Semester Test Review

2nd Semester

1. Element • A substance that cannot be separated or

broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

2. Chemical compound

• A chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements.

3. Chemical energy

• Energy released by a chemical reaction or absorbed in the formation of a compound.

4. Chemical reaction • The process by which one or more substances

change to produce one or more different substances.

5. Newton’s First Law of Motion • An object at rest remains at rest, and an

object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

6. Newton’s Second Law of Motion • The acceleration of an object depends on the

mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

7. Newton’s Third Law of Motion

• Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.

8. Constant velocity

• A speed that does not change how fast it is, or the direction that it is in.

9. Force

• A push or pull exerted on an object in order to change the motion of the object; it has size and direction.

10. Inertia

• The tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction until an outside force acts on the object.

11. Law of Conservation of Matter

• Law that states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system.

12. Net force

• The combination of all of the forces acting on an object.

13. pH

• A value that is used to express the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a system.

14. Acceleration

• The rate at which velocity changes over time; an object accelerates if its speed, direction, or both change.

15. Conservation of Energy

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another.

16. Electric Current

• The rate at which charges pass through a given point; measured in amperes.

17. Electrical Energy

• Energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor.

18. Electromagnet

• A coil that has a soft iron core and that acts as a magnet when an electric current is in the coil.

19. Electromagnetic spectrum

• All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.

20. Energy Transformation

• The change of energy from one form to another.

21. Magnetic field

• Exists in the region around a magnet in which magnetic forces can act.

22. Balanced force

• When the net force on an object is 0 N.

23. Unbalanced force

• When the net force on an object is not 0 N.

24. Density

• The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance.

25. Amplitude

• The maximum distance that the particles of a wave’s medium vibrate from their rest position

26. Wave

• A periodic disturbance in a solid, liquid, or gas as energy is transmitted through a medium

27. Wavelength

• The distance from any point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave.

28. Refraction

• The bending of a wave as the wave passes between two substances in which the speed of the wave differs.

29. Reflection

• The bouncing back of a ray of light, sound, or heat when the ray hits a surface that it does not go through.

30. Frequency

• The number of waves produced in a given amount of time.

31. Heat energy

• All of the kinetic energy due to random motion of the particles that make up an object. Ex. Hot water

32. Light energy

• Energy produced by the vibrations of electrically charged particles. Ex. Lamp

33. Electricity

• The energy of moving electrons. Ex. outlet

34. Mechanical energy

• The amount of work an object can do because of its kinetic and potential energy. Ex. Riding a bike

35. Sound energy

• Energy caused by an object’s vibrations that are carried through the air. Ex. guitar

36. Motion

• An object’s change in position relative to a reference point.

37. Organelles

One of the small bodies in a cell’s cytoplasm that is specialized to perform a specific function (little organs).

38. Cell wall A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. It is found only in plant cells.

39. Cell Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that covers a cells surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell’s environment.

40. Cytoplasm

A gel-like substance in which all the parts of the cell rest. This helps give the cell its form and hold all the cell’s organelles in place.

41. Nucleus A membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. This organelle is found in eukaryotic cells only. It is the control center of the cell.

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell

42. Nuclear membrane

Surrounds and protects the nucleus of the cell and determines what is allowed to pass in and out of the nucleus.

43. Vacuole

Storage molecule to store food, water, and waste. Found in plant and animal cells but they are very large in plant cells.

Plant Cell

Animal Cell

44. Chloroplast

Capture energy from the sun and convert to chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Found only in plants.

45. Ribosome

Produces protein. Found in both plant and animal cells

46. Mitochondria

Powerhouses of the cell. Converts chemical energy stored in food into useable energy. Found in both plant and animal cells.

47. Lysosome

Filled with enzymes. Break down lipids, carbs., and proteins. Also removes ‘junk’ from cell. Found in animal cells only.

48. Golgi

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins sent from the ER. Looks like flattened pancakes. Found in both plant and animal cells.

49. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Site of protein synthesis; has ribosomes on it. Found in both animal and plant cells.

50. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Site of lipid synthesis & the detoxification of drugs; no ribosomes. Found in both animal and plant cells.

51. Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction in which one parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

http://mrsdlovesscience.com/biamoeba.gif

http://www.ubqool.com/static/contents/images/8631_9720_53334.jpg

http://www.geneticsforagriculture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/How-do-plants-reproduce-asexually1.png

52. Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction in which the sex cells from two parents unite to produce offspring that share traits from both parents.

http://universe-review.ca/I10-22-plants2.jpg

http://www.agr.state.il.us/programs/bees/images/bee_with_flower.jpg

53. Chromosome In an eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA.

http://www.beltina.org/pics/chromosome.jpg

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/MLACourse/Original8Hour/Genetics/chromosome.gif

54. Gene

One set of instructions for an inherited trait.

http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/gnn_images/whats_a_genome/gene.gif

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_dRj9DN75euI/Ry-Vlyer_XI/AAAAAAAAAP8/-KriwUeTtB4/s400/eyes-400.jpg

55. Heredity

The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/images/earlobes.jpg

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/images/hairline.jpg

56. Homeostasis The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment.

http://www.bookofodds.com/var/site/storage/images/media/images/a0063-body-temperature/27405374-1-eng-US/A0063-Body-Temperature_leader.jpg

57. Mitosis In eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two nuclei; each of which has the same number of chromosomes.

http://www.evh.k12.nf.ca/rbaker/Bio%203201/The%20Cell%20Cycle/mitosis.gif

58. Meiosis A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells (gametes or spores)

59. Unicellular Consisting of one cell

60. Multicellular Consisting of more than one cell

http://images.tutorvista.com/content/feed/u2077/Multicellular%20Organisms.jpg

http://blog.mary.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/random_picture6.jpg

61. Atoms

The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element.

http://d1jqu7g1y74ds1.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/c-atom_e1.gif

http://www.myschoolhouse.com/courses/C/6/Images/10.atom.gif

62. Molecule The smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance.

http://www.ozoneminnesota.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ozone-molecule.jpg

63. Tissue A group of similar cells that perform a common function.

64. Organ

A group of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body.

65. Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform body functions.

66. Diffusion

The movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density.

67. Osmosis The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.

68. Active Transport

The movement of substances across the cell membrane that requires the cell to use energy.

69. Qualitative Data Data that involves descriptions and characteristics. Example: Color and appearance

The cat looks scared.

The cat has green eyes.

The cat has long whiskers.

The cat has a dry nose.

The cat has stripes.

70. Quantitative Data Data that deals with numbers and can be measured. Example: Length, height, weight, and time.

The mouse weighs 0.5 kg.

The mouse has two ears.

The frog is 20cm long.

The frog has one tongue.

The mouse took a ride on the frog for 56 seconds.