seminar on renewable energy technology implementation in … · wind energy projects 1 wind farm...

Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand

Experience transfer from Europe

co‐organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and the Department of Alternative Energy Development and

Efficiency Ministry of EnergyEfficiency, Ministry of Energy

Wind Energy ProjectsT C i DTU Wi d E D kTom Cronin, DTU Wind Energy, Denmark

4th October 2012

Wind Energy Projects

Experience Transfer from Europe

Tom CroninSpecial AdvisorD i h T h i l U i itDanish Technical UniversityRisø CampusDenmark

4 Oct 2012Experience Transfer from Europe

Wind Energy Projects: OutlineIntroductionIntroductionTom Cronin, DTU Wind Energy and You

Part 1: 13:00 14:15 Part 1: 13:00 – 14:15 Wind farm development and good practice

P t 2 14 30 15 45Part 2: 14:30 – 15:45Standards, codes and guidelines

3 6 30Part 3: 15:45 – 16:30Approaches for low wind areas

• Interaction from you, the delegates• Please ask questions as they occur to you – no need to wait!

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

Wind Energy Projects: Introduction


Tom Cronin

• Mechanical Engineer BSc, Bristol UK

• Masters in Renewable Energy, MSc, Loughborough UK

• 10 years in industry working for engineering consultancies• 10 years in industry working for engineering consultancies.

• Joined Risø in 2004, Wind Energy Systems section

• Research topics include: integration of wind energy into national power systems; wind energy and isolated systems; electrical tests for wind turbines.

• Commercial work: advice concerning wind farm development to investors, monitoring of wind farm construction and operation.

• Teaching planning and development of wind farms since 2009 (part of the M.Sc. Wind Energy course)


DTU Wind Energy 1

Composites and Materials Mechanics

Mate ials Science and Cha acte isationWind Energy Division

Materials Science and Characterisation

Fluid Mechanics

Test and Measurements

Wind Turbines StructuresMaterials Research Division

Aerolastic Design

Meteorology

Fluid Dynamics

Meteorology

Wind Energy SystemsComposite Mechanics


DTU Wind Energy 2

More than 230 staff membersIncluding 150 academic staff gmembers and 50 PhD students


Advanced Wind Turbine Aerodynamics


Wind Turbine Structures• Load and safety• Load and safety• Structural design of blades• Wind turbine structures and

components• Multi-disciplinary optimization


Wind Power Meteorology

At h i fl d lli• Atmospheric flow modelling• Methods for atmospheric model

verification• Fundamental atmospheric

processes• Determination of external wind

conditions for siting and design of wind turbines


Wind Turbines in Complex Terrain


Wind power variability and prediction

Improve power system and wind power plant functionality Enable integration of large amounts of wind power Security and reliability of power supply in power systems with large Security and reliability of power supply in power systems with large

amounts of wind power

Relevance for planning, design and operation !

Example of Horns Rev offshore wind farmPower fluctuations offshore more than onshore power gradients of 15MW/min from 0 to 160MW in 10-15 min!

Possible impact on: system power balancing

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012Source: DONG Energy and Vattenfall

deviations of the power exchangesbetween neighbouring countries

Who is in the audience?

Who are you and what is your interest in coming today?


Wind Energy Projects 1

Wind Farm Development and good practice



Wind Farm Development and good practice

Overview

• Wind energy in Europe

• Wind farm projects: what is needed?• Wind farm projects: what is needed?

• Typical phases of wind farm development


Growth in World Market for Wind PowerGrowth in World Market for Wind Power

250,00045,000

200,00036,000 Total installed: 230 GWElectricity prod: 470 TWh 2 %

150,00027,000

ve M

W

year

Electricity prod: 470 TWh ~2 % of global electricity (2010)Germany el. cons: 545 TWh/yr*

100,00018,000

Cum

ulat

iv

MW

per

y

*(2011) www.indexmundi.com

50,0009,000• 20 years track record• Annual growth rates of 20-35% • In more than 50 countries

001983 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011

YearSource: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant - March 2012


Sou ce Co su a o a ga a c 0

Installed capacity in Europe

Installed Accu. Installed Accu.MW MW MW MW2010 2010 2011 2011

Austria 16 1 013 73 1 082

Installed Accu. Installed Accu.MW MW MW MW2010 2010 2011 2011

Lithuania 76 179 16 195Austria 16 1,013 73 1,082Belgium 350 955 192 1,147Bulgaria 339 470 112 582Czech Rep. 33 193 2 195Denmark 365 3,805 178 3,927

Lithuania 76 179 16 195Luxembourg 7 28 0 28Netherlands 15 2,241 68 2,309Norway 21 411 85 487Poland 382 1,231 436 1,667

Estonia 7 138 35 173Finland 52 169 9 178France 1,186 5,961 875 6,836Germany 1,551 27,364 2,007 29,248Greece 284 1 482 376 1 856

Portugal 363 3,837 377 4,214Romania 341 470 520 990Spain 1,516 20,300 1,050 21,350Sweden 604 2,141 763 2,904Switzerland 25 42 3 45Greece 284 1,482 376 1,856

Hungary 94 323 34 357Ireland (Rep.) 262 1,449 239 1,688Italy 948 5,793 950 6,733Latvia 2 33 1 34

42 45Turkey 528 1,512 470 1,982UK 1,522 5,862 1,293 7,155Rest of Europe: Cyprus,Malta, Iceland, Balkan states etc

91 164.4 62.0 226.4

Total Europe 10 980 87 565 10 226 97 588Total Europe 10,980 87,565 10,226 97,588Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant - March 2012


Electrical contribution from wind


Targets• Europe’s target(s)• Europe s target(s)• Denmark’s targets


History of wind development 1975 The first grid connected wind 1975 The first grid-connected wind

turbine

1977-82 First generation turbines (15-45 kW)45 kW)

1980: 20 wind turbine manufacturers in Denmark

• Some more figures…

• Medium onshore wind farms…


Offshore wind farms: pilot projects

Vindeby1991: 11 x 450kW,

Tunø Knob1995: 10 x 500kW,

2-3 km off-shore 5-6 km off-shoreMiddelgrunden2001: 20 x 2 MW,


,1,5-2,5 km off-shore

Offshore in Europe in 2012

Wind farm installed capacities now

commonly >400MW

World-wide offshore capacity is still only

1.7% of total


Size of Wind Turbines12

6

8

10

€cen

t/kW

h

0

2

4

1985 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 20011985 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2001

Year


Challenges of wind powerPast Past • Technology: development from a collection of components to a system• Connection to a grid

Rules for operation and payment• Rules for operation and payment• Confidence in the industry to provide a generation source

P tPresent• Confidence in resource assessment• Financing

f• Logistics for construction• Public acceptance

Future• Bottlenecks in power transfer• Interaction and integration with power systems (balancing, etc)

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark

• Technology and material resources

Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

Denmark as a demonstration caseNational targets and policyNational targets and policy25% of electricity from wind energy today50% of electricity from wind energy by 2020

Innovation Partnership between Research and Industry (MegaVind)… to provide the most effective wind power and wind power plants – that … to provide the most effective wind power and wind power plants that

ensure the best possible integration of wind power …

A demonstration country for wind energyA demonstration country for wind energyHow to reach the targets and maintain power system

balancestabilitystabilitycost efficiency


The challenge of integration 12008 2020

• Approximately 20% of electricity consumption • 50% of electricity consumption to be met by wind met by wind power – annual average

• Around 3GW installed wind power capacity

• For a few hours in a year wind power covers the entire Danish demand

power – annual average

• Around 6GW installed wind power capacity

• Wind power production will often exceed the Danish demand


Source: Energinet.dk - EcoGrid

Danish demand

The challenge of integration 2

Some challenges Some promising solutions• The grid

• Balancing production and consumption

• Power transfer from production to consumers

• Enhancing grid infrastructure

• Smart grids

• Storage• Coping with faults

• Requirements for ancillary services

• Storage

• Power system modelling

• Wind power plant capabilities

• Wind farms behaving more like conventional power stations

• Low voltage ride through

• Better forecasting of wind power

• More flexible and controllable turbines


European Synchronous Zones European DC interconnectors

Existing


Existing Under construction Under consideration

Source: EWEA

The Danish Grid http://energinet.dk/Flash/Forside/index.html


The challenge of wind resource: wind atlas

• Published in 1989• Covered 17 countries• Wind resource at 50m• http://www.windatlas.dk/Europe/Index.htm• Used by authorities, planners and

developersSi th f th i d• Since then many further wind atlases have been published

• Wind atlas techniques refined


Wind industry players in Europe 1• Wind farm developers• Wind farm developers

– Utility companies– Development companies

Construction companies– Construction companies– Individuals

• Power system organisationsT i i t t (TSO )– Transmission system operators (TSOs)

– Utilities and distributors• Manufacturers

O– OEMs– Component suppliers

• Investors– Banks– Pension companies– Governments


– Individuals


Wind industry players in Europe 2• Service sector• Service sector

– Consultants– Wind resource assessors

Operations and maintenance companies– Operations and maintenance companies• Regulators and certification bodies

– Electricity authoritiesT t d tifi ti b di– Test and certification bodies

– Standard organisations (IEC, ISO, etc)– Government authorities

l h– Planning authorities• Associations

– Wind industry associations– European wind energy association

• Research and education sector– Research institutes


– Universities


The wind energy challenge

?


Discussion in Groups

Thailand has a target of installing having 1200 MW in 2021 Much of this will have to 1200 MW in 2021. Much of this will have to

be met by sizeable wind farms.

• What are the most important issues?p• How should a developer develop a wind farm?• What is needed?

Discuss with your neighbours for 10 minutes


The fundamentals of wind farm planning

• Wind resource

• Environment and public acceptancep p

• Grid connection

• Project economy j y

• Political support


Typical phases of wind farm development1) Measurements & data management1) Measurements & data management

2) Wind resource assessment

3) Site selection WARNING:Li t i t i l d

)

4) Initial design for power system analysis

5) Feasibility study & economics

List is typical good practice for Europe but is not exhaustive. Depends

very much on local6) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

7) Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)

8) Financing & due diligence

very much on local regulations and practices


9) Construction and O&M contract bidding and evaluation

10) Wind farm construction

11) Operation & Maintenance

12) Decommissioning


1) Measurements & data management

• To ascertain the general wind conditions and resources

• Information from literature, airports and met stations

• Use existing wind turbine production statistics

• Wind atlases

• Local experiencep

• Decide where to make more thorough measurement campaigns



• Typically, a number of locations are measured

• Depending on terrain, more than one mast may be needed

• Measurement campaign one year or longer

• Measurements need to be in a location with same wind climate as possible sitesp


3) Site selectionSelection of which site(s) are suitable to develop is dependent on a number Selection of which site(s) are suitable to develop is dependent on a number of factors, including:

• Wind resource• Wind resource

• Physical access to site

• Planning considerations

• Legal access to site

• Environmental considerations

• Distance to suitable grid connection


4) Initial design for power system analysisIn order to:In order to:a) Find a grid connection suitable (strong enough) b) Satisfy the electrical connection requirementsc) Obtain a Power Purchase Agreementc) Obtain a Power Purchase Agreement

Then an initial electrical design will need to be done to:) D t t i d f ti d lia) Demonstrate wind farm active power delivery

b) Reactive power characteristicsc) Fault behaviourd) C ll b l d h h ’d) Controllability according to the authority’s requirements


5) Feasibility study & economicsThe feasibility study will determine if the project is viable for the next stageThe feasibility study will determine if the project is viable for the next stageIn brief:

problems and objectives problems and objectives

technical analysis (including turbine selection and siting)

organisational and institutional analysisg y

sociological analysis

investment budget

environmental impact

financial and economic analysis

ti d i k assumptions and risks


6) Environmental Impact AssessmentUsually carried out by a company specialising in this work the EIA covers:Usually carried out by a company specialising in this work, the EIA covers:

noise

visual impact, scenic values and landscaping impact on flora and fauna impact on reservation areas, archaeological sites safety issues for humans

It should not be forgotten that the impact of a wind farm should be compared to the impact of using other power supply options

use of fuels and resources emissions (NOx SO2, CO2) and waste generated


7) Power purchase agreement

This is an essential agreement as if forms the basis for calculating the financial feasibility of the project:

• Influenced by political policy• May or may not include conditions for other than active power• Penalties for reactive power consumption• Penalties for reactive power consumption• State length of agreement


8) Financing and due diligence

Depending on the stage of the project, investors will require:

A d i ti f th j t• A description of the project• Wind resource analysis and energy yield report• Technical substantiation for technology chosen

k l d• Risk analysis and mitigation• Company profile and experience• Project capital investment details• Analysis of revenue and costs• Financial spreadsheet for operational lifetime of wind farm• Net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) for project• Contracts with suppliers• Agreements for O&M • Due diligence of the project by independent experts


9) Construction and O&M contractsTwo main models for construction contracts:Two main models for construction contracts:a) Turn-key: a main contractor (e.g. turbine manufacturer) is responsible

for and executes all the worksb) Separate: contracts are issued by the developer for the various parts of b) Separate: contracts are issued by the developer for the various parts of

the project – foundations, buildings, roads, cables, turbines, switchgear, etc.

Which one is suitable very much depends on the company profile and local conditions.

The operations and maintenance, similarly has two main models:a) The turbine manufacturer signs a long-term (10-15 year) contract for

the O&M of the wind farmb) The developer/owner takes on the responsibility for the O&M

It is usual for the manufacturer to offer a 5-year O&M contract as


standard.


10) Wind farm construction• Needs careful planning as some activities are weather dependent• Needs careful planning as some activities are weather-dependent• Special attention to be paid to timing of grid connection• Take into account any special requirements from EIA

Should be monitored carefully• Should be monitored carefully• Test and commissioning procedures in contract• Hand-over procedure to include an outstanding actions list


11) Operations and Maintenance • Many companies now building up considerable experience• Many companies now building up considerable experience• Central control rooms to monitor and plan• O&M is surprisingly labour intensive

Access to machines is required• Access to machines is required• Distance to source of spare parts is important• Contract conditions require that certain data be recorded to monitor O&M

performanceperformance.• SCADA (System Control and Data Acquisition) system is the main

interface between the equipment and the operator


12) Decommissioning 1• LCA for Vestas V90 3MW • LCA for Vestas V90 – 3MW


12) Decommissioning 2• Recycling of Vestas V80 2 MW• Recycling of Vestas V80 - 2 MW

DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012Source: A. Feito-Boirac, T. Vromsky, A. Villaume: Recycling Wind Turbines. Outlook and Technologies. Vestas Poster 029 at EWEA conference 2011

Typical phases of wind farm development1) Measurements & data management1) Measurements & data management


3) Site selection WARNING:Li t i t i l d

)

4) Initial design for power system analysis

5) Feasibility study & economics

List is typical good practice for Europe but is not exhaustive. Depends

very much on local6) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

7) Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)


very much on local regulations and practices


9) Construction and O&M contract bidding and evaluation

10) Wind farm construction

11) Operation & Maintenance

12) Decommissioning


Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand

Experience transfer from Europe

co‐organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and the Department of Alternative Energy Development and

Efficiency Ministry of EnergyEfficiency, Ministry of Energy

Wind Energy Projects 2T C i DTU D kTom Cronin, DTU Denmark

4th October 2012

Wind Energy Projects

Experience Transfer from Europe



Wind Energy Projects: OutlineIntroductionIntroductionTom Cronin, DTU Wind Energy and You

Part 1: 13:00 14:15 Part 1: 13:00 – 14:15 Wind farm development and good practice

P t 2 14 30 15 45Part 2: 14:30 – 15:45Standards, codes and guidelines

3 6 30Part 3: 15:45 – 16:30Approaches for low wind areas

• Interaction from you, the delegates• Please ask questions as they occur to you – no need to wait!


Wind Energy Projects 1

Standards, codes and guidelines



Standards, codes and guidelines

Overview

• Standards in general

• For which phases are standards etc applicable to wind • For which phases are standards, etc. applicable to wind farms?

• The IEC 61400 series standard

• Certification

• Grid codes

• Guidelines


Discussion in Groups

Standards set minimum

Standards restrict innovation and stifleminimum

requirements and ensure quality

innovation and stifle progress

ensure quality

Di ith i hb f 10 i tDiscuss with your neighbours for 10 minutes


Questions for a new technologyT i l• Terminology Standards can provide

common, recognized

d fi iti d ifi ti– definitions and specification– requirements to design,

function, safety and risk level

• Safety• Environmental impact

level– methods for tests and

documentation of performance

• Performance• Business risk• System integration

p– Procedures

But will standards allow • Verification

But will standards allow innovation?Component or systems approach?


Innovations (from Wind Directions Sept-Oct 2007 – The Road to Maturity)


Wind Business – A regulated marketMarket stimulation through national support mechanisms:Market stimulation through national support mechanisms:• Fixed tariffs• Renewable energy obligations – Quotas

Green certificates• Green certificates• CO2 premium• Investment grants

How to secure optimal benefits to society from support?• Technology development through R&D

Q l d f• Quality requirements and verification


Standards?• Standards are voluntary agreements that regulate the market in order to • Standards are voluntary agreements that regulate the market in order to

facilitate trade. They are important in order to ensure competition and availability of products and services of high quality and of sustainable manufacturing processes.

• Standards set uniform rules and specifications for among others function, safety and environmental effects for products, and formulate common specifications, approaches and terminology.p , pp gy

• (Standards implement laws and directives)

• Standards are prepared on different levels (industry, national, international and global standards)


Who makes wind energy standards?• ISO/IEC• ISO/IEC

• CEN/Cenelec

• National standardization organisations (Danish Standard DS)• National standardization organisations (Danish Standard DS)

• National authorities

• Certification companies (GL, DNV, BV, UL, etc)Certification companies (GL, DNV, BV, UL, etc)


International Standardisation• Levels of standardisation• Levels of standardisation

IEC(/ISO)IEC(/ISO)GlobalGlobal TC88TC88Parallel votingParallel voting

CENELEC (/CEN)CENELEC (/CEN)EuropeEurope EUEU--harmonharmon CENELEC (/CEN)CENELEC (/CEN)EuropeEurope CLC TC88CLC TC88EUEU harmonharmon..

DS, DINDS, DINNationalNational

Trend: More international / less nationalTrend: More international / less national Initiative (and hard work) remains on a national levelInitiative (and hard work) remains on a national level


Initiative (and hard work) remains on a national levelInitiative (and hard work) remains on a national level

Interested parties

Industry

Investors,consultants,“developers”

Authorities, society

p

“Experts”R&D, test labs, certification


The wind turbine: a complex system

G earbox G enerator

B lade

UsaPDTYftvYOD pSm gsAt,,t

hCatT

vYOD pSm

Power curve

Foundation

T ransform er

H igh vol-tage cable

Control


IEC standardization for wind turbinesTechnical committee TC 88 formed in 1988 in order to develop Technical committee TC 88 formed in 1988 in order to develop standards for wind turbine generatorsNational standardization start mid 80’s, initiated by R&D

itcommunity

a) Safety & functional requirements c)

d)

b) Test methodsa)

b)

c) Certification procedures

d) Interfaces & Component


IEC TC88: IEC 61400 standards series• IEC 61400-1 Design requirements• IEC 61400-2 Small wind turbines• IEC 61400-3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbines• IEC 61400-4 Gears for wind turbines • IEC 61400-(5) Wind Turbine Rotor Blades• IEC 61400-11, Acoustic noise measurement techniques• IEC 61400-12-1 Power performance measurements

IEC 61400 13 M t f h i l l d• IEC 61400-13 Measurement of mechanical loads• IEC 61400-14 Declaration of sound power level and tonality• IEC 61400-21 Measurement of power quality characteristics• IEC 61400 22 Conformity Testing and Certification of wind turbines• IEC 61400-22 Conformity Testing and Certification of wind turbines• IEC 61400-23 TR Full scale structural blade testing• IEC 61400-24 TR Lightning protection• IEC 61400-25-(1-6) Communication• IEC 61400-25-(1-6) Communication• IEC 61400-26 TS Availability• IEC 61400-27 Electrical simulation models for wind power generation


• IEC 60076-16: Transformers for wind turbines applications

• 61400 1 Design requirements for wind turbines• 61400-1 Design requirements for wind turbines• 61400-2 Safety for small wind turbines• 61400-3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbines

61400 4 Wind turbine gearboxes• 61400-4 Wind turbine gearboxes• 61400-5 Wind turbine rotor blades• 61400-11 Acoustic niose measurement techniques

61400 12 P f• 61400-12 Power performance• 61400-13 Measurement of mechanical loads• 61400-21 Measurement and assessment of power quality ...

6 00 22 C f d f l d d• 61400-22 Conformity testing and certification – rules and procedures• 61400-23 Full scale structural testing of rotor blades• 61400-24 Lightning protection of wind turbines• 61400-25 Communication ...• 61400-26 Availability• 61400-27 Electrical simulation models for wind power generation


IEC61400-1: 2005 Wind TurbinesDesign RequirementsDesign Requirements

Principles“specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering “specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime”

Content• External conditions (e.g. wind) – Wind turbine classes• Structural design (e g load cases and methods)• Structural design (e.g. load cases and methods)• Control and protection system (what to consider)• Mechanical system (e.g. yaw, brakes)• Electrical system (e g lightning)• Electrical system (e.g. lightning)• Site assessment• Assembly, installation, erection• Commissioning operation maintenance


• Commissioning, operation, maintenance


Wind turbine classes• Wind turbine classes are defined in 61400 1 and intended to cover most • Wind turbine classes are defined in 61400-1 and intended to cover most

possible sites

Wind turbine class I II III S

Vref (m/s) 50 42,5 37.5 Values

A Iref (-) 0,16 specified

B Iref (-) 0,14 by the

C Iref (-) 0,12 designer

Iref is the turbulence intensity ratio


Assessment of a wind turbine for siteAssessment of a wind turbine for site-specific conditionsTwo approaches:Two approaches:• a demonstration that all these conditions are no more severe

than those assumed for the design of the wind turbine;• a demonstration of the structural integrity for conditions, each

equal to or more severe than those at the site.

Site conditions:– Topographical complexity;– Wind conditions;Wind conditions;– Air density;– Earthquake;

El t i l t k diti– Electrical network conditions;– Soil conditions.


IEC 61400-1 site assessment rules ChecklistChecklist• Extreme winds • Shear of vertical wind profile

Flow inclination

• Background turbulence• Wake turbulence

Wi d d di t ib ti • Flow inclination • Wind-speed distribution


Verification by Certification

Certification:• Procedure by which a third party gives written assurance that a product,

process or service conforms to specified requirements also known as process or service conforms to specified requirements, also known as conformity assessment

• IEC WT01 01: 2001 - IEC system for conformity testing and certification • IEC WT01 01: 2001 IEC system for conformity testing and certification of wind turbines – Rules and procedures

• IEC 61400-22 TS: (2009) - Conformity Testing and Certification of Wind IEC 61400 22 TS: (2009) Conformity Testing and Certification of Wind Turbines


IEC and Wind Turbine CertificationIEC 61400 standard series provides:IEC 61400 standard series provides:

– Design criteria, test procedures and specifications– Rules and procedures for certification

How to apply these in a national certification scheme:How to apply these in a national certification scheme:

– Legislation– Management– National regulations– Local requirementsq– Other issues


Type CertificationType Certification(IEC 61400-22)

Verification of product compliance with standards


Type CertificationA type certificate is issued on the basis of a A type certificate is issued on the basis of a verification of the supplier's documentation of the wind turbine in consideration and is issued to the supplierissued to the supplier

• Design evaluation • Type Testing• Manufacturing evaluation (ISO9001)• Type characteristics meas.Type characteristics meas.• Foundation design evaluation

T A N t t di i lidit 5 The purpose of type certification is toType A: No outstanding issues, validity 5 yearsType B: Issues without significant i i f lidi 1

The purpose of type certification is to confirm that the wind turbine type is designed, documented and manufacturedconformity with design assumptions, specific standards and other technical


importance to primary safety, validity 1 year.


specific standards and other technical requirements.

National Test Station for Large Wind TurbinesTurbines

Coastal, flat terrain5 test positions5 test positionsMax. 10 MWMax. height 165 m


Component CertificationDesign Basis

Evaluation

• design evaluation;• type testing;

Design Evaluation Foundation Design Evaluation

• manufacturing evaluation; and• final evaluation.

Manufacturing Evaluation

Foundation Manufacturing

Evaluation

The purpose of wind turbine component certification is to confirm that a major component of a specific

d d d d d

Type Testing

Type Characteristics Measurements

type is designed, documented and manufactured in conformity with design assumptions, specific standards and other technical requirements.

Optional ModuleFinal Evaluation

Measurements

and other technical requirements.

Type Certificate


Project Certification• Issued to the owner• Issued to the owner• May be used by local building authority for permitting

Type certificate• Type certificate• Site assessment• Foundation design evaluation

I t ll ti l ti ( ti ll )• Installation evaluation (partially)• O&M surveillance not required

G d (l l d )• Grid connection (local grid co.)

• Testing and demonstration (safety)• Modifications, relocation and use after the expiry of a certificate for

testing and demonstration


Project certification

The purpose of Project Certification is to evaluate whether type-certified wind turbines and particular support structure/foundation(s) designs are in conformity with the external conditions, applicable construction and electrical codes and other requirements relevant to a specific itsite.


Certifying bodies

Body Location Standards used

Germanischer Lloyd Germany GL Rules, DK 472, NVN11400 0 IEC NVN11400-0, IEC

Risø / DNV Denmark DK 472, IEC

CIWI, ECN/KEMA Netherlands NVN11400-0, IEC

TÜV Germany IEC TÜV Germany IEC

CRES Greece IEC

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) / NREL

USA IEC


Standards: some lessons learnedThe development of wind energy technology and markets has The development of wind energy technology and markets has gone hand-in-hand with standardization Global business requires international standards Markets with support mechanisms, new technology or risks

need standards Standards promote acceptance of new technologies Standards promote acceptance of new technologies Standardize requirements and documentation methods

rather than technology, i.e. to preserve innovation start with system then component standardswith system, then component standards

Involve all stakeholders Include common procedures for verification & certification

according to standards


Grid codes• A set of rules that dictate behaviour of equipment connected to the grid• A set of rules that dictate behaviour of equipment connected to the grid

• Usually written and enforced by the Transmission System Operator (TSO)

• Provides a uniform specification of the requirements for power producing p q p p gsites to ensure a stable operation of the network

• Common issues addressed:

• Active power and power control• Reactive power control• Voltage and frequency ranges or tolerance• Behaviour during grid faults• Voltage quality

f• Requiring wind farms to behave more like conventional generation, whilst generator characteristics are very different


Variations in Grid Codes• Grid codes vary from country to country• Grid codes vary from country to country

• Denmark has specific codes for wind turbines

• TSOs are, generally, conservative and therefore harmonisation is slow , g y,

• Many variations in the set-ups of various TSOs, e.g.

• GB - National Grid Transco NGT & Ofgem• DK - Energinet• D - Four independent operators

• It is the responsibility of the developer to show compliance with the codes in order to obtain a licence

• The turbines (and their control) are the main components that affect compliance, rather than the specific grid connection design


Grid codes: content • Grid codes are continually being updated as penetration of variable • Grid codes are continually being updated as penetration of variable

energy increases and harmonisation occurs.• Most important: LVRT, frequency response, PQ response & voltage• Requirements usually expressed in terms of desired response for a time • Requirements usually expressed in terms of desired response for a time

at certain conditions and often shown graphically.• Most grid codes are imposed at the point of common coupling (PCC) and

therefore apply to the wind farm rather than individual turbinespp y• However, it is the turbines’ combined behaviour that determines the wind

farm behaviour: for this models are required (IEC 61400-27).• wind plant owners are typically responsible to provide the wind power

plant models to TSO and/or DSO prior to plant commissioning, • wind turbine manufacturers will typically provide the wind turbine models

to the owner, Future trends• Inertia emulation • Power oscillation damping


Thank you for your attention!


seminar on renewable energy technology implementation in … · wind energy projects 1 wind farm...

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