SENSATION  AND  PERCEPTION  

Transduc4on  

•  Transforming  signals  into  neural  impulses.  

•  Informa4on  goes  from  the  senses  to  the  thalamus  ,  then  to  the  various  areas  in  the  brain.  

Remember Ethan in Sky High. He changes his body to slime. Solid form to liquid form. Change from one form of energy to another. Click the picture to watch power placement.

Sensory  Adapta4on  

•  Decreased  responsiveness  to  s4muli  due  to  constant  s4mula4on.  

Do  you  feel  your  underwear  all  day?  

Cocktail-­‐party  phenomenon  

•  The  cocktail  party  effect  describes  the  ability  to  focus  one's  listening  aIen4on  on  a  single  talker  among  a  mixture  of  conversa4ons  and  background  noises,  ignoring  other  conversa4ons.  

•  Form  of  selec4ve  aIen4on.  

Energy  v.  Chemical  senses  

Energy  Senses   Chemical  Senses  

Theories  of  color  vision:  Explain  our  ability  to  dis4nguish  between  colors  

Trichroma4c  theory  • Young-­‐Helmholtz:  three  types  of  receptors  (cones)  all  others  varia4ons  

Opponent-­‐process  theory  • Hering:  three  types  of  bipolar  receptors  

• Supported  by  nega4ve  aSerimages  

Thought  to  work  together:  • Thricoma4c:  Cones  

• Opponent-­‐Process:  Thalamus  

Vision  

•  Re4nal  disparity  •  Convergence  •  Monocular  cues  

Depth  Percep4on  

Trichroma4c  Theory  

Three  types  of  cones:  •  Red  •  Blue  •  Green  •  These  three  types  of  cones  can  make  millions  of  combina4ons  of  colors.  

•  Does  not  explain  aSerimages  or  color  blindness  well.  

Opponent-­‐Process  theory  

The  sensory  receptors  come  in  pairs.  

•  Red/Green  •  Yellow/Blue  •  Black/White  •  If  one  color  is  s4mulated,  the  other  is  inhibited.  

ASerimages  

•  Primary  olfactory  cortex  •  Orbitofrontal  cortex  •  Amygdala  

Olfac4on  

•  Dermatomes  •  Pain:  Intensified  by  depression  and  anxiety,  reduced  by  distrac4on,  relaxa4on,  hypnosis  

Cutaneous  Senses  

•  Gate  control  theory:  sensa4ons  are  mediated  by  neural  gates  in  the  spinal  cord  that  lalow  them  to  con4nue  to  brain  

•  Management  of  chronic  pain  is  best  done  on  a  4me-­‐con4ngent  schedule  

Pain  

•  Ac4ve  and  Passive  strategies  

•  Ac4ve  strategies  associated  with  lower  levels  of  pain  and  improvement  in  psychological  and  physical  func4oning  

Pain  Coping  Strategies  

We  hear  sound  WAVES  

•  The  height  of  the  wave  gives  us  the  amplitude  of  the  sound.  

•  The  frequency  of  the  wave  gives  us  the  pitch  if  the  sound.  

The  Ear  

Transduc4on  in  the  ear  •  Sound  waves  hit  the  eardrum  then  

anvil  then  hammer  then  s<rrup  then  oval  window.  

•  Everything  is  just  vibra4ng.  •  Then  the  cochlea  vibrates.  •  The  cochlea  is  lined  with  mucus  

called  basilar  membrane.  •  In  basilar  membrane  there  are  hair  

cells.  •  When  hair  cells  vibrate  they  turn  

vibra4ons  into  neural  impulses  which  are  called  organ  of  Cor<.  

•  Sent  then  to  thalamus  up  auditory  nerve.  

It  is  all  about  the  vibra4ons!!!  

Pitch  Theories  

Place Theory and Frequency Theory

Place  Theory  

•  Different  hairs  vibrate  in  the  cochlea  when  they  different  pitches.  

•  So  some  hairs  vibrate  when  they  hear  high  and  other  vibrate  when  they  hear  low  pitches.  

Frequency  Theory  

•  All  the  hairs  vibrate  but  at  different  speeds.  

   

Deafness  Conduc<on  Deafness  

•  Something  goes  wrong  with  the  sound  and  the  vibra4on  on  the  way  to  the  cochlea.  

•  You  can  replace  the  bones  or  get  a  hearing  aid  to  help.  

Nerve  (sensorineural)  Deafness  •  The  hair  cells  in  the  cochlea  get  

damaged.  •  Loud  noises  can  cause  this  type  of  

deafness.  •  NO  WAY  to  replace  the  hairs.  •  Cochlea  implant  is  possible.  

Touch  

•  Receptors  located  in  our  skin.  

•  Gate  Control  Theory  of  Pain  

Taste  

•  We  have  bumps  on  our  tongue  called  papillae.  

•  Taste  buds  are  located  on  the  papillae  (they  are  actually  all  over  the  mouth).  

•  Sweet,  salty,  sour  and  biIer.  

Ves4bular  Sense  

•  Tells  us  where  our  body  is  oriented  in  space.  

•  Our  sense  of  balance.  •  Located  in  our  semicircular  canals  in  our  ears.  

Kinesthe4c  Sense  

•  Tells  us  where  our  body  parts  are.  

•  Receptors  located  in  our  muscles  and  joints.  

Without the kinesthetic sense you could touch the button to make copies of your buttocks.

•  Psychophysical  laws  •  Weber’s  Law  •  Fechner’s  Law  •  Steven’s  Power  Law  

Psychophysics  

Weber’s  Law  

•  Logarithmic  

Fechner’s  Law  

•  Extreme  intensi4es  •  Exponen4al  

Steven’s  Power  Law