Prepared By- Anshul Joshi

ECE- A(4th Year)

Univ. Roll No-110070102032

Class R.N0-17

• History

• Introduction

• Terminology

• Printing

• Types Of Printing Mechanisms

• Applications

• Future Scope

• Challenges

• Conclusion

• The technology for printing physical 3D objects from digital data wasfirst developed by Charles Hull in 1984.

• He named the technique as Stereo lithography and obtained a patentfor the technique in 1986.

• By the end of 1980s, other similar technologies such as FusedDeposition Modeling (FDM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) wereintroduced.

• In 1993, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) patented anothertechnology, named "3 Dimensional Printing techniques", which issimilar to the inkjet technology used in 2D Printers.

• In 1996, three major products, "Genisys" from Stratasys, "Actua 2100"from 3D Systems and "Z402" from Z Corporation, were introduced.

• In 2005, Z Corp. launched a breakthrough product, named SpectrumZ510, which was the first high definition color 3D Printer in the market.

• 3D printing is a technology where a three dimensionalobject is created by laying down successive layers ofmaterial.

• It is also known as Additive manufacturing.

• 3D printing is achieved using an additive process, wheresuccessive layers of material are laid down in differentshapes.

• Additive manufacturing - refers to technologies that create objects throughsequential layering.

• Rapid prototyping - is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scalemodel of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computeraided design (CAD) data.

• Subtractive processes - removal of material by methods such as cutting ordrilling.

• Stereolithography was defined by Charles W. Hull as a "system for generatingthree-dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the objectto be formed"

• To perform a print, the machine reads the design from 3D printable file(STL file).

• STL file – StereoLithography file format.

• It lays down successive layers of liquid, powder, paper or sheet material tobuild the model from a series of cross sections.

• These layers, which correspond to the virtual cross sections from the CADmodel, are joined or automatically fused to create the final shape.

• Printer resolution describes layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dpi (dotsper inch), or micrometers.

• X-Y resolution is comparable to that of laser printers.

• The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 µm (510 to 250 DPI) indiameter.

• Stereolithography (SLA)(for complex designs)

• UV Laser + Photopolymer

• A liquid photosensitive polymer that solidifies when exposed to UV light.

• Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) (wide material

range)

• Powerful Laser + Powder Material

• A high power laser fuse small particles of plastic, ceramic, metal or glass powders.

• Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) (Strength,

Durability)

• Plastic Extruder + CNC Platform

• An extruder puts small beads ofthermoplastic material to form layers onto a CNC controlled platform, the material hardens immediately after extrusionfrom nozzle.

• Medical Applications- Have successfully helped in designing of human bladder, kidney, prosthetic leg. Also useful in research.

• Artificial Jewelry – Started offering 14K gold in 2011

• Forensic Pathology- Reconstructing of bones and body parts in forensic labs.

• Smartphone- Smartphone 3D scanner Design in progress.

• Space Manufacturing- NASA testing additive manufacturing machines in aircrafts.

• 3D Printing Pen- LIX the smallest 3D Pen available.

• Future applications for 3D printing might include creating open-sourcescientific equipment to create open source labs.

• Science-based applications like reconstructing fossils in paleontology.

• Replicating ancient and priceless artifacts in archaeology.

• Reconstructing heavily damaged evidence acquired from crime sceneinvestigations.

• The technology currently being researched for construction purpose.

• Intellectual property rights of the 3D printer users.

• Nearly anything can be printed by 3D printers and this is troubling prospect if criminals use 3D printers to create illegal products.

• Firearms designs could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a 3D printer.

• High cost Of 3D Printers.

• Time consuming process.

3D Printing technology could revolutionize and re-shape the world.Advances in 3D printing technology can significantly change andimprove the way we manufacture products and produce goodsworldwide.

If the last industrial revolution brought us mass production and theadvent of economies of scale - the digital 3D printing revolution couldbring mass manufacturing back a full circle - to an era of masspersonalization, and a return to individual craftsmanship.