SentencesSentences

SentencesSentences

ObjectiveObjective by the end of this section by the end of this section you will be able to:you will be able to: Identify the different parts of a sentence.Identify the different parts of a sentence. Identify and properly use different types of Identify and properly use different types of

punctuation.punctuation.Build strong and effective sentences.Build strong and effective sentences.

Kinds of SentencesKinds of Sentences

The FragmentThe Fragment

The Run-onThe Run-on

Complete Sentences (3)Complete Sentences (3) The Simple SentenceThe Simple Sentence The Compound SentenceThe Compound Sentence The Complex SentenceThe Complex Sentence

The FragmentThe Fragment

A fragment is an A fragment is an incompleteincomplete sentence. sentence. When reading a fragment, you know When reading a fragment, you know something is missing.something is missing.

Ex:Ex: The girl brushing her hairThe girl brushing her hair

How can this fragment be made into a How can this fragment be made into a complete sentence?complete sentence?

Finishing the FragmentFinishing the Fragment

Ex: The girl brushing her hairEx: The girl brushing her hair

1)1) The girl is brushing her hair.The girl is brushing her hair.

2)2) The girl brushing her hair is pretty.The girl brushing her hair is pretty.

3)3) I saw the girl brushing her hair.I saw the girl brushing her hair.

4)4) Is the girl brushing her hair?Is the girl brushing her hair?

Now you try it on the fragment sheet you have!Now you try it on the fragment sheet you have!

The Run-onThe Run-on

A run-on sentence has lots of ideas all trying to fit into one A run-on sentence has lots of ideas all trying to fit into one complete sentence. It seems to go on forever and it complete sentence. It seems to go on forever and it leaves the reader confused.leaves the reader confused.

ExampleExample::

On my way to work I got a flat tire but I couldn’t change it myself so I On my way to work I got a flat tire but I couldn’t change it myself so I tied a white cloth to the antenna and waited inside my car until tied a white cloth to the antenna and waited inside my car until finally a passing motorist stopped when he noticed the white cloth finally a passing motorist stopped when he noticed the white cloth and offered to change the tire for me even though he was in a hurry and offered to change the tire for me even though he was in a hurry he stopped because he is an individual who cares about other he stopped because he is an individual who cares about other people.people.

How can we fix a run-on sentence?How can we fix a run-on sentence?

How to…fix a run-on!How to…fix a run-on!

End PunctuationEnd Punctuation – shows the end of a complete – shows the end of a complete sentence. sentence.

The Period [ . ]The Period [ . ] The period ends a complete sentence.The period ends a complete sentence.

The Question Mark [ ? ]The Question Mark [ ? ] The question mark ends a complete sentence that asks a question.The question mark ends a complete sentence that asks a question.

The Exclamation Mark [ ! ]The Exclamation Mark [ ! ] The exclamation mark ends a complete sentence that expresses a The exclamation mark ends a complete sentence that expresses a

strong feeling.strong feeling.

Finish the run-on sentence activity on the following sheet.Finish the run-on sentence activity on the following sheet.

How to…fix a run-on!How to…fix a run-on! The ConjunctionThe Conjunction – The conjunction is a word that is – The conjunction is a word that is

used to connect two complete thoughts. Each of these is used to connect two complete thoughts. Each of these is a conjunction: a conjunction: and, but, or.and, but, or. In the following sentence, In the following sentence, two thoughts are connected but the conjunction two thoughts are connected but the conjunction butbut..

I would have helped change the tire, I would have helped change the tire, butbut I I didn’t have time to stop.didn’t have time to stop.

*REMEMBER* *REMEMBER* You must use a comma [ , ] before each You must use a comma [ , ] before each conjunction.conjunction.

LOOK !!LOOK !! Do the attached Do the attached

conjunction work now!conjunction work now!

How to…fix a run-on!How to…fix a run-on! The SemicolonThe Semicolon – A semicolon [ ; ] is used to connect two related – A semicolon [ ; ] is used to connect two related

sentences when they are not joined by a conjunction. A semicolon sentences when they are not joined by a conjunction. A semicolon can take the place of a conjunction.can take the place of a conjunction.

Conjunction Conjunction He cares about other He cares about other people, people, andand he always offers to help. he always offers to help.

Semicolon Semicolon He cares about other people; he He cares about other people; he always offers to help.always offers to help.

*REMEMBER* *REMEMBER* The first word AFTER the semicolon begins with a The first word AFTER the semicolon begins with a lower case (small) letter. lower case (small) letter.

Do the attached work on semicolons now.Do the attached work on semicolons now.

3 Kinds of Complete Sentences3 Kinds of Complete Sentences

1.1. The Simple SentenceThe Simple Sentence

2.2. The Compound SentenceThe Compound Sentence

3.3. The Complex SentenceThe Complex Sentence

The Simple SentenceThe Simple Sentence

The The simple sentencesimple sentence tells us tells us whowho or or whatwhat the sentence is the sentence is about.about.

The who or what (a person or a thing) is the SUBJECT of the sentence.

A simple sentence also tells us what the subject DOES, or that IT EXISTS, and WHERE IT IS.

Study the examples and answer the questions on the attached “The Simple Sentence”

worksheet.

The Compound SentenceThe Compound Sentence

A A Compound SentenceCompound Sentence is made of two simple sentences that are joined is made of two simple sentences that are joined by a conjunction such as by a conjunction such as AND, BUT, OR.AND, BUT, OR.

Each of the following compound sentences contain Each of the following compound sentences contain twotwo simple simple sentences which are underlined. A comma is used before each sentences which are underlined. A comma is used before each conjunction.conjunction.

The girl pulled the cat’s tail, and the cat ran away.The girl pulled the cat’s tail, and the cat ran away.

She tried to pull the cat’s tail, but the cat ran away.She tried to pull the cat’s tail, but the cat ran away.

Would she like a cat, or would she rather have a dog?Would she like a cat, or would she rather have a dog?

Complete the attached exercise for “The Compound Sentence”Complete the attached exercise for “The Compound Sentence”

The Complex SentenceThe Complex Sentence

A A complex sentencecomplex sentence has a has a subordinate clausesubordinate clause (a fragment) and a (a fragment) and a

main clausemain clause (it can stand alone as a complete sentence). (it can stand alone as a complete sentence).

fragment + complete sentence = complex sentencefragment + complete sentence = complex sentence

In the following examples, the subordinate clause comes first and the main clause In the following examples, the subordinate clause comes first and the main clause second; there is a second; there is a COMMACOMMA between. between.

subordinate clause (comma) main clause

If I plan ahead, I can achieve all my goals.If I plan ahead, I can achieve all my goals.

When you leave the room, please close the door When you leave the room, please close the door quietly.quietly.

Do the first part of “The Complex Sentence” worksheet and then of to Do the first part of “The Complex Sentence” worksheet and then of to The Next StepThe Next Step

Complex Sentences Continued…Complex Sentences Continued…

Notice the difference in these examples of Notice the difference in these examples of Complex Sentences:Complex Sentences:

You do NOT need to use a comma when a complex sentence begins You do NOT need to use a comma when a complex sentence begins with a main clause.with a main clause.

Main clause subordinate clause

I can achieve all my goals if I plan ahead.I can achieve all my goals if I plan ahead.

Please close the door quietly when you leave the room.Please close the door quietly when you leave the room.Finish the remaining “The Complex Sentence” questions and move onto the

Composition Assignment

Punctuation Time !!Punctuation Time !!

Period [ Period [ .. ] ] Use a period to show the end of a sentence. Use a period to show the end of a sentence.

Ex:Ex: Hockey is a popular sport in Canada. Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.

The federal government is based in Ottawa. The federal government is based in Ottawa.

Use a period after certain abbreviations. Use a period after certain abbreviations. Ex:Ex:

B.C. is the province located on the West Coast. B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.

Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China. Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.

The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto. The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.

It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.

Question MarkQuestion Mark

Use a question mark at the end of a sentence Use a question mark at the end of a sentence to show a direct question. to show a direct question.

How many provinces are there in CanadaHow many provinces are there in Canada??

Note:Note: do not use a question mark for indirect do not use a question mark for indirect questions. questions.

The teacher asked the class a question. Do not ask The teacher asked the class a question. Do not ask me why. me why.

Exclamation MarkExclamation Mark

Use an exclamation mark at the end of a Use an exclamation mark at the end of a sentence to show surprise or excitement. sentence to show surprise or excitement.

Ex:Ex: We won the Stanley CupWe won the Stanley Cup!!

The forest is on fireThe forest is on fire!!

**CAUTION****CAUTION** Do not Do not overuseoveruse exclamation marks. exclamation marks. Too many will take away the emphasis they are intended Too many will take away the emphasis they are intended for!for!

Comma [ Comma [ ,, ] ] Use a comma to show a pause in a sentence.Use a comma to show a pause in a sentence.

ThereforeTherefore,, we should write a letter to the prime minister. we should write a letter to the prime minister.

Use a comma with quotation marks to show what someone has said Use a comma with quotation marks to show what someone has said directly. directly.

"I can come today"I can come today,," she said" she said,, "but not tomorrow." "but not tomorrow."

Use commas for listing three or more different things. Use commas for listing three or more different things.

OntarioOntario,, Quebec Quebec,, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces. and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.

Use commas around relative clauses that add extra information to a Use commas around relative clauses that add extra information to a sentence. sentence.

Emily CarrEmily Carr,, who was born in 1871 who was born in 1871,, was a great painter. was a great painter.

Quotation MarksQuotation Marks

Use quotation marks to show what someone Use quotation marks to show what someone has said directly. has said directly.

The prime minister said, The prime minister said, ""We will win the election.We will win the election.""

""I can come today,I can come today,"" she said, she said, ""but not tomorrow.but not tomorrow.""

You will also use quotation marks to create a You will also use quotation marks to create a bibliography or “works cited”, as a part of your bibliography or “works cited”, as a part of your research essay. We will cover that later though.research essay. We will cover that later though.

Colon [ : ]Colon [ : ]

Use a colon to introduce a list of things. Use a colon to introduce a list of things.

There are three positions in hockeyThere are three positions in hockey:: goalie, defence, goalie, defence, and forward. and forward.

Use a colon to introduce a long quotation. Use a colon to introduce a long quotation.

The prime minister saidThe prime minister said:: “We will fight. We will not “We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election." give up. We will win the next election."

Semicolon [ ; ]Semicolon [ ; ]

Use a semicolon to join related sentences together. Use a semicolon to join related sentences together.

The festival is very popularThe festival is very popular;; people from all over the world visit people from all over the world visit each year. each year.

Use a semicolon in lists that already have commas. Use a semicolon in lists that already have commas.

The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, OntarioThe three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario;; Montreal, QuebecMontreal, Quebec;; and Vancouver, B.C. and Vancouver, B.C.

Dash [ - ]Dash [ - ]

Use a dash before a phrase that summarizes the idea of a sentence. Use a dash before a phrase that summarizes the idea of a sentence.

Mild, wet, and cloudy Mild, wet, and cloudy -- these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver. these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.

Use a dash before and after a phrase or list that adds extra information Use a dash before and after a phrase or list that adds extra information in the middle of a sentence. in the middle of a sentence.

The children The children -- Pierre, Laura, and Ashley Pierre, Laura, and Ashley -- went to the store. went to the store. Most Canadians Most Canadians -- but not all but not all -- voted in the last election. voted in the last election.

Use a dash to show that someone has been interrupted when Use a dash to show that someone has been interrupted when speaking. speaking.

The woman said, "I want to ask The woman said, "I want to ask -- " when the earthquake began to shake the " when the earthquake began to shake the room. room.

Hyphen [ - ]Hyphen [ - ] Use a hyphen to join two words that form one idea together. Use a hyphen to join two words that form one idea together.

sweet-smelling sweet-smelling

fire-resistant fire-resistant

Use a hyphen to join prefixes to words.Use a hyphen to join prefixes to words. anti-Canadiananti-Canadian

non-contact non-contact

Use a hyphen when writing compound numbers. Use a hyphen when writing compound numbers.

one-quarter one-quarter

twenty-three twenty-three