senior thesis - industrial design, virginia tech 2012

miwaCONNIE TRANIndustrial Design Senior Thesis Larry Fenske & Bill Greenwith advisor Akshay SharmaVirginia Tech Industrial Design, May 2012

INTRODUCTIONPremise of ProjectThe EnvironmentThe CommunityThe IndividualThe NeedThe WantSummary

RESEARCHPhotoethnographyInterviews and SurveysErgonomics & ComfortPsychology of Relaxation and MusicThe Psychology of SpaceSound LogisticsSound Systems

INSPIRATIONMeditation and YogaPassionate SpacesInfluences of NatureTrend Studies - ElectricTrend Studies - ExteriorTrend Studies - Interior

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OBJECTIVE FOCUSRelaxation & ComfortMusical ExperienceA Passionate Space

IDEATIONExterior SketchesInterior SketchesGeneral Design Language

FEATURESOverviewCompact sizeUnique StorageSolar Panel BackingOrganic, Hinting FormsRelaxation AdjustabilityModified Bucket-seatingSound and MusicLights and Light ShowsSmart WindowsInterfaceUser Profiles“Beautiful Harmony”

Table of Contents

IntroductionPremise of Project

In 2007, APT for the user, the community, and the environment was developed by 5 Virginia Tech students: David Chapaitis, Howard Chen, Sean Denham, Patrick Healy, and Johnathan Mills.

APT’s project purpose:“The Autonomous Personal Transportation (APT) system offers a way of rethinking the urban commuting experience. APT is a system of shared, computer-controlled, single-occupant electric, weather-proof vehicles that serve the student population by providing readily available, ecologically-conscious transportation for those living within a 10-mile radius of campus. Due to the shared usage of the system, the total number of vehicles on the road can be reduced significantly, easing stress on local roads and allowing parking lots to be developed more usefully. APT addresses the commuting problem at the Individual, the University, and the Community level.”

They:• Analyzed the need for a revolutionized public transportation system• Focused on the feasibility of an autonomous car system• Developed a public transportation system that focused on single-occupancy autonomous cars that picked up and dropped off patrons via text message request and kiosks that have been strategically placed around campus.

focuses the emotional, unique experience that can be provided by the actual vehicle’s design.miwa

The 2007 apt team focused on the logistics of an autonomous, single-occupancy, electric hub vehicle system for the Virginia Tech campus.

Section One: Introductionmiwa

IntroductionThe EnvironmentWith the green movement and issues of sustainability more apparent than ever, it’s the perfect time to change the way we move around in the United States. Despite travelling the same distances everyday as other cities around the world, the average United States urban dweller uses 24 times more energy annually for private transport than a Chinese urban resident and almost four times as much as a European urban dweller.2

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000

Passenger transport CO2 emissions (kg/person/year) - Cities only

Chinese cities

Low Income Asian cities

African cities

Middle Eastern cities

Eastern European cities

High Income Asian cities

Canadian cities

Western European cities

Australia/NZ cities

USA cities

Latin America cities

People affect the environment. As gas prices rise, people are becoming more aware of their energy usage and their ecological footprints. Even though most Americans (88%) believe that global warming is a threat to future generations, America remains one of the biggest emitter of CO2, second only to China.2 The average commuter burns 340 gallons a year, creating a 3.4 ton cloud of CO2. The United States consumes 378 million gallons of gasoline every single day.3

Although public transportation systems have been combating this environmental issue, many people still choose to travel via car alone, effectively only using 25% of available space.1 Urban buses during peak periods have the best energy and green-house-gas performance, but are the worst performers during non-peaks, when they operate with very low passenger loads.4 The solution to this environmental issue is to encourage many more people to use a publicly-shared system of transportation and to prevent the system from suffering even during non-peak times.

1. The APT Project2. Murdoch University - http://cst.uwinnipeg.ca/documents/Transport_Greenhouse.pdf3. Energy Information Administration (EIA)4. Reason.org - http://reason.org/blog/printer/what-are-the-greenest-transpor

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5. Thunderhead Alliance6. Drive for Life7. National Survey of Drinking and Driving - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26000/26009/DOT-HS-809-190.pdf8. Bikeroute.com - http://www.bikeroute.com/EnvironmentalFacts.php

P E D E S T R I A N SB I C Y C L E S

P U B L I C T R A N S I T

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C O M M E R C I A L V E H I C L E S / T R U C K S

TA X I SH I G H

O C C U PA N C YV E H I C L E S

S I N G L EO C C U PA N C Y

V E H I C L E S

Universal DesignIn order to truly affect an entire community, a transportation system that gives advantage to members outside of the college demographic should also be considered. As a universal design, a revolutionized public transportation vehicle could bring individuality back to the elderly who have lost their ability to drive, as well as shuttle patients to doctors and hospitals or safely escort children to school. As with all good designs, the end solution should be universal.

LogisticsContrary to popular belief that driving is often faster and more convenient than alternative modes of transportation, the model American actually puts in 1600 hours in order to get 7500 miles: that results in a speed that is less than 5 miles per hour (4.68 mph) 8, making it the least efficient mode of transportation in terms of energy consumption, and arguably, time. Steps should be taken to derail this popular belief and to move individuals toward the higher end of the triangle to the right.

IntroductionThe Community

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DangersAs the number of drivers on the road increases, as does the number of accidents. Every year, motor vehicles kill 40,000 people; 14 on average single day.5 The need for alternative transportation grows as more and more drivers are introduced onto the road. With Virginia Tech student enrolments increasing every year, the number of commuters and the number of motor vehicle accidents is expected to rise steadily as spaces become more cramped with more pedestrians and the construction of new buildings to accommodate a growing class size.

90% of car accidents are attributed to human error.6 Whether someone is texting when they shouldn’t be, distracted, or too drowsy to sufficiently pay attention to the road, the risk of a motor accident increases significantly. Adults aged 21-29 are also more likely to be drinkers-and-drivers, with the consumption of 2.6 drinks on average before driving.7 Drinkers-and-drivers under the age of 21, however, have on average a shocking 5.1 drinks prior to driving. 7 If traffic fatalities were viewed as a social illness, people would be calling it an epidemic. New technology that contributes to safer driving is a necessity.

IntroductionThe Individual

PsychologicalCommuting frequently is also psychologically damaging, with longer commuters facing about 40% higher divorce rates than their peers. 9 Many commuters also complain of back and neck pain, due to the movement-restrictive nature of driving. Commuting through backed-up traffic is also stressful, resulting in road-rage as well as arriving late to class. The hassles of parking merely add onto the commuting nightmare, with other obstacles such as pedestrians, pedestrian cross walks, traffic signs, and traffic meters adding onto the stress and time consumption.

FinancialParking passes and parking tickets further frustrate drivers, but the illusion of convenience keeps the drivers paying into these systems, further raising the cost of their motor operation. The average cost for operating a vehicle while enrolled in college is actually more than an average 4-year tuition at Virginia Tech ($29,600 vs. $31,500). Maintenance, insurance, car payments, and fuel can cost the college student $650 per month: this does not include parking passes and traffic tickets.10

According to Virginia Tech parking services, students and faculty spend approximately $1,484,378 alone in parking permit sales11, and an additional $391,376 in subsequent parking tickets as reported by the original APT group. 1 There are currently over 16,200 parking spots available on the Virginia Tech campus, and yet, commuters still voice frustration over the lack of parking spaces.

When asked about why driving themselves to campus is the preferred mode of transportation, most individuals say it is out of convenience. They enjoyed the fact that their car was always on their schedule and was always there when they needed to travel. Privacy was also very important to the individual, with most public transportation readily stripping them of this commodity. Cleanliness was of the third highest response among those interviewed and surveyed.


9. Healthland.time.com - http://healthland.time.com/2011/06/07/qa-why-commuting-sucks-the-life-out-of-you/#ixzz1kK7CFBHa10. Flexcar.com11. Virginia Tech Parking Services

Sustainability The need to conserve energy and our environment for future generations is a pressing matter. Individuals should learn to adapt to a life-style that meets their needs without compromising the needs of future generations.

This thesis will provide incentive for individuals to strive to preserve the environment by appealing to user emotions and by providing a unique rider experience that is highly desirable and unmatched; therefore keeping users coming back for more. If the experience is enjoyable enough, then wide-spread use of the system via word-of-mouth is anticipated. Designing an experience that intrigues and excites the individual is the key to positively impacting the community, and the environment.

Relaxation In the busy world of a college student, finding some time to relax and reevaluate ideas, thoughts, and emotions is indispensable.

There is a strong link between academic success and relaxation. Studies suggest that relaxation can change the physiological states of the body, resulting in a brain that works more efficiently in reading, writing, math, and scientific understanding.11 When coupled with music, the relaxation setting is increased. Research has found that when people listen to music, they allow their bodies to sync with the rhythms of music, lowering heart beat, brain waves, and blood pressure, effectively placing the individual in a relaxed state of mind.11

With so many students stressing about academic performance, a ride that relaxes the body and rejuvenates the mind could be just what individuals need.

IntroductionThe Need


11. Questia.com - http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002100551

IntroductionThe Want

Convenience Students want the convenience of a transportation alternative that is on their schedule without the added frustrations of having to deal with being stuck in traffic, pedestrians running out in front of cars, having to spend money on parking passes, being blind-sided by parking tickets, and having to locate parking everyday before and after class. Currently the only alternatives to single-occupancy driving (which is the preferred method of transportation) include motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, bicycles, as well as travel on foot. These modes of transportation, however, suffer from lack of security and all-weather protection.

Unfavorable AlternativesThe Blacksburg Transit is another alternative to single-occupant driving. Many commuters utilize this service, but many also do not. How can we change the minds of those who do not use the public transportation system? When interviewed, many students expressed similar concerns and dislikes about the bus system:

1) During peak riding hours, riders are crammed together, greatly reducing comfort, privacy, and adding to stress, and creating uncomfortable situations for everyone involved.2) The Blacksburg Transit forces riders to conform to its schedule, route plans, and pick-up and drop-off locations.3) The cleanliness of the bus, especially when it has been raining, makes the riding experience less pleasant.4) There is no sense of ownership.

OwnershipA sense of ownership is very important to an individual. People are more likely to interact with something if they feel that they have contributed to its existence.12 Possession and ownership greatly influences human attitudes, motivation, and behavior. Research shows that when individuals feel that they possess an entity that individuals feel more positively toward the entity.

The psychology of possession also states that feelings of ownership cause people to view possessions as part of the extended self, creating a reliable channel toward changing one’s behavior (in this case, making people more “green” and creating a lasting, positive impact after the use of the APT system and Miwa). Research also shows that possessions and feelings of ownership trigger senses of responsibility for the entity, which is very useful when it comes to the general upkeep and maintenance of the Miwa vehicle.


12. Journal of Organizational Behavior - http://www.linnvandyne.com/papers/JOB%202004%20Van%20Dyne%20Pierce%20Psychological%20Ownership.pdf

The goal of is to offer incentive to the potential rider.

SummaryIn summary, the end solution should affect the environment positively by reducing the carbon footprint of commuters, as well as address concerns related to sustainability: individuals should adapt to life-styles that meet their needs without compromising the needs of future generations.

The end solution should also greatly deter common driving dangers, such as stressed or drowsy driving as well as drunk-driving and pedestrian-related motor-vehicle accidents. APT’s solution of an autonomous vehicle already drastically reduces these risks; however, issues still lie in getting the users to participate in the system in the first place, as well as how to keep them coming back.

The logistics of the system should also be addressed in the sense that the solution should be ergonomic and functional as well as be intuitive to the user. Universal design is also addressed in this manner: children, the elderly, the disabled, and any medical patients should be able to intuitively interact with the key functional aspects of the system.

Since many commuters face stress on the road, psychological factors of the travel experience should not be ignored. This involves giving the user a positive commuting experience, which has primarily been unattainable by automotive designs due to the lack of accessibility to autonomous technology.

If users commit to using the APT system, financially individuals will be better off. Users will no longer have to pay high gas prices, car payments, put any money toward the maintenance of their car, be blind-sided by tickets or have to buy parking passes. This is partly tied to sustainability in the sense that more emphasis on services over products means that less eventual waste is produced and disposed into landfills.

Relaxation is one of the main focuses of the solution. A space of serenity or of passion is up to the user’s discretion. With commuters often being so busy, the time they would have to relax is a huge incentive in using the APT system. Convenience is also tied into this incentive.

There currently exists workable solutions to many of the above issues, but in the end, they are unfavorable alternatives. Current solutions such as bus systems or car-sharing simply does not offer the target audiences enough incentive to change their default behavior. The lack of ownership is also a large reason why many users don’t commit to using these unfavorable alternatives.


IntroductionSummary

miwa

Section Two: Researchmiwa

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ResearchPhotoethnographyThis study was meant to ascertain how college students on the Virginia Tech campus interacted with the public transportation system, personal transportation, and with other students while commuting to class. Commons trends were also taken note of. There was particular focus in documenting students in their natural states while travelling to class, looking to find some greater insight into the current situation and user habits. The results were also used to create a targeted survey.

A preliminary set of questions was written up before actual photoethnography took place.

Questions to Address1) How do people interact with each other from the entire process of public transportation? a. Waiting for the bus b. While riding the bus (Where do they choose to sit? How do they choose to sit?) c. Exiting the bus d. General display of emotion

2) What kinds of devices are used when people are waiting to reach their destination? a. iPhones, iPads, ereaders, watches, laptops, etc…? b. What are they doing with these devices? Listening to music, checking the weather, doing their homework?

3) What seems to be the current fashion trends in style of dress and material choices? a. Color trends b. Material trends c. Size trends d. Device trends e. Device CASE trends f. Interface trends g. Clothes, shoes, other attire and accessories?

4) How many items are people carrying with them to classes? a. What kinds of items? Laptops, purses, poster boards, etc… b. How big are these items? c. Where to do people put these items when they’re driving their own car or riding the bus? Why do they put them there?

5) How do people act when they’re stuck in traffic? a. What are they doing inside their cars while they idle in traffic? b. How many people are inside of any given car that is commuting to or from class? c. What kinds of devices do they interact with while sitting in traffic alone?

6) What seems to be the current fashion trends in the style of dress and material choices for people who use personal transportation? a. Are they dressed differently from people who use public transportation?

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Interview Questions:1) How do you get to class?2) Why do you choose that mode of transportation?3) How much time do you feel like you spend getting from point A to point B?4) What are the pros and cons of your choice of transportation?5) If you drive or take the bus to class, what do you do while sitting idly in traffic or while waiting for and riding the bus?6) Do you feel like you could be using your time more efficiently?7) If so, what would you rather be doing if you didn’t have to spend time getting to class?8) What do you think Virginia Tech can do to improve the commuter situation?

ResearchPhotoethnography



Messy study spaces: Do people bring that to their choice of transport? How much of it do they take with them?

A lot of communication: How important is it while commuting? Can it be facilitated for the vehicle?



Eating: How important is it that people be able to eat during the commute? Will this cause problems for the APT maintenance team?

Crowded space: Would the individual be able to work better if she were in a wider and more open space?



Outside Observations1. People who are a part of groups or crowds seemed to enjoy travelling to class more than those who were alone.2. Individuals who had a lot of items to carry frequently looked the most frustrated and moved more slowly than those who had only a few items.3. There were pedestrians constantly in the streets; frequently, many did not cross the street on crosswalks.4. Drivers were clearly frustrated with the congestion.5. Many individuals (especially those not travelling within groups) were on the phone, text messaging, or otherwise very focused on their mobile devices.

Getting away from the crowded, busy environment.



Outside Observations6. People waiting for the bus most often times don’t know when their bus is going to show up, so they stand up Immediately to look when any bus rounds the corner (anxious behavior).7. Parking lots are full as far as the eye can see during the school day.8. Some students enjoyed using the architecture space as spaces of relaxation.9. The students who appeared less stress or frustrated were those who sat/lay outside.10. Individuals who got away from the crowd appeared most calm.


ResearchInterviews and Surveys

Car (60%)

Bus (11%)

Bike (6%)

Train (1%)

Subway (3%)

Other (1%)

Walking (16%)

Convenience (89%)

Cleanliness (16%)

Privacy (21%)

Exercise (6%)

Price/Cost (26%)

Other (6%)

Sustainability (17%)

64% Students

27% Workers

10% Other

WHO ARE YOU?

43% 22-25

6% 14-17

39% 18-21

13% 26+

WHAT’S YOUR AGE GROUP?

70 Participants of an Online SurveyA survey was conducted to analyze the behavior and habits of individuals who commute using survey.vt.edu. First a demographic break-down is reported, followed by a series of “select-all-that-apply” questions to aid in the design research.

A good number of college-aged students responded (82%, ages 18-25).



0 10 20 30 40

Number of Responders

Car (60%)

What is your current preferred mode of transportation?

Bus (11%)

Bike (6%)

Train (1%)

Subway (3%)

Other (1%)

Walking (16%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


Convenience (89%)

What determines your current mode of transportation?

Cleanliness (16%)

Privacy (21%)

Exercise (6%)

Price/Cost (26%)

Other (6%)

Sustainability (17%)

“I Usually go by Car”80% of survey participants stated that their preferred mode of transportation was by car. This is not a surprising finding. Walking was second to car (16%), surprisingly higher than going by bus (11%). The use of the bus system is concerningly low.

Convenience89% of commuters say that convenience is what primarily determines their mode of transportation. The price/cost of the transportation was the second most selected factor, although there may have been some confusion about this answer choice--this choice should likely be disregarded.

Privacy and cleanliness were also of upmost importance for commuters. When coupled with the results above, it’s not surprising that so many people opt out of riding the bus.

RelaxingSleeping

Listening to music

Messing with their phone

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


Working (30%)

What would you be doing in a single-occupancy, private car on your way to your destination?

Relaxing (53%)

Sleeping (54%)

Listening to music (74%)

Messing with laptop (49%)

Writing (14%)

Other (10%)

Drawing/Sketching (17%)

Reading (39%)

Messing with phone (60%)

What do they want to be doing?



“I want to Relax, Listen to Music, and Mess with my Phone”Listening to music was selected as the activity of choice in an autonomous (74%), private vehicle. Messing with their phone (could be either browsing the internet, reading the news, checking the weather, chatting with friends, etc...) was second (60%), while sleeping took third place in responses (54%). Relaxing was also high in response (53%).

The options that received the least amount of selections were writing (14%), drawing/sketching (17%), and working (28%), indicating that during a commute, a user is far more interested in taking time for themselves.

Relaxing

Listening to music

Sleeping

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


Working (14%)

What would you be doing in this car on your way home?

Relaxing (76%)

Sleeping (57%)

Listening to music (73%)

Messing with laptop (37%)

Writing (9%)

Other (7%)

Drawing/Sketching (16%)

Reading (36%)

Messing with phone (47%)

What do they want to be doing?



“I want to Relax, Listen to Music, and Sleep”When it’s time for the drive home, relaxing shoots up to number one, closely followed by listening to music. Sleeping then becomes the third most selected response, and messing with phones drops down to 47%.

This research suggests that people are most looking for a solution in commuting that would allow them to relax, sleep, and listen to music; using the time and space to unwind.

“We want to relax and listen to music.”

3 out of 4 participants agree:



Interested in an Autonomous Car?

58 (81%) - Yes! 11 (16%) - Maybe 1 (1%) - No




ResearchErgonomics and Comfort

Rethinking SittingPeter Opsvik’s Rethinking Sitting proved invaluable to the research of this project. In his book, Opsvik invites designers to consider factors to comfortable seating beyond conventional concerns. He suggests that the human body follows certain rhythms, oscillations and impulses. Comfortable design is adaptable to these natural rhythms and oscillations. The design should also support a wide-range of postures, as people are naturally and constantly changing to and from different positions; it is not comfortable to be stuck in any position, even if that position were previously very comfortable.

“Having held any posture for a while, the best posture is always the next one.”


ResearchErgonomics and Comfort

Addressing the Impulses we ReceiveHow we sit when we’re alone is vastly different from how we sit when we are around others, especially in more formal situations.

We are better at listening to our bodies when we realize that we will not be judged by our postures; therefore, how comfortable we are when we’re seated is more than the matter of how the seat follows the curves of the posterior, but how well the seat allows someone to listen to their natural impulses and follow biological rhythms. The path to comfortable seating isn’t through shape design alone, it is through pleasing the mind.

Rightfully Questioning the Conventional Standards of SeatingMany people are surprised to discover that the traditional 90° angled seating isn’t what’s best for the posture or for the back. Conventional seating often restricts movements, forcing people to only be able to cycle through a handful of positions within rules of etiquette. The problem is seen in car interior seating, bus seating, classroom chairs, office desks, and a myriad other places. With so many obstacles individuals must face to listen to the rhythms, oscillations, and impulses of their bodies in everyday society, Miwa needs to break away from this uncomfortable standard. The challenge is to take a man-made, static, inorganic product and have it flow in use, seamlessly, by an organic being.

The open-body pose is one of the most comfortable poses for the human body. This pose emphasizes balance by the user, giving the user a feeling of control and a sense of equilibrium. When a user is balanced physically and mentally, the user experiences positive feelings.


ResearchThe Psychology of Relaxation and Music

Relaxation and Music are Good for the Body and MindResearch has shown that a relaxed mental state is the key to improved writing, math, and scientific understanding. Relaxation improves attention as well as memory. By allowing individuals to relax during their commute, right before their classes, those individuals are able to learn and retain more material than those who had just suffered from stressful commutes.

Stress leads to raised blood pressures, increased heart rates, and rapid breathing. Over time, these reactions raise cholesterol levels, disturb intestinal activities as well as suppress immune systems, making an individual more susceptible to illness. Studies have shown that relaxation techniques can even help reduce the perception of pain.13 Deep breathing and visualization has also been shown to increase the immune response in certain medical patients.13 With bodies tied so closely to relaxation, the psychology of relaxation is an untapped reservoir of design opportunities.

The link between relaxation and music is relatively well-known, from both personal experience of others and from research and studies. The rhythms of bodies tend to sync with music, and music has a strong affect an a person’s mood. Studies have shown that when there is music playing in the background during a classroom exam, the students taking the exam were significantly calmer than students in a similar situation without background music.13 Students who had received background music during their exam were able to score significantly higher than their no-music counterparts.

In order to create a design that pleases both the body and the mind, the final design of Miwa should allow the user to change positions freely, giving the individual the opportunity to follow his or her natural bodily impulses, rhythms, and oscillations.

13. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/relaxation-techniques-000359.htm


ResearchThe Psychology of Space

Spaces and Personal IdentitySpaces can carry meaning within them. Frequently, a person’s behavior may shape the meaning of a space as well as allow a sense of space to be tied with a person’s sense of self. The identity of a location can be shaped by the stories of users who interact with it, effectively creating a communal story that becomes intertwined with the space.

Shared spaces are more difficult to deal with as most people prefer having their own space; however, shared spaces do offer one feature that non-shared spaces can’t: they allow an individual to feel connected to others, resulting in a feeling of belonging. The APT system is capable of being a vessel of these positive emotions through its shared program. The interior space simply needs to be redesigned to echo the feelings of others without taking away the immediate user’s sense of self.


ResearchSound Logistics

Tackling the Impersonalized Sound System of Conventional VehiclesThe image above depicts a conventional sound system, with conventional placements of speakers (subwoofers, woofers, midranges, and tweeters). The standard frequencies ranging from 0Hz to 2.5KHz are covered.

The standard 4-door car, that commuters most often use, tries its hardest to give all passengers acceptable sound output regardless of where they’re seated in the vehicle. In trying to please all passengers, completely optimal sound is available to none. The driver only receives direct output from the left-side door speakers, the shot-gun rider receives direct output only from the right-side door speakers, and similar situations are happening in the back seats. The rest of the sound that reaches the driver or passengers are residual sounds coming from the direct speakers of other passengers.

For optimal listening, speakers should be co-axis to the listener with placement of the speakers at or above ear level. With conventional cars , the immediate problem is clear: Each person only receives co-axis output from one set of speakers, and those speakers are not at or above ear level due to manufacturing restrictions of the vehicle itself.

The APT system coupled with the Miwa vehicle have a large design opportunity here: because of the single-occupancy nature of the final vehicle design, optimal sound can be attained for the end user.

Speaker placement of a conventional vehicle.


ResearchSound Systems

Forming a Potential Alliance with the Top Vehicular Sound SpecialistsBang & Olufsen’s alliance with Audi in sound research makes them the pioneers of vehicular sound system technology. Their design language and brand identity is naturally compatible, and they have spent over 400 hours perfecting car sound systems, bringing users the most out of their vehicle.

APT and Miwa would benefit from Bang & Olufsen and Audi’s research. Inspiration from the two companies also branch further than their sound systems and include aesthetics, user comfort, and brand identity. Subtle designs within the interior of the car that hint at its potential for sound is an alluring design factor, and will be used extensively throughout the ideation process for Miwa.

Section Three: Inspirationmiwa

miwa | Inspiration | Industrial Design Thesis 201236

InspirationMeditation and Yoga

Relaxing as MeditationMeditation has been shown to reduce stress by teaching individuals to switch off from the concerns of everyday life. It offers an opportunity to spend more time with ourselves. In fact, it is the ultimate form of “taking time out for yourself,” which, according to survey results, is very attractive to workers and students of all ages who commute.

The link between the mind and physical health is well-explored. Individuals who meditate have far lower levels of stress and anxiety than their non-meditating counterparts. Those who meditate also greatly lower their chances of having heart diseases in the future. Meditation has also been known to increase an individual’s concentration, allow people to tap into their creativity, as well as achieve inner happiness and peace of mind.

Pickthebrain.com states that spending just 15 minutes in quiet reflection makes us more relaxed and effective decision-makers. This is of particular interest to the APT system, as the commute to class will typically take about 15 minutes or so; this time that users have to themselves can be effectively used by performing meditating activities.

miwa | Inspiration | Industrial Design Thesis 2012 37

InspirationMeditation and Yoga

As Bodily Freeing as YogaYoga, similar to meditation, allows people to strengthen the connection between the mind and the body. It improves memory, concentration, learning efficiency, mood, self-actualization tendencies, social skills, and decreases hostility. It also helps improve posture, endurance, strength, balance, and energy level.14

Yoga relaxes the body and the mind by giving the user ultimate control over its facilities. Research suggests that yoga offers a boost in oxytocins. Oxytocins are sometimes called the “trust” and “bonding” hormone--hormones that are associate with feeling more connected to others.14

Miwa would not be able to accommodate certain extreme positions of yoga within the confines of its interior, but it should offer users a much wider range of movement than conventional private cars.

14. WebMD - http://www.webmd.com/balance/the-health-benefits-of-yoga?page=3


InspirationPassionate Spaces

“Raves” and dance clubs offer people outlets for bodily expression through dance and music.

Cultural dancing immerses participants into the activity by creating a passionate dance space.


InspirationPassionate Spaces

Extraordinary feats can be accomplished in a space that widely encourages exploration.

Passion in activities occur when people are able to become one with their bodies.


InspirationInfluences of Nature

Musical Seashells as the Greatest Form InspirationThey say when you hold a seashell up to your ear that you can hear the ocean. The cross-section of such a shell is as inspirational as the natural sounds that are perceived from within its interior. The outside of a shell hints at its organic, musical insides--prime inspiration for Miwa’s design.

The spiral interior of shells vary in color scheme, something that Miwa seeks to emulate with colorful, interior lights, suiting each individual who rides the car. Although the structure of the shell is the same, the inside can be varied. Miwa seeks to carry this design aesthetic into the forms of the final vehicle.



When people think of music, they think of flowing, harmonious sounds and forms that come together to create a more meaningful whole.



The Harmonies in NatureWith so many structures being built left and right, people are being more and more cramped together as cities grow. When the stress and frustrations that come with city-life are too much, people are drawn back toward nature. Whether it’s taking a laptop and some notes and lying on the grass while working or deciding to take the day off for some hiking, people will always find solace in the peace and quiet of deep nature.

A public transportation system built within the confines of a city is an unlikely source of similar peace, quiet, and solitude. The challenge of Miwa is to bring a bit of nature back into the city-life, as people still yearn to feel this type of relaxation while immersed within the city. This unique experience will provide incentive for riders to use the APT system as well as keep them coming back for more.


InspirationTrend Studies - Electric Cars

Very rounded, smooth, shapes that are atypical of most cars found on today’s roads.

The design of many electric cars bring a lot of attention to themselves and to the user, which is potentially good or bad.


InspirationTrend Studies - Electric Cars

A 3-wheel configuration is arguable less efficient than the conventional 4-wheeled configuration.

Shapes that are, at times, too eccentric.


InspirationTrend Studies - Exterior

Concept street cars follow sleek, aerodynamic forms.

Many concept vehicles have narrow headlights.


InspirationTrend Studies - Exterior

Vehicles with “faces” that make them seem more human cause people to be more easily frustrated with the object, but also love it more.

An open-top with a wide view toward the sky make it seem as if the user weren’t confined.


InspirationTrend Studies - Interior

“Meltingly” sleek interiors invite touch and interaction.

People are naturally intrigued by organic forms that are capable of change and being manipulated by the user.


InspirationTrend Studies - Interior

A truly unique interior stirs excitement and is the ultimate invitation to a user.

Lights offer more ability to customize the riding experience.

Section Four: Objective Focusmiwa

To design unique seating for both the body and mind.

miwa | Objective Focus | Industrial Design Thesis 2012 53

Objective FocusRelaxation & Comfort

MovementAs discussed in the research section of Relaxation & Comfort, Peter Opsvik advises that seating that allows the body to follow its natural rhythms, oscillations, and impulses of the mind is truly the most comfortable seating.

Miwa will provide a completely open frontal space and seat adjustability that allows users to put their feet up or even cross their legs. They will be able to stretch out their arms out, read, eat, text, or sleep.

Completing Form with the BodyForms that are created for the body should be completed by the body. The form does not exist without the user.

Miwa’s end design will feature seating that conforms to the natural curves of the body, allowing the user to feel one with the vehicle and completely invited into the space.

miwa | Objective Focus | Industrial Design Thesis 201254

Objective FocusSound System

To redefine the listening experience of traditional transportation methods.


Objective FocusMusical Experience

Optimal Sound for a Single UserConventional car sound systems try to please every rider in the car. In doing this, they end up unable to completely please anyone. Currently, each passenger in a traditional 4-car door allow riders to be co-axis with only one speaker, which is either to his or her right or left side. Any other output heard is attributed to the residual output of speakers from other riders. Speaker placement is also inoptimal, with speakers typically installed at the bottoms of the car doors.

Miwa will feature a sound system with all speakers co-axis to the user. Speaker placement will also be at or above ear level. This will provide the user with a musical car experience that is so desirable and unmatched, that users will continue using the APT system with Miwa, effectively changing their behavior.

miwa | Objective Focus | Industrial Design Thesis 201256

Objective FocusA Passionate Space

To create a passionate space of relaxation and indulgence.


Objective FocusA Passionate Space

A Space that Invites CreativityWhen people are immersed in music and allowed to follow the impulses of their bodies, they feel much happier and perform better academically and creatively, leading to more innovative and positive thoughts.

A Private SpaceA space that allows individuals to truly express themselves is a place that invites creativity. When people are shielded from public scrutiny, they tend to do the things that they actually want to do, which usually leads to extreme creativity or/or relaxation.

Section Five: Ideationmiwa

miwa | Ideation | Industrial Design Thesis 201260

IdeationExterior Sketches

Later ideations were less influenced by electric cars, but more influenced by concept street cars.

Headlights were to be designed with a somewhat human-like quality.

miwa | Ideation | Industrial Design Thesis 2012 61


Branding and Miwa identity were ideated side-by-side with exterior sketches.

The back of the car retained a ‘bug-like’ quality from electric cars.



Initial sketching was very heavily influences by current electric cars.

Rounded, smooth forms are aerodynamic, but unrefined.



A wide-open, frontal-view was conceived early in the process and carried to the end.

A rounded, dome-type of top will allow the user to feel less confined.





Many different types of car body “flows” were considered.

The form of the body needs to emphasize electric hub motors.





Butterfly doors swing up past 90 ° for easy entrance and exit.

The selection of the butterfly door is tied to the road-side pick-up and drop-off nature of the APT system.


IdeationInterior SketchesInitially, traditional bucking seating was heavily explored.

Smooth, rounded and flowing forms were adopted from exterior sketches.

Cuts into shapes seemed more organic, but made the seating seem too complex.


IdeationInterior Sketches

The seat should not be too mechanical, as it takes away from the organic form that would be using it.

A seat that would allow the body to flow with the movements of the car was considered.

Seating that emphasized an open-body position were preferred.


IdeationGeneral Design Language



By sketching with a softer blue pencil and in a looser style, the general design language was developed: musically inspired forms that emphasized the natural rhythms, oscillations and movements of the body took precedence over end-sketch quality, and more interesting forms were able to be developed.

The general design language focuses on aesthetics that would be inviting to the potential user, that could be customized, but by default, acted as a blank canvas for every new rider.



Initial Exterior Concept for 3D RenderingA photoshop painting was created as an underlay design reference for 3D rendering in the Luxology Modo modeling software. The design features an exterior that is inspired by movement and flow, and hints at the interior of the vehicle. The back features a solar panel that may collect enough energy throughout the day to power headlights, or allow users to charge their devices.



Initial Interior Concept for 3D RenderingThis photoshop rendition is much less refined than the exterior version, as it is much more whimsical in movement. A lot of the design of the final interior took place within the 3D modeling program itself, as a 3D scaled model was able to be placed within the car model for reference.

The interior features a domed-back design for an enhanced musical experience.

Section Six: Featuresmiwa

Butterfly doors

Colorfully lit and customizable interior

Adjustable opacity in win-dows

(smart glass windows)

Electric hub motors

Front storage

Battery-pack housing

Musically inspired interior

miwa | Features | Industrial Design Thesis 201274

FeaturesOverview

At or above ear-level speaker positioning Rounded back car designEye-like headlights

miwa | Features | Industrial Design Thesis 2012 75

FeaturesOverview

Solar power back panelWide visibility with a 270 ° viewing angle


FeaturesOverview

Memory foam seating

Simple dashboard display

Broader shoulder design

Customize with an app

Softer material for shoulders and neck

Organic, “peeling” dashboard form



FeaturesOverview

Above light-show

Adjustable upper-body and headrest support

Adjustable lower-body support

Organic, “growing” form that extends from the user

Durable, clean, and easy to maintenance materials

Modified “bucket-seating”


FeaturesCompact Size

13.5 ft.

8.5 ft.

63% the length of an average compact car.


FeaturesCompact Size

Miwa takes up less space on the road with no need to park.


FeaturesUnique Storage

Back Solar Panel DesignAt the end of the route, Miwa will not leave the passenger if it detects that there are still items being held within storage.


FeaturesSolar Panel Backing

Back Solar Panel DesignBecause the car is autonomous, the user does not need to see out the back of the car. As Miwa is used throughout the day, it may collect enough sunlight to power head lights, tail lights, or charge a user’s devices.


FeaturesOrganic, Hinting Forms


FeaturesOrganic, Hinting Forms

An Organic CarThis organic-looking car is the transportation solution to stressed commuters at campus universities everywhere. The outside form is unique, but not so eccentric that it draws too much attention to itself. The look of the exterior invites curiosity--the hope is that individuals who see it will be intrigued enough to try it out on their own.


FeaturesMusical Forms


FeaturesMusical Forms

An Unanticipated Musical, Passionate SpaceAs riders open the door, an unusually free-flowing, musical interior is revealed--a happy surprise. The musical forms further hint at its musical capacity, which involves a domed-back design that enhances music to its fullest extent. As the user lies on the soft, body forming seat, their view is completely open to the scenery ahead with a 270° viewing angle.


FeaturesRelaxation Adjustability

Follow the Whims of Your Body and RelaxMiwa offers seating that fits your body and mind. The design of the open-body seat is composed of two parts: the upper part and the lower part, which can be further customizable to a user’s liking. The headrest is also capable of telescoping up or down, and may be tilted toward the user or pushed further back. The top part of the seat is made of memory foam so that the seat is capable of catching the smaller, more individual curves of every person’s body, leading to an ultimately personalized experience.

Every time you order Miwa through the APT system, the vehicle will arrive to you with your previously set preferences. All you have to do is hop in.


FeaturesModified Bucket-Seating

It’ll Keep you Safe, but also FreeBucket-seating keeps the user from sliding out of their car seat while the vehicle is in motion. Miwa’s modified bucket-seating accomplishes the same thing, but with fabric. If the user is lying down in the seat with the upper part of the seat all the way down, the fabric between the upper part and the lower part of the seat will become taut, making it much more efficient in keeping a user from sliding off. Because a user is much more stable while sitting upright, if the user has the seat in an upright position, the fabric will loosen, giving users a wider range of movements and positions.


FeaturesSound and Music


FeaturesSound and Music

Imagine if Your Ride were also a Concert HallIn virtue of being a single-occupancy vehicle, Miwa is able to offer features that conventional vehicles have not been able to. In addition to the interior’s domed-back design, Miwa features four 3-way speakers directly pointed at the listener. These speakers are also positioned at ear-level, giving users an unmmatched, optimal listening experience.


FeaturesLight and Light Shows

A Light Show for all of Your SensesFor ultimate relaxation, indulgence, and in completing a passionate space that’s all about the current rider, Miwa offers light shows that are right above the user’s head, but also all around the car. These light shows are fully customizable, so users are able to pick any color scheme that suits their current mood. Synced with music, this light show creates an individualized, relaxing, passionate space.


FeaturesSmart Windows


FeaturesSmart Windows

Ease of Entry, Protection from the Sun, and PrivacyWith the use of smart windows, potential riders are able to interact with a basic interface built right into the glass. In order to unlock a car that has been specifically called for them, users must enter their 3-number pass code on the smart window itself. This will prevent unauthorized riders from entering the vehicle. The smart windows are also able to control its opacity, offering users a bit more privacy when desired.


FeaturesInterface

A Simple, yet Informative Interface with CustomizabilityThe dashboard of Miwa is simple, and it follows the rest of Miwa’s organic aesthetic. The dashboard looks as though it has been peeled apart to reveal an interface, inviting human interaction. The dashboard’s interface displays general information such as speed, distance to destination, and the user’s current carbon footprint.

To control Miwa’s interior settings, a smart phone app is used, allowing the user to communicate with Miwa through bluetooth technology. If a user does not have a smart phone, they can use Miwa’s dedicated smart phone; however, the house smart phone must be returned to its dock before Miwa’s doors will unlock, preventing theft.


FeaturesUser Profiles

First you:Load the app onto your smart phone and launch it.

Then you can:Be greeted with your personal color scheme bar and make your changes in the simple, intuitive interface.

Personalized User ProfilesThe feeling of ownership is important, and it can make or break a shared system. Miwa provides ultimate individuality though customization of its interior lights, colors, and sounds via smart phone app. Miwa will create a profile for each user and save their settings.


FeaturesUser Profiles

Customize Your Color SchemeCreate your own identity color bar, and change it whenever you like--this affects the current color and lighting of Miwa’s interior.

Customizable Sound OutputFeel in total control with the ability to customize your listening experience.


“beautiful harmony”

Relax and enjoy the ride.

miwa

miwa | Image Credits | Industrial Design Thesis 2012102

Image Credits

IntroductionPage 9, Source is unknown

Page 10, http://cache.jezebel.com/assets/images/39/2011/08/shutterstock_81670105.jpg

Page 11, http://vi.sualize.us/bloemetje/children/

ResearchPage 17, http://jezebel.com/commuting-stress-women/

Page 27, 28, Rethinking Sitting by Peter Opsvik

Page 30, http://www.tm.org/

Page 31, http://sglivingpod.com/home-decor/home-and-decor/new-interior-design-spaces/

Page 32, Source is unknown

Page 33, http://www.bang-olufsen.com

InspirationPage 36, http://dietandi.com/?p=7234

Page 37, http://www.marcome.com/blog/practicing-yoga-to-ambient-music/

Page 38, http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/nritya/bollywood.html

Page 38, http://www.victoriaeducationcenter.com/images/Dance0894.jpg

Page 38, http://www.piningfornordstrom.com/2012/03/lasagna-rave.html

Page 38, http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/sustainabledancefloorhr.jpg

miwa | Image Credits | Industrial Design Thesis 2012 103

Image Credits

Page 39, http://dancepulp.com/goods/2011/03/black_swan_movie_001.jpg

Page 39, http://quenchnot.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/passionate_tango.jpg

Page 39, http://www.worldartswest.org/Assets/Ting5819bWEB.jpg

Page 39, http://www.marknolan.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/cherokee-indian-dance.jpg

Page 40, http://www.rainbowcube.co.kr/files/attach/images/107/740/344df5628cd75dba2ec9c7a78b5ba81a

Page 40, http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/nautilus_shell_cross_section.jpg

Page 40, http://www.moundhouseantiquemall.com/jm1/images/stories/inside_shell.jpg

Page 41, http://www.visualphotos.com/photo/2x2913450/cross_section_of_chambered_nautilus_shell_cb036741.jpg

Page 42, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hopetoun_falls.jpg

Page 42, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bachalpseeflowers.jpg

Page 43, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galunggung-crop.jpg

Page 44, http://www.theblaze.com/wp-content/uploads/s2011/12/electric-cars-for-sale-cool-electric-cars-fast-electric-car-electric-car-engine-electric-car-electric_car.jpeg

Page 44, http://media.treehugger.com/assets/images/2011/10/ec-rnd-005.jpg

Page 44, http://www.chinacartimes.com/wp-content/flybo1.jpg

Page 45, http://ecarvehicles.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Europe-use-of-electric-cars.jpg

Page 45, http://www.archiarcha.com/tag/electric-cars/

Page 45, http://www.ridelust.com/wp-content/uploads/twike.jpg

Page 45, http://www.shiotsu-used-car.com/blogpics/nissan_pivo_elctric_car.jpg

miwa | Image Credits | Industrial Design Thesis 2012104

Image Credits

Page 46, http://autodigs.com/2010-renault-dezir-concept-car/2010-renault-dezir-concept-car-front-interior/

Page 46, http://topcarreleaseinsurance.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/bmw-concept-gina-light-visionary-model-interior-img.jpg

Page 46, http://sport-wallpaper.com/wallpaper/audi-locus-concept-car.jpg

Page 47, http://www.gauson.com/regal/files/2009/09/sintesi-concept-car.jpg

Page 47, http://www.totalprosports.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/bmw-sx-concept-car.jpg

Page 47, http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8fpfjW81Veg/TbPJnEhC4JI/AAAAAAAADKg/Zrjb32XKa_g/s1600/Concept+car+wallpapers+4.jpg

Page 47, http://www.gm-volt.com/r/BMWvision.jpg

Page 48, http://jetsetta.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/astrum-meera-concept-car_main.jpg

Page 48, http://autoya.info/img/content_cache/12562/audi_R10_concept_car.jpg

Page 48, http://image.motortrend.com/f/9491926+w1500+ar1+st0/112_0702_02z+jaguar_cxf_concept_car+interior_view.jpg

Page 48, http://automotiveauto.info/car-seats-interior.html/cadillac-converj-concept-car-interior

Page 49, http://www.designlaunches.com/entry_images/1108/21/soul_car_interior_1-thumb-450x337.jpg

Page 49, http://www.kia-world.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/kia-ray-hybrid-concept-interior.jpg

Page 49, http://www.ridelust.com/wp-content/uploads/renault-megane-concept-interior.jpg

Page 49, http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7C8H45quZaM/ToiKJvJvMGI/AAAAAAAAArg/kgi6rgabalc/s1600/Jaguar-C-XF-3.jpg

Objective FocusPage 53, http://www.officechairadvice.com/ergonomic/kneeling/reviews/thatsit-balans-kneeling-chair.html

Page 53, http://www.dekrisdesign.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/flexible-transparent-chair-nendo-555x550.jpg

Page 55, http://www.bang-olufsen.com

Page 57, http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EkrgpxMmIRk/T1kBZlF6xZI/AAAAAAAACSI/ymNInY430Ds/s1600/Black-Swan.jpg

Page 57, http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/sustainabledancefloorhr.jpg

senior thesis - industrial design, virginia tech 2012

Documents

system of shared

autonomous car system

european urban dweller

apt team

apt addresses

electric hub vehicle

actual vehicles design

virginia tech campus