seminar on rocket engine
TRANSCRIPT
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SEMINAR ON ROCKET ENGINE
BHARAT J SHETTY
4NM08ME026
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contents
History of rockets
Types of rocket
Types of rocket engine
Combustion
Categories of rocket engine Working of a rocket engine
Rocket burn sequence
Uses
Technology Mechanical issues
Conclusion
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What is Rocket?
A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile,spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which
obtains thrust from a rocket engine.
Rocket engines work by action and reaction
Rocket engines push rockets forwardssimply by throwing their exhaust
backwards extremely fast
Application of Rockets are used in
fireworks, weaponry, ejection seats, launchvehicles for artificial satellites, human
spaceflight and exploration of other planets
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History of rocket
A common claim is that the first recorded use of a rocket in battle was by theChinese in 1232 against the Mongol hordes at Kai Feng Fu.
Rocket technology first became known to Europeans following its use by the
Mongols Genghis Khan when they conquered parts of Russia, Eastern, and
Central Europe.
In 1792, the first iron-cased rockets were successfully developed used
militarily by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, rulers of the Kingdom of
Mysore in India against the larger British East India Company forces during
the Anglo-Mysore Wars
Modern rockets were born when Robert Goddard attached a supersonic (de
Laval) nozzle to a liquid-fuelled rocket engine's combustion chamber.
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Types of Rocket
Tiny models such as balloon rockets, water rockets, skyrockets or small
solid rockets
Missiles, space rockets such as the enormous Saturn V used for the
Apollo program
Rapid escape systems such as ejection seats and launch escape systems ,space probes.
TYPES OF ROCKET ENGINE3 Basic Types of Rockets
Solid Rockets: consist entirely of solid propellants stored in the combustionchamber casing.
Liquid Rockets: use one or more liquid propellants that are held in tanks prior to
burning.
Hybrid Rockets: have a solid propellant in the combustion chamber and a second
liquid or gas propellant added to permit it to burn.
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COMBUSTION
For combustion to occur
Fuel ,oxygen, source of heat is supplied and in return exhaust and heat isreleased
The fuel can be a solid, liquid, or gas
The oxidizer can be be a solid, liquid, or gas
Hydrogen- carbon is used as a fuel. Exhaust will be water and carbondioxide
Exhaust also includes nitrous oxide (21% 0xygen and 78%carbon dioxide)
Igniter is used for combustion to take place which is mounted on the
launch pads
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Liquid rockets
Solid rockets
Liquid rockets
Fuel and oxygen are stored separately
Combustion can be stopped by turning of the fuel supply
Pump is used to supply the fuel and oxygen
Complex and heavier because of the pump
Solid rocketsfuel and oxygen are mixed together and packed into a solid cylinder
Once the combustion take place it cannot be stopped
Categories of a rocket engine
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Working of a rocket engine
The engine casing consist of which contains the nozzle, propellants, and
other explosive charge.
nozzle, a relatively simple device used to accelerate hot gases and
produce thrust
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The hot gases are produced by the solid propellant, shown in green.
An electric igniters' is used to launch a rocket engine
When the flame front reaches the far left of the propellant, thrust goes to
zero Delay charge, colour blue, begins to burn
During the delay, no thrust is produced and the rocket coasts up to its
maximum altitude.
The length of the delay varies between engines from 2 to 8 seconds
The ejection charge, shown in red, is ignited. This produces a small
explosion which ejects hot gas out the front of the engine
Engine mount, ejects the nose cone, and deploys the parachute for a safe
recovery.
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Rocket burn sequenceOn a typical model rocket engine, a small
cone is formed in the
propellant on the nozzle end of the engine. As
the fuel burns, the
size of the cone increases until it hits the
engine casing (about time
= .2 on this engine).
Between
Between time = .2 and .5, the shape of the cone
flattens out and
the area and thrust decreases because the burn rate
also depends
on the curvature of the surface. By time = .5, the
cone has becomea flat flame front which proceeds on down the
engine until the
propellant is used up at time = 2. Between .5 and 2,
the thrust is
constant;
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pe = exit pressure
po = free presure
ae = exit area
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Uses
1. MILITARY
Military weapons use rockets to propel warheads to their targets.
Anti tank and anti aircraft missiles use rocket engines to engage targets at
high speed at a range of several miles.
Intercontinental ballistic missiles can be used to deliver multiple nuclear
2.SCIENCE AND RESEARCH
Sounding rockets are commonly used to carry instruments above the
surface of the Earth, the altitudes between those reachable by weather
balloons and satellites. Warheads thousands of miles.
Rocket may be used to soften a hard parachute landing immediately
before touchdown .
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uses 3. SPACEFLIGHT
Rockets are also used to launch emergency flares. Some crewed
rockets, notably the Saturn V and Soyuz have launch escape systems.
Solid rocket propelled ejection seats are used in many military aircraft
to propel crew away to safety from a vehicle when flight control is lost.
4. RESCUE
Rockets are also used in some types of consumer and professional
fireworks.
Forces on a rocket in flight
Flying rockets are primarily affected by the following:
Drag if moving in atmosphere
Lift; usually relatively small effect except for rocket-powered aircraft
Thrust from the engine
Gravity from celestial bodies
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Technology
Energy
Rocket launch vehicles take-off with a great deal of
flames, noise and drama, and it might seem obvious that
they are grievously inefficient.
The energy density of a typical rocket propellant is oftenaround one-third that of conventional hydrocarbon fuels;
the bulk of the mass is oxidizer.
Energy from the fuel is lost in air drag and gravity drag
and is used for the rocket to gain altitude and speed.However, much of the lost energy ends up in the exhaust.
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References
History of Liquid Rocket Engines by George Sutton
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.howstuffworks.com
http://books.google.com
http://nasa.gov
Dr. Joe Majdalani has written a journal about propulsion of a
rocket engine
http://en.wikipedia.org/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://books.google.com/http://books.google.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://www.howstuffworks.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/ -
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American, Robert Goddard with his Liquid fuelled rockets
thank you