seminar 1 tbm groundborne noise prediction models

Seminar 1Seminar 1

TBM TBM GroundborneGroundborne Noise Noise

Hong Kong Institute of Acoustics - Vibration Seminar Series

Wilson Ho, Banting Wong

Wilson Acoustics Limited

TBM TBM GroundborneGroundborne Noise Noise Prediction ModelsPrediction Models

Contents1. TBM GBN Projects in HK – Wilson Ho

– TBM GBN Study in various tunnel projects in HK– 3 Types of TBM GBN Prediction Models– Direct Measurement Approach & Its Limitations

2. Modular Prediction Approach – Banting Wong– Hammer Impact Test– Line Source / Point Source Excitation– TBM Operation Mode & Excitation Force

Wilson Acoustics Limited www.wal.hk

TBM Groundborne Noise ProjectsTBM Groundborne Noise Projects

Client TunnelYear

TBM Dia, m

Type of TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine)EIA Tunnel

Constr

MTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work 95 - 97 98 - 00 6.2 Open Mode Hard Rock

KCR West Rail Kwai Tsing Tunnel 95 - 97 98 - 02 8.8 Earth Pressure Balance

In the past 10 years, Wilson Ho has been involved in a number of TBM groundborne noise projects, ranging from different TBM types and tunnel diameters.



DSD Kai Tak Transfer Scheme 98 - 01 02 - 04 4.5 Slurry

KCR Lok Ma Chau Spurline 98 - 02 03 - 05 8.8 Earth Pressure Balance

CLP Chi Ma Wan Tunnel 00 - 02 04 - 06 3.3 Open Mode Hard Rock

KCR/MTR Kowloon Southern Link 02 - 05 06 - 08 8.0 Slurry

CLP Castle Peak Tunnel 2005 07 - 08 5.2 Double Shield Hard Rock

DSD HK West Drainage Tunnel 01 - 06 08 - 10? 8.3 Double Shield Hard Rock

MTR West Island Line 05 - 08 09 - 12? 6.3 Slurry

MTR Express Rail Link 08 - 09 10 - 13? 9.2 Earth Pressure Balance

Wilson Acoustics Limited www.wal.hk 3

Wilson Ho Published Papers Due to confidentiality of individual projects, the seminar is based on information in Wilson Ho published papers

•• Wilson Ho, Banting Wong, Andy Raine and Ken Kwok (2009) Wilson Ho, Banting Wong, Andy Raine and Ken Kwok (2009) “Groundborne Noise and Vibration Impact from Rock T unnel Boring Machines”, Hong Kong Tunnelling Conference 2009, P147-158.

•• Ken K.F. Kwok, Andy Raine, Adman Chu & Wilson Ho (2009)Ken K.F. Kwok, Andy Raine, Adman Chu & Wilson Ho (2009)“Environmental Paper Award Submission - Green Cable Tunnel Construction At Castle Peak” HKIE Journal 2009, awarded the 1st runner up paper.

•• Wilson Ho, Alan Crockett and Andy Raine (2006) Wilson Ho, Alan Crockett and Andy Raine (2006) “Measurement and Prediction of Groundborne Noise an d Vibration from a Tunnel Boring Machine”, Technical Acoustics, 2006, 25(6), P658-664.

•• Sam Tsoi, Wilson Ho, Nick Antonio and Glenn Frommer (2001) Sam Tsoi, Wilson Ho, Nick Antonio and Glenn Frommer (2001) “Railway Groundborne Noise prediction through Vibra tion Measurements of a Tunnel Boring Machine”, Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Sound and Vibration, Hong Kong, 2001.

•• Issac Ng, Edmond Wong and Wilson Ho (2001) Issac Ng, Edmond Wong and Wilson Ho (2001) “Co-existence of Construction Work and Tranquility – A Myth or Reality”, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Sound and Vibration 2001, pp1509-1516.


TBM Groundborne Noise ProjectsTBM Groundborne Noise Projects

Client Client TunnelTunnelYearYear

TBM TBM Dia, mDia, m

Type of TBM Type of TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine)(Tunnel Boring Machine)EIAEIA Tunnel Tunnel

ConstrConstr

MTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work 95 - 97 98 - 00 6.2 Open Mode Hard Rock


DSD Kai Tak Transfer Scheme 98 - 01 02 - 04 4.5 Slurry




CLP Chi Ma Wan Tunnel 00 - 02 04 - 06 3.3 Open Mode Hard Rock

KCR/MTR Kowloon Southern Link 02 - 05 06 - 08 8.0 Slurry

CLP Castle Peak Tunnel 2005 07 - 08 5.2 Double Shield Hard Rock

DSD HK West Drainage Tunnel 01 - 06 08 - 10? 8.3 Double Shield Hard Rock

MTR West Island Line 05 - 08 09 - 12? 6.3 Slurry

MTR Express Rail Link 08 - 09 10 - 13? 9.2 Earth Pressure Balance


West Rail Kwai Tsing Tunnel DB320 (Earth Pressure Balance TBM)HK West Drainage Tunnel (Double Shield Hard Rock)

Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work(Open Mode Hard Rock TBM)

Open Mode Hard Rock TBM Double Shield Hard Rock

MTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work MTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work (1998 (1998 -- 2000) 2000)

Wilson Acoustics LimitedWilson Acoustics Limited www.wal.hk

Ref. http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/popup/greenexample/N_TS_C1/n_ts_c1.html

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MTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief WorkMTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work

Wilson Acoustics Limited6.2m Open6.2m Open--mode hard rock TBMmode hard rock TBM


Soundlevel meter

ResidentialBuilding

Measurement of transferfunction


TBMcutterhead

Partially Decomposed Granite

Tunnel

Accelerometer Measurement on vibration propagation losses

6.2m Open mode hard rock TBM6.2m Open mode hard rock TBM

9

MTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work MTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work


~6dB for doubling distancei.e. very small soil damping, even for high frequency vibration

Ref. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Sound and Vibration (2001), pp1173-1180.


MTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work MTR Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work

~55dB(A)

overall linear vibration level at 6m from cutting face ~ 0.1mm/s


Ref. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of Sound and Vibration (2001), pp1173-1180.


GroundborneGroundborne Noise Criteria under NCO and EIAONoise Criteria under NCO and EIAO10dB(A) below airborne noise limits10dB(A) below airborne noise limits

Daytime Noise Criteria: 55 to 65dB(A), (EIAO)

Evening Noise Criteria: 50 to 55dB(A), (NCO)

Nighttime Noise Criteria: 35 to 40dB(A), (NCO)

TBM TBM GroundborneGroundborne Noise RegulationsNoise Regulations


Nighttime Noise Criteria: 35 to 40dB(A), (NCO)

•• Construction Noise Permit (CNP) is required for TBM Construction Noise Permit (CNP) is required for TBM operation after 1900 hours.operation after 1900 hours.

•• Evaluated based on LEvaluated based on Leq,5mineq,5min

•• Critical frequency range ~ 50 Critical frequency range ~ 50 -- 500Hz500Hz


Groundborne Noise of TBM

12


� Right: Noise enclosure for drill & blast excavated shaft Left: Incomplete noise enclosure at Shaft N for TBM launch shaft


TBM Groundborne Noise Monitoring was conducted during daytime. When it exceeded the night-time noise limit, night TBM work would be ceased.


Ref. http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/popup/greenexample/N_TS_C1/n_ts_c1.html

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TBM Tunnelling PracticeTBM Tunnelling Practice

�� 2424--hour TBM operation is a general practice for hour TBM operation is a general practice for tunnelling work if allowed.tunnelling work if allowed.

�� Reliable Reliable GBN prediction model is required for CNP GBN prediction model is required for CNP application.application.

Construction ProgrammeConstruction Programme


�� Construction ProgrammeConstruction Programme

�� Avoid TBM stopping at unfavorable geology (faults)Avoid TBM stopping at unfavorable geology (faults)�� Difficult to restart TBMDifficult to restart TBM�� Water leakage Water leakage �� Ground collapseGround collapse


Examples of Excitation Force Level under Various Thrusting Pressure

Photograph of the cutter head


Ref. Wilson Ho, Alan Crockett and Andy Raine, Measurement and Prediction of Groundborne Noise and Vibration from a Tunnel Boring Machine , Technical Acoustics, Vol.25 No.6, December 2006.

15

Examples of Point Source Response

Photograph of the Impact Hammer



PPV, Lmax,fast , Lmax,slow , Leq Vibration Levels

The average values of PPV, Lmax,fast and Lmax,slow are 14dB, 6dB and 3dB above the Leq levels respectively.


17

Continuous Real-time Vibration Monitoring in Internetwith Automatic Alarms

1st Action Level 12mm/s PPV

2nd Action Level 25mm/s PPV

12


1 Action Level 12mm/s PPV

18

�� Direct Noise & Vibration MeasurementDirect Noise & Vibration Measurement� KCRC - DB320 Kwai Chung Tunnel (1998-03)� MTRC - Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Work (1998-00)� KCRC – Kowloon Southern Link Tunnel (2006-08)

�� Line Source Excitation ModelLine Source Excitation Model

TBM GBN Prediction Models

� KCRC – Kowloon Southern Link Tunnel (2006-08)� KCRC – Lok Ma Chau Tunnel (2003-05)

�� Point Source Excitation ModelPoint Source Excitation Model� CLP – Chi Ma Wan Tunnel (2002-05)� CLP – Castle Peak Tunnel (2006-08)� DSD – HK West Drainage Tunnel (2009-~)

Wilson Acoustics LimitedWilson Acoustics Limited www.wal.hk 19

Direct N&V Measurement- Methodology

� Prediction using interpolation of previous measurement results at � similar distance, � similar geology at cutting face, � similar geology along transmission path, � similar TBM type, � similar thrusting force, � similar rotation speed, � similar no. of cutter disc and its design, etc…

Wilson Acoustics LimitedWilson Acoustics Limited www.wal.hk

20

Direct N&V Measurement- Methodology

GBN projection from ground vibration level

CTNBVRBCFLL vn +++=

� Ln ~ ground-borne noise level� Ln ~ ground-borne noise level� Lv ~ ground vibration level outside building, ref 10-6 in/s� BCF ~ building coupling factor

-3 ~ -15dB depending on building structure� BVR ~ building vibration response

-1 ~ -2dB floor to floor attenuation6 ~ 15dB for concrete structure

� CTN ~ conversion to noise0 ~ 5dB subject to room acoustic response


N&V Level Against Distance

22

Direct N&V Measurement- Vibration Data

23

Direct N&V Measurement- Vibration Data

24� Due to confidentiality issues, individual project groundborne noise data is removed from the slides.

Direct Measurement Method- Limitations

� Source and transmission path variations could not be separated, e.g. change in TBM thrust / geology strata

� High Prediction Uncertainty


Modular ApproachModular Approach

26

Contents1. TBM GBN Projects in HK – Wilson Ho

– TBM GBN Study in various tunnel projects in HK– 3 Types of TBM GBN Prediction Models– Direct Measurement Approach & Its Limitations

2. Modular Prediction Approach – Banting Wong– Hammer Impact Test– Line Source / Point Source Excitation– TBM Operation Mode & Excitation Force


Modular ApproachModular Approach

Hammer Impact Test- Source (TBM Excitation Force)


Hammer Impact Test- Propagation (Soil Transfer Mobility)

Hammer Impact Test- Receiver (Building Vibration Response)

Hammer Impact Test In BoreholeTaiwan Taoyuan International Airport MRT

Vibration Sensor

Impact Hammer


Hammer Impact Test In BoreholeHong Kong


Hammer Impact Test Inside TunnelHK West Drainage Tunnel

Sensor at the excavation face

Impact test at the excavation face

Sensor on the segment ring


Point Source Model Line Source Model

Unit: N Unit: N / m1/2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )fCTNfBVRfBCFfLSRfFDLfLn ++++=( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )fCTNfBVRfBCFfPSRfEFLfLn ++++=


Bias Error at Critical FrequenciesBias Error at Critical Frequencies

• Measuring a point source using line source model tends to over-predict the total force, or vise versa.

• At greater distance, both models give similar results

� Estimated based on homogenous soil with a damping loss factor of 0.5

FFcuttercutter

FFsupportsupport

TBM Excitation SourcesEPB TBM / Single Shield TBM (supported by tunnel wall)

Hydraulic CylindersTunnel Wall

FFcuttercutter

FFsupportsupport

Double Shield TBM (supported by gripper shoe)

Gripper Shoe

Hydraulic Cylinders

Courtesy: Herrenknecht AG http://www.herrenknecht.com/herrenknecht-ag-en.html

Point Source / Line SourceEPB TBM / Single Shield TBM

Hydraulic Cylinders Tunnel WallCutterhead

FFcuttercutter

FF

FFcuttercutter

FFsupportsupport

Double Shield TBMGripper Shoe Tunnel Wall

FFsupportsupport

TBM Excitation Force - Influence Factors


1

3

A

West Drainage Tunnel~1km from Western Portal at Cyberport

2

2

3

C

B


Rock Types

Typical Rock~ slightly decomposed granite

Stiff Rock~ very strong granite, (fresh to slightly decomposed)

Penetration Rate ~ cutting depth in each revolution

TBM Operation ModesTBM Operation Modes

Penetration Rate

1 mm/rev 3 mm/rev 5 mm/rev 6 mm/rev 9 mm/rev 12.5 mm/rev

1.5 RPM O

3 RPM O O O O O

4.5 RPM O

6RPM O

8 RPM O O O O

Typical Rock (Slightly Decomposed Fine Granite)

Stiff Rock (Very Strong, Fresh to Slightly Decomposed Granite)Penetration Rate

0.5 mm/rev 1 mm/rev 1.5 mm/rev 2 mm/rev 3 mm/rev 3.5 mm/rev

1.5 RPM O

3 RPM O O O O

4.5 RPM O

6RPM O

8 RPM O O O O O O

Wilson Acoustics Limited www.wal.hk Data Set 2

Data Set 1

Excitation Force & Rotational Speed

( B

ased

on

Poi

nt S

ourc

e M

odel

)

~4.6dB per doubling RPM

( B

ased

on

Poi

nt S

ourc

e M

odel

)

~3.5dB per doubling RPM


Excitation Force & Penetration Rate

316kN

251kN

200kN

158kN

126kN

100kN

( B

ased

on

Poi

nt S

ourc

e M

odel

)

~2dB per doubling PR

100kN

79kN

63kN

50kN

40kN

( B

ased

on

Poi

nt S

ourc

e M

odel

)

3-4dB per doubling PR

doubling PR

For typical rock, higher penetration rate is more preferable for reducing overall noise exposure


SummarySummary1. Tunnel construction programme may depends on the TBM GBN

prediction results.

2. Daytime GBN monitoring is a good method to check whether nighttime TBM construction should be stopped due to noise impact.

3. Continuous real-time vibration monitoring displayed in internetwith automatic alarm scan be considered for critical locations.

Direct Measurement & Modular Prediction ApproachesDirect Measurement & Modular Prediction Approaches4. Prediction based on direct measurement approach may have high

uncertainty.

5. Modular prediction approach allows detail study on the source, propagation and receiver response.

6. GBN distance correction shall be assessed at individual frequency band.

7. Excitation Force Level shall be determined for each TBM type in different geologies where practicable.

8. Point Source Response shall be measured at critical locations.


SummarySummary

9. Line source model is more appropriate for low frequency vibration prediction for TBM without gripper shoes.

10. Point source model is more appropriate for high frequency vibration prediction (i.e. groundborne noise).

TBM Operation ModesTBM Operation Modes

11. Doubling rotational speed leads to 4-5dB increase in Excitation Force Level, depending on geology.

12. Excitation Force Level increases with penetration rate (PR) and achieves maximum at PR of 5-10mm/rev for certain geology.


Seminar 1: TBM Groundborne Noise Prediction Models

Speaker: Wilson Ho / Banting Wong, Wilson Acoustics LimitedConvener: David Salisbury, MTR Corporation LimitedVenue: N003, Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityTime: 6:30-7:45pm, Wednesday, 6 January 2010 (reception at 6:00pm)

Seminar 2: Vibration-based Condition Monitoring – Co mmissioning and Standards

Speaker: Ir. Dr. Peter Tse, Smart Engineering Asset Management LaboratoryVenue: Room TU201, Hong Kong Polytechnic University

HKIOA Vibration Seminar Series 2010

Venue: Room TU201, Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityTime: 6:45-7:45pm, Wednesday, 10 February 2010 (reception at 6:30pm)

Shock and Vibration Data Analysis

Vibration Isolation of Buildings

Railway Noise Control Using Vibration Absorber

The design and engineering of rubber bearings for vibration isolation

Active Vibration Control (Speaker not yet confirmed)

Scheduled Seminars

seminar 1 tbm groundborne noise prediction models

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