SENSITIVE TIMES DURING CHILD DEVELOPMENT: FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENT PATTERNS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Professor Graham J. Fishburne

Faculty of Education and theInstitute for Olympic EducationUniversity of AlbertaCanada

Physical Education in Hong Kong One of 8 Key Learning Areas and 5 One of 8 Key Learning Areas and 5

Essential Learning ExperiencesEssential Learning Experiences 5-8% of curriculum time to be given to 5-8% of curriculum time to be given to

Physical Education (Prim. And Sec.)Physical Education (Prim. And Sec.) Key Stage 1 Primary P1-P3Key Stage 1 Primary P1-P3 Key Stage 2 Primary P4-P6Key Stage 2 Primary P4-P6 Key Stage 3 Secondary S1-S3Key Stage 3 Secondary S1-S3 Key Stage 4 Secondary S4 and aboveKey Stage 4 Secondary S4 and above

Aim of Physical Education

Develop an Active Healthy LifestyleDevelop an Active Healthy Lifestyle Acquire Good Health and FitnessAcquire Good Health and Fitness Positive Values and AttitudesPositive Values and Attitudes Promote Moral Behaviours (Cooperation)Promote Moral Behaviours (Cooperation) Appreciate Aesthetic MovementAppreciate Aesthetic Movement Develop motor skills (competency)Develop motor skills (competency) Body CoordinationBody Coordination

Health Implications of Inactivity

Childhood obesityType 2 diabetesOsteoporosisHypertensionDepressionSmoking/alcohol/drugsAdolescent pregnancy

Health and Physical Activity• In the past 15 years, the prevalence of obesity has

tripled in Canadian children aged 7-13 (Tremblay and Willms, 2000)

• Canadian children are becoming progressively fatter, weaker, and less flexible (CFLRI, 1998)

• Average Canadian child is sedentary for 3-5 hrs/day watching television (CMAJ, 1998)

• In Hong Kong obesity among 6-18 year olds affects 10 – 13 % (Sung, et al., 2002)

Obesity

Overweight children have a good chance of being Overweight children have a good chance of being overweight as adults if not caught by adolescence overweight as adults if not caught by adolescence (Dietz & Gortmaker, 2001) – early years are a (Dietz & Gortmaker, 2001) – early years are a sensitive timesensitive time

Over 80% of people with diabetes are obeseOver 80% of people with diabetes are obese Reviewing the last 30 years does not support Reviewing the last 30 years does not support

significant increases in energy or kilojoule intake significant increases in energy or kilojoule intake – likely cause of obesity is– likely cause of obesity is physical inactivity physical inactivity and poor eating habitsand poor eating habits

Lifestyle Habits of Children

TV, computer, Nintendo, Game Boy, Play Station, computer games, etc.

Inactive parents Inadequate access to quality physical education

classes Lack of recreational facilities Poor Nutritional Habits

Diabetes

Diabetes leads to long term complications- Diabetes leads to long term complications- heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, limb heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, limb amputation, blindness, cataracts, and amputation, blindness, cataracts, and glaucomaglaucoma

Most recognized trigger for Type 2 diabetes Most recognized trigger for Type 2 diabetes is obesityis obesity

Other trigger is physical inactivityOther trigger is physical inactivity

Economic Burden of Diabetes

Approximately $11.5 billion dollars/yearApproximately $11.5 billion dollars/year

Approximately 60,000 new cases of diabetes each Approximately 60,000 new cases of diabetes each year in Canadayear in Canada

Prevalence of diabetes in Canada is predicted to Prevalence of diabetes in Canada is predicted to double by 2010 (Canadian Diabetes Association, double by 2010 (Canadian Diabetes Association, 2002)2002)

Second generation consequences: offspring of Second generation consequences: offspring of parents with NIDDM show multiple abnormalities parents with NIDDM show multiple abnormalities in glucose homeostasis early in life as well as high in glucose homeostasis early in life as well as high risk measures of body fatnessrisk measures of body fatness

Srinivasan et al Metabolism 47:998-1004, 1998..

NIDDM

Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2000;23:1278-83

4% 4-6% 6% n/a

Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among

Adults in the U.S., Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 1990

4% 4-6% 6% n/a

Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1991-92

Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2000;23:1278-83

Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2000;23:1278-83

4% 4-6% 6% n/a

Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1993-94

4% 4-6% 6% n/a

Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among

Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1995

Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2000;23:1278-83

Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2000;23:1278-83

4% 4-6% 6% n/a

Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1997-98

Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2001;24:2

4% 4-6% 6% n/a

Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes Trends Among Adults in the U.S., BRFSS 1999

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue. This leads to increased bone fragility tissue. This leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture, particularly of the hip, and risk of fracture, particularly of the hip, spine and wrist. spine and wrist.

Osteoporosis - known as "the silent thief" Osteoporosis - known as "the silent thief" because bone loss occurs without symptoms.because bone loss occurs without symptoms.

Osteoporosis 1 1 in 4 women > 50 y in 4 women > 50 y

with osteoporosiswith osteoporosis Annual cost hip Annual cost hip

fracture treatment fracture treatment $650 million$650 million

Bone accretion in first Bone accretion in first 20 yrs major factor in 20 yrs major factor in final bone mass + final bone mass + bone health later yrsbone health later yrs

Financial Costs

The cost of treating osteoporosis and the The cost of treating osteoporosis and the fractures it causes is estimated to be $1.3 fractures it causes is estimated to be $1.3 billion each year in Canada. Long term, billion each year in Canada. Long term, hospital and chronic care account for the hospital and chronic care account for the majority of these costsmajority of these costs. .

Financial Costs cont…

Without effective action on osteoporosis Without effective action on osteoporosis prevention and treatment strategies, it is prevention and treatment strategies, it is estimated that over the next 25 years Canada estimated that over the next 25 years Canada will spend at least $32.5 billion treating will spend at least $32.5 billion treating osteoporotic fractures. Given the increasing osteoporotic fractures. Given the increasing proportion of older people in the population, proportion of older people in the population, these costs will likely rise.these costs will likely rise.

Human Cost

The reduced quality of life for those with The reduced quality of life for those with osteoporosis is enormous. Osteoporosis can osteoporosis is enormous. Osteoporosis can result in disfigurement, lowered self-esteem, result in disfigurement, lowered self-esteem, reduction or loss of mobility, and decreased reduction or loss of mobility, and decreased independence. independence.

Bone Fractures

There are approximately 25,000 hip fractures There are approximately 25,000 hip fractures in Canada each year. Seventy percent of in Canada each year. Seventy percent of these are osteoporosis-related. Hip fractures these are osteoporosis-related. Hip fractures result in death in up to 20 percent of cases, result in death in up to 20 percent of cases, and disability in 50 percent of those who and disability in 50 percent of those who survive. survive.

More women die each year as a result of More women die each year as a result of osteoporotic fractures than from breast and osteoporotic fractures than from breast and ovarian cancer combined.ovarian cancer combined.

Bone Development Research

Research Studies at the University of Research Studies at the University of British Columbia (Dr. Heather McKay)British Columbia (Dr. Heather McKay)

Major study in 14 elementary schoolsMajor study in 14 elementary schools Purpose: To evaluate the effects of a Purpose: To evaluate the effects of a

school-based physical exercise intervention school-based physical exercise intervention programme on bone mineral accrual in programme on bone mineral accrual in prepubertal and early pubertal childrenprepubertal and early pubertal children

Research Cont….

Duration: 8 monthsDuration: 8 months Age: 8-12 year old boys and girlsAge: 8-12 year old boys and girls Intervention: A 10 minute circuit involving Intervention: A 10 minute circuit involving

jumping activities 3 times per week at the jumping activities 3 times per week at the commencement of regular school PE classescommencement of regular school PE classes

Control Group: regular PE classes 3 times Control Group: regular PE classes 3 times per weekper week

Research Cont….

Bones assessed (DXA) throughout the studyBones assessed (DXA) throughout the study Results: Significant differences in early Results: Significant differences in early

pubertal children in the intervention pubertal children in the intervention programme over control groupprogramme over control group

Conclusions: Early puberty may be a Conclusions: Early puberty may be a particularly opportune time during growth particularly opportune time during growth for exercise interventions to have a positive for exercise interventions to have a positive effect on bone healtheffect on bone health

Major Findings

Growing bone has a greater capacity to add new Growing bone has a greater capacity to add new bone to the skeleton than does adult bonebone to the skeleton than does adult bone

Childhood activity is strongly associated with Childhood activity is strongly associated with bone mineral accrualbone mineral accrual

Physical activity during the most active period of Physical activity during the most active period of maturity (early sensitive years) plays a vital role in maturity (early sensitive years) plays a vital role in optimizing peak bone mass – benefits may extend optimizing peak bone mass – benefits may extend into adulthoodinto adulthood

Sensitive Time for Development

There are sensitive times during life when There are sensitive times during life when the environment can make a significant the environment can make a significant difference.difference.

Motor abilities, movement patterns, bone Motor abilities, movement patterns, bone development, and obesity can all be development, and obesity can all be influenced early in life. The Primary influenced early in life. The Primary School years are extremely important years School years are extremely important years in the development of a child.in the development of a child.

KS1: Fundamental Movement

Competency: Motor Skills and Motor Competency: Motor Skills and Motor AbilitiesAbilities

Fundamental Movement Patterns – a Fundamental Movement Patterns – a foundation for the later development of foundation for the later development of more advanced skillsmore advanced skills

Locomotor Skills

WalkWalk RunRun LeapLeap JumpJump HopHop SkipSkip SlideSlide

Non-Locomotor Skills

SwingSwing BendBend StretchStretch TwistTwist TurnTurn

Stability and Safety

BalanceBalance CoordinationCoordination SafetySafety

Manipulative Skills

ThrowThrow CatchCatch Dribble a ball – hands or feetDribble a ball – hands or feet Strike: Kick a ball, Hit a ball with a bat, Strike: Kick a ball, Hit a ball with a bat,

racquet, etc.racquet, etc.

Growth and Development

Proximodistal: From the centre outwardProximodistal: From the centre outward

Cephalocaudal: From the brain downCephalocaudal: From the brain down

Phylogenetic: Maturational SkillsPhylogenetic: Maturational Skills

Ontogenetic: Learned SkillsOntogenetic: Learned Skills

A Time to Develop Awareness

Body AwarenessBody Awareness

Spatial AwarenessSpatial Awareness

Rhythmic AwarenessRhythmic Awareness

Movement/Kinesthetic AwarenessMovement/Kinesthetic Awareness

Stages of Motor Development

Stage 1: Babyhood: Stage 1: Babyhood:

One month to two yearsOne month to two years

Sit, Crawl, creep, stand, walkSit, Crawl, creep, stand, walk

Early Childhood: Stage Two

Ages 3 to 7 years (K – Primary 1 or 2)Ages 3 to 7 years (K – Primary 1 or 2) Fundamental Movement SkillsFundamental Movement Skills Locomotor: Run, Leap, Jump, HopLocomotor: Run, Leap, Jump, Hop Combined Locomotor: Skip, Slide, DodgeCombined Locomotor: Skip, Slide, Dodge Manipulative: Throw, Catch, StrikeManipulative: Throw, Catch, Strike

Middle Childhood: Stage Three

Ages 8 – 9 (Primary 3 or 4)Ages 8 – 9 (Primary 3 or 4)

Combination and refinement of one or more Combination and refinement of one or more fundamental skillsfundamental skills

Run and Jump, Slide and Stop, Land and Run and Jump, Slide and Stop, Land and Roll, Catch and Throw, Dribble and KickRoll, Catch and Throw, Dribble and Kick

Late Childhood: Stage Four

Ages 10 to 12 (Primary 5-6)Ages 10 to 12 (Primary 5-6)

Specific sport, dance, or specialized skillsSpecific sport, dance, or specialized skills

High Jump, Long Jump, Basketball Free-High Jump, Long Jump, Basketball Free-Throw Shot, Hand Spring, etc.Throw Shot, Hand Spring, etc.

Fundamental Movement

Most Children go Most Children go through 3 stages as through 3 stages as they move from an they move from an immature ‘initial’ immature ‘initial’ movement pattern movement pattern through an through an ‘elementary’ stage and ‘elementary’ stage and finally to a full finally to a full ‘mature’ pattern of ‘mature’ pattern of movementmovement

Specificity - Physical Education

Variety of activities is essentialVariety of activities is essential

Sensitive time for developmentSensitive time for development

Assessment

Assessment and Evaluation in Physical Assessment and Evaluation in Physical Education is EssentialEducation is Essential

Fundamental Movement Patterns can be Fundamental Movement Patterns can be assessed using checklistsassessed using checklists

What Do We Need?

Quality programmes of Physical Education Quality programmes of Physical Education are needed in the early school years.are needed in the early school years.

Developmentally Appropriate Activities Developmentally Appropriate Activities (Sung et al 2002 study)(Sung et al 2002 study)

Developmentally Appropriate TeachingDevelopmentally Appropriate Teaching Accountability in School Physical Accountability in School Physical

EducationEducation

Physical Activity Can Improve School Performance*

•Some evidence to show that grades are maintained or improved with increased regular PA - despite a reduction in academic class time

•Regular PA may improve attitudes, discipline and behavior**•Positive associations with PA and academic performance

*R.J. Shephard. Pediatric Exercise Science 1997. 9:113-126**Keays and Allison. Can J Public Health 1995;86(1):62-65