their conservation. [10L]

2. Ecological Adaptations in Pteridophytes [3L] 3. Symbiotic association of Azolla with Anabaena azollae and myrmecophily in the

genus Lecanopteris. [2L] 4. A brief account of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Lycopods, Sphenopsids and

Filicopsids found in India. [5L] 5. Origin and evolutionary trends in the Sphenopsids.[3L] 6. Recent taxonomic circumscriptions of extant Lycopodium, Selaginella, Equisetum,

Gleicheniaceae and Polypodiaceae. [6L] 7. Different Systems of classification of major groups of Filicopsida. [5L] 8. Biology and control of Bracken Fern. [2] 9. Vasculature patterns of the petiole and rachis of Pteridophyta and their evolutionary

interrelationships. [2L] 10. Morphotypes and ontogeny of stomata in Pteridophytes. [2L]

BST – 402/Elective Course Plant Biochemistry Credit - 4 1. Fundamental concepts of Chemistry for explaining the properties of Biomolecules: Chemical bonds, stabilizing interactions (Vander walls, electrostatic, H-bonding, hydrophobic interactions), biophysical chemistry(pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, colligative properties),Conformation of Protein (Secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, domains, Motifs, Folds, Ramachandran Plot, Chaperonin and Protein folding), Nucleic acids (A,B,Z-DNA, tRNA, Micro RNA). 2. Bioenergitics : Laws of Thermodynamics, concepts of entropy, enthalpy and free energy, Oxidative reactions, group transfer, Biolgical energy transducers 3. Membrane architecture & Function: Structure of model Membrane, Lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, Membrane transport (pumps, carriers, channels, mechanism of sorting, intracellular transport), electrical properties of membrane, membrane raft. 4. Cell signaling: Hormones and receptors, Cell surface receptors, Signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, Signal transduction pathways, Second messengers, Regulation of Signaling pathways, Plant two-component signaling systems. 5. Photophysiology: Photosynthesis- LHCPs, Z-scheme, photophosphorylation, Management of light energy & photoprotective mechanisms, PCRC, Rubisco & its regulation. Photomorphogenesis – Different classes of photoreceptors, photochemical and biochemical properties of Phytochrome, Cryptochrome and Phototropin; Phytochrome signaling, PHY genes, blue light and stomatal movement. 6. Respiration and Photorespiration : Oxidative reactions, electron transport, ATP synthesis, alternate oxidase, photorespiratory pathway and its regulation and energetics. 7. Secondary metabolites and Plant natural products: Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols, nitrogenous compounds, their roles and commercial uses.

8. Applied Biochemistry: Fundamentals of Proteomics, metabolomics and genomics and their application in agriculture and health. Principle and application of biochemical and biophysical methods - Electrophoresis (ID, 2D, capillary electrophoresis), Chromatography (HPLC, GLC, Affinity chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography,), Spectroscopy (UV-VIS, flurescence, NMR), X-ray diffraction, Mass spectrometry, Radio labeling techniques, Blotting techniques. Microbiology Credit - 4 1. Concise account of the following groups:- a) Rickettsiales b) Chlamydiae c) Thermophiles d) Halophiles 4L 2. Plasmid- Types, Compatibility, Copy numbers, maintenance & amplification;

Ti plasmid & its application in biotechnology 2L 3. Transposable genetic elements:-Bacterial transposons and transposon mutagenesis. in bacteria. 2L 4. DNA damage and repair: - DNA damage & repair mechanisms in bacteria 2L 5. Recombinant DNA Technology- Principles, Enzymes, Vectors, Methods,

application of Recombinant DNA Technology. 6L 6. Chemotherapy:- Sulfa drugs & their mode of action ; Antibiotics – classification, mode of actions, antibiotic assay and sensitivity test, non-medical uses of antibiotics. Antiviral drugs and their mode of action; Drug resistance-origin, causes and clinical implications. 6L 7. Interferon – Chemical nature, mechanism of action, production and application. 2L 8. Water Microbiology: - Bacteriological examination of domestic water, purification of water, sewage & its disposal, bioremediation of pollutants. 2L 9. Pathogenecity of human diseases: - Pathogenecity due to invasiveness, exotoxin, endotoxin , toxoid and their practical application; Epidemiology, Symptoms, prevention and control of a)Cholera b) Typhoid, c)Tuberculosis, e) AIDS. 6L 10. Immunology- Innate & Adaptive immunity; Cell mediated and Humoral immunity; MHC types and function; Cytokines; Complement–types, pathways of fixation; Antibody diversity and Class switching; Hypersensitivity-and their types; Monoclonal antibody production and application; Ag-Ab reac- -tion; Diagnostic serological test - Immunofluorescence, ELISA, RIA, RIST, RAST, and FACS; Vaccines. 8L Molecular Plant Pathology and Fungal Biotechnology Credit - 4

1. Disease incidence: Molecular basis of plant-pathogen interaction- physiology and genetics of plant-pathogen interaction; Genetics of pathogenicity; gene for gene hypothesis and its molecular explanation; Molecular basis of appresorium formation and its role. Resistance genes and avirulent genes.

2. Plant defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses: Mechanism of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance; Hypersensitive response (HR). Hypersensitive reactions- the mechanism of elicitor-receptor concept.

3. Molecular biology of disease resistance: Genetical and biochemical basis of plant disease resistance; Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR), Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) – Induction of resistance in host plants. Molecular aspect of plant disease resistance- role of phenolics, phytoalexins and phytoanticipins, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Oxidative stress- Ion-Flux Cascade and Programmed Cell Death (PCD), Lipoxigenase, PR- proteins- their classes and functions in plant disease résistance. Basic knowledge about the defense enzymes of host plants, alarm signal and signal transduction mechanism.

4. Mycorrhizae: Types, distribution co-evolution, applications of mycorrhizae in

agriculture and forestry and their possible use as biofertilizers. Molecular aspects of mychorrhization-molecular mechanism involved in signaling for mycorrhization and signal transduction pathway. Mass inoculums production of mycorrhizae, Molecular tools for identification and detection; PCR cloning of genes from AM fungi; RAPD analysis of Orchid mycorrhizal fungi; Analysis of gene expression in AM fungi;

5. Molecular diagnostics of phytopathogens: Detection of plant pathogens from plant tissues using ELISA immunoassay techniques. DNA-DNA hybridization; PCR amplification, protein profiling by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).

6. Development of disease resistant crop varieties: Application of tissue culture and recombinant DNA technology for development of disease resistant crop varieties. 7. Phytoalexins: Definition, types and roles. Elicitors of phytoalexins synthesis;

Manipulation of phytoalexin biosynthesis in plants

8. Plant disease control: Biological control of phytopathogens, insect pest management. Application of avirulence genes in control of plant pathogens, Integrated disease Management (IPM/IDM). Mass inoculums production and commercialization of biocontrol and entomopathogenic fungi. Paleobotany and Palynology Credit - 4 1. International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and plants [ICN] with special

reference to the nomenclature of fossil plants. 2. Continental Drift Hypothesis, Sea-floor Spreading, Plate Tectonics. 3. Evolution of miospores through ages. 4. Taxonomy of dispersed miospores with reference to Potonie’s Turmal System;

Microfossils other than spores and pollens. 5. Angiosperm palaeofloristics; Distribution of Tertiary strata in India; Palaeogene

palaeofloristics and palaeoecology of Peninsular India; Neogene palaeofloristics and palaeoecology of Peninsular (Cuddalore Group and Bengal Basin) and Extra-peninsular (Siwalik Group) India.

6. Pollen analysis with reference to Quaternary vegetational history of India: Pleistocene vegetational history of Kashmir Valley, Holocene vegetational history of Western India and Bengal Basin.

7. Significance of mega- and microfossil remains as proxies for palaeoecological deductions. 8. Life as a fuel maker; sources of natural fuels; peat; coal and its varieties, constitution of

coal, coal palynology; petroleum, its origin, migration and concentration, palynology in oil exploration.

9. Archaeobotany in understanding the life-style and culture of early Indians. Phycology Credit - 4

1. Phylogeny of algal plastids. 3 2. Ultrastructure of flagella and its taxonomic importance. 3 3. Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism (CCM) in algae. 2 4. Phytoplankton Ecology: factors (light, temperature, chemical & current) and

distribution. 4 5. Terrestrial algal ecology: soil algae, cryoalgae and subaerial algae 3 6. Macroalgal and periphyton ecology: biogeography of seaweeds; influence of

biological factors on periphyton 3 7. Algae of unusual habitats: thermal algae, halotolerant forms and their ecology 2 8. Extracellular products of algae & toxic algae. 2 9. Algae in Biotic associations. 10. Algal biotechnology with special reference to health food, biocosmetics, medicine,

hydrocarbon production, biomonitoring and bioremediation. 4 11. Control of aquatic algae. 2 12. Biogeochemical role of algae 3 13. Isolation, purification & growth characteristics in relation to algal culture; indoor and

outdoor cultivation culture; photobioreactors. 4 Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Credit - 4 1. Biosystematics principles, practice, limitations and scope, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetics ; 2. Biodiversity: general concept, values, isolation and assessment of Genetic Diversity. 3. Distribution of endemic plant families in the southern hemisphere of the globe. 4. Conservation: Principles, categories of threatened plants (IUCN), strategies of conservation, Red Data Book. 5. Botanical Survey of India, its contribution and functions 6. Molecular markers in Taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis: Nuclear ribosomal DNA, Chloroplast DNA and Mitochondrial DNA. Plant Genetics and Biotechnology Credit - 4

1. Evolutionary Genetics: Evolutionary forces, models of population genetics, RNA world, DNA world and major evolutionary events, Genome evolution - gene

duplication, protein domains, introns, lateral-horizontal gene transfer, molecular evolution and molecular clock.

2. Plant In Vitro Technology: History, basic idea and techniques, medium components, medium preparation, differentiation and regeneration, organogenesis and morphogenesis, genetic control; Embryogenesis and its physiological and biochemical aspects, synthetic seeds and embryo rescue; Haploid and triploid culture; Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization – principle, scope, isolation, purification and culture of protoplast, Nuclear and cytoplasmic hybrids, applications; Micropropagations – Principle, methods of clonal propagation, virus free plant production, Genetic assessment by RAPD, ISSR markers, Evalution of germplasm preservation, In Situ/Ex Situ conservation of germplasm; Cryopreservation – Principle, techniques and applications.

3. Genetic Transformations in Plants: Strategies and methods of genetic manipulations, Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer, Ti/Ri plasmids; Direct gene transfer – electroporation, biolistics; Application of transgenic plants for productivity and performance; Molecular pharming – benefits and risks; Transgene stability and improvement of transgene expression.

4. Strategy for Crop Improvements: Basic idea and principle of crop improvement through transgene technology in relation to insect resistance, salt tolerance, drought tolerance, herbicide tolerance; Production of secondary metabolites - Biotransformation and metabolic engineering for secondary metabolite production.

Pteridology Credit – 4

1. The contribution of pteridophytes to an understanding of the life history of vascular plants (Sexuality in gametophytic growth; Significance of isolation in relation to cyclic alternation, determination of femaleness in free sporing homosporous plants; relationship between heterospory and anisospory; cyclical alternation in heterosporous plants.) [5L]

2. Cytogenetics of ferns: Chromosome numbers and morphology; polyploidy; cytogenetic analysis of species complexes; apospory, apogamy and apomixes; hybridization.[10L]

3. Role of cytology in Fern Taxonomy. [2L] 4. Genetics and Reproductive Biology of ferns: Nature of fern breeding systems:

homozygosity Vs heterozygosity, genetic load in homosporous and heterosporous pteridophytes. [5L]

5. Experimental investigation of fern sporophyte development (Shoot Apical Meristem, Lateral Primordia and Leaf determination, Induction of sporogenous tissue. [6L]

6. Structure and development of spore wall. [2L] 7. Culture of fern gametophytes. Photomorphogenesis in Fern gametophytes. [4L] 8. Gametogenesis and fertilization in ferns [4L] 9. Antheridogens and Antheridium Development [2L]

BGT – 403/Core Course

Genetics and Plant breeding Credit – 4

1. Introduction to Plant Genetics: Brief history of classical and molecular genetics; Extension of Mendelism; Allelism; Gene action, Interaction with environment, Penetrance and expressivity; Gene interaction – epistasis, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance.

2. Linkage, Crossing over and Chromosome Mapping: Physical basis of crossing over; Recombination and gene mapping; Construction of genetic and physical mapping.

3. Genome Organization in Eukaryotes: Genome types; Eukaryote nuclear genome; gene concept; Organization of structural and functional components of chromosome-centromere, telomere, NOR; Sex chromosome in plants; Genome duplication, alteration and their evolutionary role; Genes and gene number, content and C-value paradox.

4. Structural and Numerical Alterations of Chromosomes: Deficiency, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation and their meiotic behavior; Origin and significance of haploids, aneuploids, euploids, autopolyploids and allopolyploids.

5. Genetic Integrity and Diversity: Basis of chromosome separation; Recombination mechanism; Evolutionary significance, genetic control; Structure and function of Transposable elements and their role in evolution; Repair and retrieval system of genes.

6. Genomes, Genomics and Proteomics: Basic concept of geneome sequencing- Arabidopsis, Rice and Human Genome; Genome annotation, Synteny, Gene Search and Comparative Genetic data; Proteomics – Application, Protein expression profiling.

7. Population Genetics and Plant Breeding: Defination, Gene Frequency in population; Genetic Equilibrium; Hardy-Weinberg Law; Speciation Mechanism; Breeding system and genetic consequences in plants; Qualitative and quantitative traits; Marker Assisted Breeding for agronomic importance; QTL mapping.

BGT – 404/Core Course Statistics Credit – 2

1. Variable and attribute, primary and secondary data. 2. Sampling and sample designs: Classification and tabulation of data; Frequency

distribution; Diagrammatic and graphical presentation. 3. Central tendency: Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean; Median; Mode. 4. Measures of disparsion: Variance; Mean deviation; Standard deviation and error;

Moment; Skewness and kurtosis. 5. Correlation and regression analysis: Bivariate and multivariate. 6. Normal, binomial and poisson distribution. 7. Test of hypothesis: t, u and Chi square test.

8. Analysis of variances and covariance: Bivariate and multivariate.

BGT & D – 405/Core Course

Instrumentation Credit – 2

Methods of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1. Isolation and purification of Protein, RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid); Analysis of and proteins, RNA and DNA by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing gels; 2. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post-translation modification of proteins; Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules 3. DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing; Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, Micro array based techniques; 4. Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial; expression of recombinant Proteins using bacterial and plant vectors; Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences; generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid BAC and YAC vectors; 5. RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques 6. Analysis of biomolecules using UV/visible, fluorescence, NMR; Structure determination using X-ray diffraction 7. Different Radiolabeling techniques, Incorporation of radioisotopes in biological samples, molecular imaging of radioactive material. 8. Fermentation Technology. 9. Demonstration of instruments; Electrophoretic techniques (1D, 2D); Chromatographic Techniques (Paper, Thin Layer, HPLC, GC), Restriction Mapping, RAPD, Transformation, PCR, SEM, Confocal and TEM. 10. Microscopy: Principles of light and electron microscopy; Light, Fluorescence, Confocal, SEM, TEM and AFM.

BGP – 406/Core Course Unit – I Statistics Credit – 1

1. Calculations of mean, variance, standard deviation, standard error, coefficient of variance, Use of t-test for comparing two means.

2. Determination of the relationship between variables using correlation and regression analysis.

3. Analysis of variance: ANOVA, ANCOVA, U-test. 4. Use of Chi-square test for goodness of fit. ** (Submission of laboratory records)

Unit – II Genetics and Plant Breeding Credit – 1

1. Meiotic and Mitotic chromosome analysis and divisional phases. 2. Analysis of genotype – Environment interaction, Correlation coefficient and Yield

component analysis. 3. Analysis of genetic polymorphism – Cytogenetic biomarker in mutagenesis,

Isozymes and other molecular markers (RAPD) – Demonstration.

4. PCR based site directed mutagenesis.

BSP – 407/Elective Course Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Credit – 2

1. Quantitative estimation of ascorbic acid in plant tissue. 2. Evaluation of seed viability by reliable physiological and biochemical

methods. 3. Extraction and estimation of proline from salt-stressed and untraced seedlings. 4. Effect of water deficit stress on root metabolic activity. 5. Preparation of a standard curve for Iron and extraction followed by estimation

of iron from plant samples. 6. Extraction and estimation of fat using different samples. 7. Separation of amino acids from a mixture sample by paper chromatographic

technique. 8. Extraction and estimation of nucleic acids from plant samples. 9. Extraction, estimation and comparative analysis of the enzyme catalase from

different plant samples. 10. Extraction, estimation and comparative analysis of the enzyme amylase from

different plant samples. 11. Comparative analysis of total dehydrogenase activity from seeds of different

storage duration. 12. Protein purification by salting and isoelectric precipitation. 13. Purification of protein by 1-D SDS-PAGE

Microbiology Credit – 2 1. Quantitative estimation of Sugar, Protein, DNA and RNA by colorimetric method. 2. Separation of mixture of sugars and amino acids by paper Chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography method and their identification. 3. Microbial growth measurement by turbidity, total count, construction of growth curve,

determination of generation time.. 4. Determination of MIC of antibiotic by tube dilution assay method. Assay of antibiotic by agar cup assay method. 5. Determination of phenol co-efficient. 6. Determination of thermal death point of bacteria. 7. Enrichment culture a) Aerobic N2 fixing bacteria b) Nitrifying bacteria c) Photosynthetic bacteria d) Endospore forming bacteria e) Cellulase producing bacteria, f)Phosphate solubilizing bacteria. 8. Effect of pH,temperature and substrate concentration on bacterial amylase activity. 9. Determination of quality of milk by methelene blue reductase test method 10. Physio-biochemical test for identification of bacteria:-

a) Catalase b) Protease, c) Amylase d) Acid & Gas Production, e) Indole production f) V-P Test, g) Lysine decarboxylase , h)Citrate utilization test.

11 Isolation of Plasmid / genomic DNA from bacteria and Agarose gel Electrophoresis of isolated DNA. DNA amplification by PCR. Restriction enzyme digestion, electrophoresis & documentation. SDS-PAGE of protein and determination of Mol. wt. 12. Standard Quality analysis of water- a) Presumptive test b) Confirmed test c) Completed test d) IMVIC test 13 Isolation of Rhizobium from nodule of leguminous plant .Production of Rhizobium inoculant in laboratory fermenter. 14. Demonstration of the operation of following Instruments

a) Spectrophotometer UV-Vis, b) Lyophilizer c) Sonicator d) Fraction collector e)GC-MS f) Laboratory fermenter g) Chemostat h) Cold Centrifuge i) Ultracentrifuge j) Atomic Absorption k) HPLC l) SEM m) PCR n) Gel documentation System.

Molecular Plant Pathology and Fungal Biotechnology Credit – 2

1. Identification of fungi by microscopic examination: i) members of Mastigomycotina of particular interest ii) members of Ascomycotina of particular interest iii) members of Basidiomycotina of particular interest iv) members of Deuteromycotina of particular interest.

2. Study of hyphal types in fungal sporocarps. 3. Estimation of total phenols in diseased and healthy host tissue. 4. Study of symptomatology and histopathology and identification of some plant

diseases: a) diseases of particular interest caused by fungi of different groups b) some common diseases of plants caused by bacteria and viruses.

5. Methods of differential staining of host and fungal pathogens in diseased tissues. 6. Determination of role of pectic enzymes produced by pathogens in host tissue

maceration. 7. Determination of role of cellulase enzymes produced by pathogens in host tissue

decay. 8. Laboratory testing of fungicides: a) standard procedure for preparation of calibrated

spore suspension b) standard procedure for preparation of stock solution of test chemicals c) standard procedure for fungicidal bioassay using spore germination technique.

9. Antibiotic bioassay: preparation of nutrient agar medium, preparation of standard dose of antibiotics and bioassay of antibiotics following standard protocols.

10. Study of mycorrhizal association on root samples of some common plants. 11. Demonstration on ELISA and GEL electrophoretic techniques and their applications

in plant pathology.

Phycology Credit – 2

1. Collection, fixation & preservation techniques for different types of algae for different purposes.

2. How to study, describe & prepare key up to species level using standard characters. 3. Study of Indian marine algae. 4. Determination of plankton; species diversity index and algal pollution index of a

water body using phytoplankton. 5. Culture of algae. 6. Cytology of algae.

Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Biosystematics Credit – 2 1. Field study of species selected from the substances mentioned in the theory syllabus (precise note on exomorphic features, associated species, life-forms, observation relevant to its habit of reproduction). 2. Preparation of taxonomic keys, illustrations and phytography applying the pattern followed in floras. 3. Application of ICN rules in solving nomenclatural problem. 4. Application of objective taxonomy (Phenetics and Cladistics) in resolving-form-relationship and phylogenetic relationship using

Pteridology Credit – 2 1. Study of different types of stomata through leaf clearings. 2. Study of venation patterns and petiolar vasculature. 3. Morphological and anatomical work out of some ten pteridophytes belonging to different families. 4. Study of spores (Morphotypes and sporoderm archetechture). 5. Study of chromosomes through SMC. 6. Records of practical work-outs are to be submitted. Plant Genetics and Biotechnology Credit – 2

1. Preparation of stock solution and MS basal medium. 2. Laboratory experiments for callus induction, organogenesis, somatic

embryogenesis and plant regeneration. 3. Preparation of synthetic seed with somatic embryo. 4. Problem of tetrad analysis, extra nuclear inheritance, bacterial chromosome

mapping by conjugation and transformation.

5. Problems of Qualitative genetics, Heritability, genetic advance, genotype/phenotype variance.

6. Restriction mapping of plasmids (Demonstration). 7. RAPD marker based analysis (Demonstration). 8. Transfer of bacterial plasmid/sequencing (Demonstration). 9. Isolation, purification and spectrophotometric estimation of plant genomic DNA 10. Genetic Toxicological practical.

BD – 408/Core Course Project: Dissertation/Review Credit – 2

BSO – 409/Core Course Social Outreach Programme Credit – 1

BME – 410/Minor Elective Offered by other P.G. Departments Credit – 1 Minor Elective offered by Botany Department: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants: 1. Biochemistry of Carbon-di-oxide Fixation – basic mechanisms, modifications and significance. 2. Plant Signaling Processes – basic types, receptors, signal transduction pathways, phytohormones, floral signal. 3. Concept of gene; characterization, isolation and purification of DNA, RNA and protein from plant tissue. Fundamentals of recombinant DNA technologies, transgenics, molecular marker techniques. Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural resources

Biodiversity: Definition, Concept and Values: Distribution of biological wealth in our planet, genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Glimpses of Indian biodiversity and conservation areas; values of biodiversity. Levels of and Threats to Biodiversity: Biodiversity at global, regional and local levels. Monitoring & measurement of Biodiversity; useful indices. Threats to biodiversity, effect of degeneration of biodiversity on future of evolution.

Measures of species diversity: Species-area curve; gradient analysis; diversity and richness patterns Hotspots and Mega diversity Countries: India as a mega-diversity nation; flora & fauna of other Megadiversity countries; hot-spots of biodiversity; wealth of Indian hot-spots. Conservation of Natural resources: Concept and practice; advance technology in service of endangered species, conservation of plant diversity in seed banks, gene banks or germplasm reserves, conservation beyond park, sanctuaries & reserves: habitat conservation. Microbial Biotechnology

1. Fermentation systems : Principle, design and operation of fermenters, Upstream Process Downstream process

2. Fermentation products: Alcohol, Cheese, citric acid, Penicillin, vitamin, Lysine, enzyme, biopesticides and Vaccine.

3. Plant growth Promoting microorganisms : types (Algae, Fungi, Bacteria), characters and applications

4. Bioremediation and Biomining- heavy-metal, xenobiotic compound, pesticide, industrial product degradation; removal of metal

5. Algal Biotechnology - Microalgal Biotechnology: History and scope of algal biotechnology; microalgae as food and supplement, as nutraceuticals , SCP, in fisheries and aquaculture; in medicine as potential agents for production of antimicrobial and antiviral compounds; as antioxidants; as alternative energy sources, its production technology, in biodiesel and the production of hydrogen; as biocosmetics agents, current scenario in biotech industry, thallasotherapy; in bioremediation and as biosalvaging agents, oxidation ponds; diatomaceous earth and its applications, controlling environment of earth, algae in bioengineering; raceway ponds and their uses; photo-bioreactors and its types; algal biofertilizers and their role in their role in soil amelioration, Algae as biomonitors

6. Fungal Biotechnology- Fungi for industrial and agricultural applications; VAM and AM inoculam production and application in agriculture and forestry ; protoplast technology in fungi; enzyme based techniques for production of value added compounds from fungi; improvement and formulation of mycoherbicides ; production of anti-microbial anti-viral and anti-carcinogenic substances from fungi; micro fungi as food and food supplements their application and production technology.

7. Toxin- ; biosynthesis of aflatoxin, its deletorius effects on human being, control of aflatoxin contamination in food and feed.

8. Lichen – Components, biology, physiology, applications and biomonitoring of environmental pollution

9. Mushroom – production technology, importance and as nutraceuticals

10. Fermentation Technology- Introduction to microbial biotechnology. Classification of fermentation, isolation of industrially important microbial cultures, screening and strain improvement.