sensory perception - del mar...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sensory Perception
Chapter 34 Part 1
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Impacts, Issues
A Whale of a Dilemma
Whales communicate and sense the world
around them using sound – a problem when
ships and defense-systems testing flood the
seas with noise
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34.1 Overview of Sensory Pathways
Sensory receptors determine what stimuli an
animal can detect and respond to
Different kinds of sensory receptors produce
action potentials in response to different types of
stimuli
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Sensory Receptor Diversity
Mechanoreceptors: mechanical energy
• Body position or acceleration
• Touch or stretching
• Pressure waves (hearing)
Pain receptors (nociceptors): tissue damage
• Some reflexes
Osmoreceptors: change in solute concentration
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Sensory Receptor Diversity
Thermoreceptors: specific temperature or
temperature change
Chemoreceptors: specific solutes dissolved in
fluid (also function in smell)
Photoreceptors: light energy
• Including UV receptors in insects
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Sensory Receptors
Mechanoreceptors in bat hearing,
thermoreceptors in snakes
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Photoreceptors and UV Light
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From Sensing to Sensation
In animals with a brain, input from sensory
neurons can give rise to sensation
The brain determines stimulus location and
strength by which axons respond, how many
respond, and frequency of action potentials
In sensory adaptation, sensory neurons cease
firing under continued stimulation
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Sensory Information in Action
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34.1 Key Concepts
How Sensory Pathways Work
Sensory receptors detect specific stimuli
Different animals have receptors for different
stimuli
Information from sensory receptors becomes
encoded in the number and frequency of action
potentials sent to the brain along particular
nerve pathways
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34.2 Somatic and Visceral Sensations
Somatic sensations are signals from receptors in
the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles
• They travel along sensory neuron axons, to the
spinal cord, to the somatosensory cortex
Visceral sensations are signals from sensory
neurons in walls of internal organs
• Relayed to the spinal cord and the brain
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The Somatosensory Cortex
Somatosensory cortex
• Part of the cerebral cortex
• Like the motor cortex, neurons are mapped to a
plan of the body
Example: Skin receptors
• Free nerve endings around roots of hairs,
Meissner’s corpuscles (touch), Pacinian capsules
(pressure), Ruffini endings, bulb of Krause
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Body Regions in
the Somatosensory Cortex
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Sensory Receptors in Human Skin
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Fig. 34-6, p. 581
hair shaft inside follicle epidermis
dermis
free nerve
endings
Pacinian
corpuscle
Ruffini
endings
bulb of
Krause
Meissner’s
corpuscle
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Pain
Pain
• Perception of a somatic or visceral tissue injury
• Injured cells release chemicals that stimulate pain
receptors, affected by neuromodulators
Referred pain
• Because pain signals usually originate with
somatic sources, the brain sometimes
misinterprets visceral pain as coming from the
skin or joints
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Referred Pain
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Fig. 34-7, p. 581
lungs,
diaphragm
heart
stomach
liver, gallbladder
pancreas
small intestine
ovaries
appendix
urinary bladder
kidney
ureter
colon
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34.2 Key Concepts
Somatic and Visceral Senses
Somatic sensations such as touch are easily
localized and stem from receptors in the skin,
muscles, or near joints
Visceral sensations, such as a feeling of fullness
in your stomach, are less easily pinpointed; they
arise from receptors in the walls of internal
organs
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34.3 Sampling the Chemical World
Both smell and taste begin when chemoreceptors
are stimulated by the binding of specific dissolved
molecules
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Sense of Smell
Olfaction (sense of smell)
• Olfactory receptors detect water-soluble or
volatile chemicals, send signals to olfactory bulbs
• Olfactory nerves send signals to cerebral cortex
Pheromone
• A type of signaling molecule secreted by an
individual that affects others of the same species
• Detected by a vomeronasal organ
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Sense of Smell
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Fig. 34-8, p. 582
olfactory tract
from receptors
to the brain
olfactory
bulb
bony
plate
ciliated
endings of
olfactory
receptor
that project
into mucus
inside nose
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Sense of Taste
Taste receptors detect chemicals dissolved in
fluid, and have different structures and locations
in different animals
Humans have taste buds (in epithelial papillae
on the tongue) that detect five main sensations:
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
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Sense of Taste
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34.3 Key Concepts
Chemical Senses
The senses of smell and taste require
chemoreceptors, which bind molecules of
specific substances dissolved in the fluid bathing
them
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34.4 Sense of Balance
Organs inside your inner ear are essential to
maintaining posture and a sense of balance
Somatic sensory receptors also contribute to
balance
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Organs of Equilibrium
Organs of equilibrium
• Parts of sensory systems that monitor the body’s
positions and motions
Vestibular apparatus
• Contains organs of equilibrium in vertebrates
• Semicircular canals, sacs, saccule and utricle
Hair cells
• Mechanoreceptors with modified cilia
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Organs of Equilibrium in the Inner Ear
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Fig. 34-10, p. 583
semicircular canals
vestibular
nerveA Vestibular apparatus
inside a human inner
ear. The organs of
equilibrium in its fluid-
filled sacs and canals
contribute to a sense of
balance.
saccule
utricleB Components of
one of the organs
inside a semicircular
canal. Shifts in the
position of the head
bend hair cells and
alter their frequency
of action potentials.
gelatinous membrane
in a semicircular canal
hair cells with their cilia
embedded in membranesensory neurons
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34.5 Sense of Hearing
Hearing
• Perception of sound (mechanical energy)
Sound waves
• Human ears collect, amplify, and sort out sound
waves (pressure waves traveling through air)
• Wave amplitude determines loudness
• Wave frequency determines pitch
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Wave Properties
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Fig. 34-11, p. 584
one cycle
Am
pli
tud
e
Frequency per
unit time
Soft
Loud
Same frequency,
different amplitude
Low
note
High
note
Same amplitude,
different frequency
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The Vertebrate Ear
Outer ear gathers sound
Middle ear amplifies and transmits air waves
• Vibrations are transmitted from eardrum
(tympanic membrane), to hammer, anvil and
stirrup bones, to oval window
Inner ear (vestibular apparatus and cochlea)
• Cochlea contains organs of Corti with hairs cells
that generate action potentials
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How Humans Hear
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Fig. 34-12a, p. 584
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Fig. 34-12a, p. 584
INNER EAR
vestibular
apparatus,
cochlea
OUTER EAR
pinna, auditory
canal
MIDDLE EAR
eardrum, ear
bones A The outer ear’s flap and
canal collect sound waves.
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Fig. 34-12b, p. 584
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Fig. 34-12b, p. 584
oval window
(behind stirrup)MIDDLE EAR BONES:
stirrup
anvilauditory nerve
hammer
auditory
canalround
windowEARDRUM COCHLEA
B The eardrum and middle ear bones amplify sound.
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Fig. 34-12 (c-e), p. 585
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Fig. 34-12c, p. 585
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Fig. 34-12c, p. 585
the cochlea, “uncoiled” for claritywaves
of air
pressureoval window vestibular duct
waves
of fluid
pressure
eardrum cochlear duct tympanic duct
round window
C Pressure waves are transferred to
fluid inside the ducts of the cochlea
(shown here uncoiled).
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Fig. 34-12d, p. 585
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Fig. 34-12d, p. 585
vestibular duct
cochlear duct
organ of Corti
sensory
neurons (to
the auditory
nerve)
tympanic duct
D Pressure waves are detected by the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct.
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Fig. 34-12e, p. 585
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Fig. 34-12e, p. 585
hair cells of organ of Corti
tectorial membranebasilar membrane
E Movement of the basilar membrane (the floor of the cochlear
duct) bends hair cells against the organ of Corti’s tectorial
membrane. This bending causes hair cells to fire. The action
potentials travel along the auditory nerve to the brain.