separatist movements in india by sardar zafar mahmud khan

SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN INDIA- IS INDIA IN INDIA- IS INDIA

IMPLODING FROM WITHIN?IMPLODING FROM WITHIN? byby

Sardar Zafar Mahmood Khan Sardar Zafar Mahmood Khan

SCHEME OF PRESENTATIONSCHEME OF PRESENTATION

IntroductionIntroduction An overview of Separatist Movements in IndiaAn overview of Separatist Movements in India Implications of Separatist Movements on Implications of Separatist Movements on

Neighbouring CountriesNeighbouring Countries Is India Imploding from within?Is India Imploding from within? ConclusionConclusion RecommendationsRecommendations

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Sep movements in different parts pose a threatSep movements in different parts pose a threat No impact of rapid economic developmentNo impact of rapid economic development India accuses neighbours for fuelling movementsIndia accuses neighbours for fuelling movements But serious internal disturbances & turmoil due But serious internal disturbances & turmoil due

to various socio-eco, pol, ethnic & religious to various socio-eco, pol, ethnic & religious reasonsreasons

No attempt to address grievances & issues of No attempt to address grievances & issues of people residing in those areas.people residing in those areas.

SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN INDIASEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN INDIA TYPES (05)TYPES (05)

1.1. Separatist movement in IHK;Separatist movement in IHK;

2.2. Khalistan movement; Khalistan movement;

3.3. Separatist movements in NE India;Separatist movements in NE India;

4.4. Maoist Movement;Maoist Movement;

5.5. Separatist movements in other partsSeparatist movements in other parts

SEPARATIST MOVEMENT IN IHKSEPARATIST MOVEMENT IN IHK First imp. movement is struggle for self-determinationFirst imp. movement is struggle for self-determination Option at the time of independenceOption at the time of independence

i)- geographical contiguity & ii)- Desire of majorityi)- geographical contiguity & ii)- Desire of majority Instrument of accession & entry of Indian forcesInstrument of accession & entry of Indian forces Liberation of Azad KashmirLiberation of Azad Kashmir Indian rushes UN Security CouncilIndian rushes UN Security Council UN Security Council’s resolution 47 on 21-04-48UN Security Council’s resolution 47 on 21-04-48

“ “the final disposition of the State of Jammu and the final disposition of the State of Jammu and Kashmir will be made in accordance with the will Kashmir will be made in accordance with the will of the Kashmiris expressed through the of the Kashmiris expressed through the democratic method of a free and impartial democratic method of a free and impartial plebiscite conducted under the auspices of the plebiscite conducted under the auspices of the

United Nations.”United Nations.”

INDIA’S COMMITMENTS ON KASHMIRINDIA’S COMMITMENTS ON KASHMIR NAME OF LEADER/GOVT. STATEMENT / COMMITMENT

Nehru's statement on holding plebiscite in Kashmir (Calcutta on January 2, 1952)

“As a great nation, we cannot go back on it. We have left the question for final solution to the people of Kashmir and we are determined to abide by their decision”.

Indian P.M Nehru’s Telegram to British & Pakistan P.M on October 27, 1947

“Our view which we have repeatedly made public is that the question of accession in any disputed territory or State must be decided in accordance with the wishes of people, and we adhere to this view".

Indian P.M Nehru’s Telegram to British & Pakistan P.M on October 28, 1947

“"In regard to accession also, it has been made clear that this is subject to reference to people of State and their decision".

Indian P.M Nehru’s broadcast to nation from All India Radio on November 2, 1947

“We have declared that the fate of Kashmir is ultimately to be decided by the people. That pledge we have given (and the Maharajah has supported it) not only to the people of Kashmir but to the world. We will not & cannot back out of it.”

Indian P.M Nehru’s Telegram to British & Pakistan P.M on November 4, 1947

“I wish to draw your attention to broadcast on Kashmir which I made last evening. I have stated our Government’s policy and made it clear that we have no desire to impose our will on Kashmir but to leave final decision to the people of Kashmir.”

White Paper on Kashmir issued by White Paper on Kashmir issued by

Government of India, 1948Government of India, 1948 ““The question of accession is to be decided finally in a free plebiscite; The question of accession is to be decided finally in a free plebiscite;

on this there is no dispute.”on this there is no dispute.”

UN RESOLUTIONS ON KASHMIRUN RESOLUTIONS ON KASHMIR01 Resolution of the Security Council of April 21, 1948 Resolution of the Security Council of April 21, 1948

02 Resolution of the Commission of August 13, 1948Resolution of the Commission of August 13, 1948

03 Resolution of the Commission of January 5, 1949Resolution of the Commission of January 5, 1949

04 Resolution of the Security Council of March 14, 1950Resolution of the Security Council of March 14, 1950

05 Resolution of the Security Council of March 30, 1951Resolution of the Security Council of March 30, 1951

06 Resolution adopted by the Security Council on 24Resolution adopted by the Security Council on 24 thth January 1957, January 1957, concerning the India–Pakistan Questionconcerning the India–Pakistan Question

07 Resolution adopted by the Security Council at its meeting on Resolution adopted by the Security Council at its meeting on 2020thth September 1965 September 1965

ATTROCITIES BY INDIAN TROOPS IN 2008ATTROCITIES BY INDIAN TROOPS IN 2008Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Total Killings (Including in Custody)

27 37 30 46 30 54 49 93 63 56 34 19 538

Men 27 37 25 43 28 53 40 86 59 53 32 18 501

Women 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 5 1 0 0 1 12

Kids 0 0 4 2 1 1 7 2 3 3 2 0 25

Custodial Killings 1 1 2 5 2 6 2 0 4 0 1 0 24

Tortured / Critically Injured

111 111 188 139 146 1003 274 1527 560 322 250 193 4824

Arrested 90 87 77 118 64 203 71 278 187 88 102 43 1408

Arson (Houses, Shops, etc.)

11 16 18 23 3 7 6 1 2 10 8 1 106

Kidnapped or Missing

3 3 11 6 3 6 0 4 8 0 0 0 44

Women widowed 1 2 4 3 3 5 6 46 4 3 5 3 85

Children orphaned

2 3 9 7 5 10 12 92 9 5 10 0 164

Women gang raped

/Molested

3 5 2 7 3 37 1 23 0 6 1 5 93

SOURCE: http://www.kmsnews.org/databank/atrocities-indian-troops-2008

VIOLENCE IN KASHMIR VIOLENCE IN KASHMIR (JAN 1989- JAN 2010)(JAN 1989- JAN 2010)From January 1989 to January 31, 2010

Total Killings 93,549

Custodial Killings 6,982

Civilians Arrested 118,989

Structures Arsoned /Destroyed 105,901

Women Widowed 22,749

Children Orphaned 107,400

Women gang-raped / Molested 9,987

SOURCE: http://www.kmsnews.org/

FREEDOM FIGHTER GROUPS IN KASHMIRFREEDOM FIGHTER GROUPS IN KASHMIR S. NoS. No Name of Group/OrganisationName of Group/Organisation

0101 Hizbul Mujahideen (H.M)Hizbul Mujahideen (H.M)

0202 Harkat-ul-Ansar or Harkat -ul- Jihad- e-IslamiHarkat-ul-Ansar or Harkat -ul- Jihad- e-Islami

0303 Lashkar-e-ToibaLashkar-e-Toiba

0404 Jaish-e-Mohammad Mujahideen-e-TanzeemJaish-e-Mohammad Mujahideen-e-Tanzeem

0505 Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front (J.K.L.F)Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front (J.K.L.F)

0606 Tehrik-ul-Mujahideen Tehrik-ul-Mujahideen

0707 Mutahida Jehad CouncilMutahida Jehad Council

0808 Dukhtaran-e- Millat (D.M)Dukhtaran-e- Millat (D.M)

0909 Ikhwan -ul- MujahideenIkhwan -ul- Mujahideen

1010 Al JehadAl Jehad

1111 Jamait-ul-MujahideenJamait-ul-Mujahideen

1212 Jammu & Kashmir National Liberation ArmyJammu & Kashmir National Liberation Army

1313 People's LeaguePeople's League

1414 Muslim Janbaz ForceMuslim Janbaz Force

1515 Kashmir Jehad ForceKashmir Jehad Force

1616 Al Jehad Force Al Jehad Force

1717 Al Umar MujahideenAl Umar Mujahideen

1818 Mahaz-e-AzadiMahaz-e-Azadi

1919 Islami Jamaat-e-TulbaIslami Jamaat-e-Tulba

INDIAN LEADERS’ COMMITMENTS WITH SIKHSINDIAN LEADERS’ COMMITMENTS WITH SIKHS NAME OF LEADERNAME OF LEADER STATEMENTSTATEMENT

M.K. Gandhi’s address to a M.K. Gandhi’s address to a meeting in Delhimeeting in Delhi

"I ask you to accept my word…and the resolution "I ask you to accept my word…and the resolution of the Congress that it will not betray a single of the Congress that it will not betray a single individual, much less a community…our Sikh individual, much less a community…our Sikh friends have no reason to fear that it would betray friends have no reason to fear that it would betray them…… Moreover, Sikhs are a brave people. them…… Moreover, Sikhs are a brave people. They know how to safeguard their rights by They know how to safeguard their rights by exercise of arms if it should ever come to thatexercise of arms if it should ever come to that..

Nehru’s address to Sikhs at All Nehru’s address to Sikhs at All India Congress Committee India Congress Committee meeting in Calcutta in 1946meeting in Calcutta in 1946

““The brave Sikhs of Punjab are entitled to special The brave Sikhs of Punjab are entitled to special consideration. I see nothing wrong in an area and consideration. I see nothing wrong in an area and a set-up in the North wherein the Sikhs can a set-up in the North wherein the Sikhs can experience the glow of freedom”experience the glow of freedom”

Resolution in the Constituent Resolution in the Constituent Assembly on December 9, Assembly on December 9,

1946.1946.

““Adequate safeguards would be provided for Adequate safeguards would be provided for minorities in India…It was a declaration, pledge minorities in India…It was a declaration, pledge and an undertaking before the world, a contract and an undertaking before the world, a contract with millions of Indians and, therefore, in the with millions of Indians and, therefore, in the nature of an oath we must keepnature of an oath we must keep.”.”

KHALISTAN MOVEMENTKHALISTAN MOVEMENT

PHASE-I (1947-1980)PHASE-I (1947-1980) Language IssueLanguage Issue Demand for a Punjabi “SUBA” Demand for a Punjabi “SUBA” Diversion of Punjab rivers water in Diversion of Punjab rivers water in violation of Indian Constitution to Non-violation of Indian Constitution to Non-riparian statesriparian states

PHASE-II (1980-1988)PHASE-II (1980-1988) Attack on Golden temple & killing of Attack on Golden temple & killing of Thousands of Sikhs including Bhindranwale Thousands of Sikhs including Bhindranwale in BLUE-STAR Operation were main causes in BLUE-STAR Operation were main causes of Sikh Community’s demand for a separate of Sikh Community’s demand for a separate homeland during this phase.homeland during this phase.

KHALISTAN MOVEMENTKHALISTAN MOVEMENTPHASE-III (1989-To DATE)PHASE-III (1989-To DATE) Indian officials propagate that idea of KhalistanIndian officials propagate that idea of Khalistan

State for Sikh Community has become old story.State for Sikh Community has become old story. But Khalistan Council comprising Sikh Organ.But Khalistan Council comprising Sikh Organ.

has recently reasserted their demand for a sep.has recently reasserted their demand for a sep.

Sikh State & vowed that problem was not over.Sikh State & vowed that problem was not over. Khalistan was idea of first Guru of SikhsKhalistan was idea of first Guru of Sikhs Still popular in rural areasStill popular in rural areas

NORTH EAST INDIANORTH EAST INDIAARUNACHAL PRADESH

MIZORAM

MANIPUR

NAGALAND

MEGHALAYA

ASSAM

TRIPURA

SEP. MOVEMENTS IN NORTH-EAST INDIASEP. MOVEMENTS IN NORTH-EAST INDIA CAUSESCAUSES 1.1. Region is Region is ethnically, linguistically & culturally ethnically, linguistically & culturally

distinct from the rest of India distinct from the rest of India 2.2. Isolation of region from the rest of India. Isolation of region from the rest of India.

“Siliguri Corridor” “Siliguri Corridor” 3.3. Territorial disputes among states and tensions Territorial disputes among states and tensions

between natives and immigrants from other between natives and immigrants from other statesstates

4.4. Apathy of Indian govt. - Illiteracy, poverty and Apathy of Indian govt. - Illiteracy, poverty and lack of economic opportunities lack of economic opportunities

5.5. Presence of Separatist groups in the region with Presence of Separatist groups in the region with conflicting interests conflicting interests

6.6. Historical reasons- Not involved in Indian Historical reasons- Not involved in Indian Struggle – So no loyalty with IndiaStruggle – So no loyalty with India

7.7. Deployment of Indian army under AFSPA to Deployment of Indian army under AFSPA to manage Internal Conflicts escalated the separate manage Internal Conflicts escalated the separate tendencies in the region.tendencies in the region.

8.8. Feeling amongst the people of the area that their Feeling amongst the people of the area that their natural & mineral resources are being utilised by natural & mineral resources are being utilised by other statesother states

9.9. Presence of 4,500 km international border Presence of 4,500 km international border between India and its neighboursbetween India and its neighbours

MAOIST THREATMAOIST THREAT Another popular movement which has massive Another popular movement which has massive

support for its program and ideology. support for its program and ideology. The Maoists have appealed to the senses of the have-The Maoists have appealed to the senses of the have-

nots, poor & dispossessed people, & they have either nots, poor & dispossessed people, & they have either joinedjoined this popular movement or this popular movement or havehave sympathies sympathies with them.with them.

This movement ledThis movement led by Mupala Luxman Rao, was by Mupala Luxman Rao, was triggered in May 1969 in the form of peasant uprising triggered in May 1969 in the form of peasant uprising in West Bengal against big Hindu landlords &in West Bengal against big Hindu landlords & is is gaining momentum in following areas with the gaining momentum in following areas with the passage of time:-passage of time:- West Bengal, Bihar, Western Orissa, West Bengal, Bihar, Western Orissa, JharkhandJharkhand, ,

ChhattisgarhChhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Uttar , Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and several other Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and several other regions.regions.

Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala

SEP. MOVEMENTS IN OTHER PARTSSEP. MOVEMENTS IN OTHER PARTS ARUNACHAL PRADESHARUNACHAL PRADESH

PROPOSED REGION : Teola countryPROPOSED REGION : Teola country

GARO GARO PROPOSED REGION : ACHIKLANDPROPOSED REGION : ACHIKLAND

GONDWANA GONDWANA GONDI STATE (from parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, & Maharashtra)GONDI STATE (from parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, & Maharashtra)

KAMTAPUR KAMTAPUR PROPOSED REGION : KAMTAPURPROPOSED REGION : KAMTAPUR

KARBIKARBI PROPOSED REGION PROPOSED REGION : : KARBI-ANGLONGKARBI-ANGLONG

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA PROPOSED REGIONPROPOSED REGION : : TULU STATE (from parts of Karnataka)TULU STATE (from parts of Karnataka)

TAMIL NADUTAMIL NADU PROPOSED REGION: TAMIL NADUPROPOSED REGION: TAMIL NADU

TELANGANA TELANGANA PROPOSED REGIONPROPOSED REGION : :TELANGANA (from Andhra Pradesh state)TELANGANA (from Andhra Pradesh state)

VIDARBHAVIDARBHAPROPOSED REGIONPROPOSED REGION : : VIDARBHA ( from Maharashtra)VIDARBHA ( from Maharashtra)

IMPLICATIONS ON NEIGHBOURING IMPLICATIONS ON NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES

NE MOVEMENTS & INDO-NE MOVEMENTS & INDO-BAGLADESH BAGLADESH RELATIONSRELATIONS

IMPACT OF MOVEMENTS ON INDO-IMPACT OF MOVEMENTS ON INDO-SINOSINO RELATIONSRELATIONS

CONSEQUENCES OF MOVEMENTS & INDO-CONSEQUENCES OF MOVEMENTS & INDO-MYANMARMYANMAR (BURMA)(BURMA) RELATIONS RELATIONS

MAOIST MOVEMENT & INDO-MAOIST MOVEMENT & INDO-NEPALNEPAL RELATIONSRELATIONS SEP. MOVEMENTS & INDO-SEP. MOVEMENTS & INDO-PAKPAK RELATIONS RELATIONS TAMIL NADU & TAMIL NADU & SRILANKASRILANKA

NE MOVEMENTS & INDO-BAGLADESH NE MOVEMENTS & INDO-BAGLADESH RELATIONSRELATIONS

India blames Bangladesh for flaming sep India blames Bangladesh for flaming sep insurgencies in NE with the help of B.D insurgencies in NE with the help of B.D Islamist groups & collaborationIslamist groups & collaboration of ISIof ISI

CAUSES OF STRAINED RELATIONSCAUSES OF STRAINED RELATIONS1.1. RAW’s continuous interference in internal RAW’s continuous interference in internal

affairs of B.D.affairs of B.D.2.2. India’s concern over presence of trg. India’s concern over presence of trg.

camps in B.D & supply of arms & camps in B.D & supply of arms & ammunitions to sep groups in bordering ammunitions to sep groups in bordering areasareas

3.3. Illegal immigrants & their involvement in Illegal immigrants & their involvement in these insurgencies.these insurgencies.

4.4. India’s patronizing attitude towards B.DIndia’s patronizing attitude towards B.D

IMPACT OF MOVEMENTS ON INDO-IMPACT OF MOVEMENTS ON INDO-SINO RELATIONSSINO RELATIONS

Indian accuses China of continually backing Indian accuses China of continually backing Maoist guerrilla warfare.Maoist guerrilla warfare.

India- secret camps in China to train MaoistsIndia- secret camps in China to train Maoists Another irritant is China’s territorial claim on Another irritant is China’s territorial claim on

Arunchal Pradesh (A.P).Arunchal Pradesh (A.P). China does not recognize A.P nor McMahon China does not recognize A.P nor McMahon

line. Chinese territory occupied by Indialine. Chinese territory occupied by India India regards it as an integral part of India regards it as an integral part of

countrycountry

CONSEQUENCES OF MOVEMENTS & CONSEQUENCES OF MOVEMENTS & INDO-MYANMAR RELATIONSINDO-MYANMAR RELATIONS

Four NE states – A.P, Nagaland, Manipur & Four NE states – A.P, Nagaland, Manipur & Mizoram - share a 1640 k.m long border with Mizoram - share a 1640 k.m long border with Myanmar.Myanmar.

Indian officials- training camps in Myanmar Indian officials- training camps in Myanmar (Burma(Burma))

MAOISTS & INDO-NEPAL RELATIONSMAOISTS & INDO-NEPAL RELATIONS Close relations between Nepali Maoists (Ex-Close relations between Nepali Maoists (Ex-

rebels) & Indian Maoistsrebels) & Indian Maoists Territorial claimsTerritorial claims India claims Nawalparasi district of NepalIndia claims Nawalparasi district of Nepal Nepal claims Kalapani district of IndiaNepal claims Kalapani district of India

SEP. MOVEMENTS & INDO-PAK RELATIONSSEP. MOVEMENTS & INDO-PAK RELATIONS Many issues worsening relations but root cause of Many issues worsening relations but root cause of

conflicts & hatred is Kashmir issueconflicts & hatred is Kashmir issue Over past 60 years, UN resolutions, observers, & Over past 60 years, UN resolutions, observers, &

intellectuals proposed various options:-intellectuals proposed various options:-1)- UN Resolutions: The Plebiscite Option; 1)- UN Resolutions: The Plebiscite Option; 2)- The UN Trusteeship Option;2)- The UN Trusteeship Option;3)- The Partition Option;3)- The Partition Option;

a) - Regional plebiscite (Sir Owen Dixon’s proposals);a) - Regional plebiscite (Sir Owen Dixon’s proposals);b) - Conversion of LOC in to International Border;b) - Conversion of LOC in to International Border;c) - Partition along ethnic / cultural, religious & linguistic lines;c) - Partition along ethnic / cultural, religious & linguistic lines;d) - Trieste-Type Solutiond) - Trieste-Type Solution;;

4)- The Independence Option;4)- The Independence Option;5)- The Irish Model:5)- The Irish Model:6)- The Chenab Formula6)- The Chenab Formula Indian accusation- Pak’s involvement in NE &Indian accusation- Pak’s involvement in NE & Khalistan MovementKhalistan Movement

CONCLUSION (1/2)CONCLUSION (1/2) NORTH-EAST INDIANORTH-EAST INDIA

The neglect policy of central govt. coupled with The neglect policy of central govt. coupled with its inefficiency might pave the way for separation its inefficiency might pave the way for separation of region from Indian Union.of region from Indian Union.

KASHMIRKASHMIRIf Kashmir issue is not resolved, then there is If Kashmir issue is not resolved, then there is every possibility of another war between two every possibility of another war between two nuclear states, which can adversely affect the nuclear states, which can adversely affect the lives of people of whole region in general & of lives of people of whole region in general & of both countries in particular.both countries in particular.

PUNJABPUNJAB The Indian claim that with the demise of Dr. The Indian claim that with the demise of Dr.

Jagged Singh Chohan (the pioneer of Khalistan Jagged Singh Chohan (the pioneer of Khalistan movement) the movement is over is contrary to movement) the movement is over is contrary to facts. It is still popular in rural areas.facts. It is still popular in rural areas.

2/2--- contd. 2/2--- contd. MAOIST THREATMAOIST THREAT

It is biggest threat to Indian Union (Man It is biggest threat to Indian Union (Man Mohan Singh)Mohan Singh)

GENERAL CONCLUSIONGENERAL CONCLUSIONGiven the state of hopelessness amongst Given the state of hopelessness amongst the have-nots in India and the momentum the have-nots in India and the momentum of insurgencies and separatist movements of insurgencies and separatist movements in its different parts coupled with absence in its different parts coupled with absence of impact of of impact of miraculous economic growthmiraculous economic growth to all, especially troubled areas can lead to all, especially troubled areas can lead to a possible Balkanization of the country.to a possible Balkanization of the country.

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONSA)- A)- FOR KASHMIRFOR KASHMIR1.1. Withdrawal of Security forces from Indian held Withdrawal of Security forces from Indian held

Kashmir;Kashmir;2.2. Resumption of dialogue between India & Resumption of dialogue between India &

Pakistan for discussing all outstanding issues, Pakistan for discussing all outstanding issues, particularly Kashmir issue;particularly Kashmir issue;

3.3. Holding of free plebiscite in accordance with Holding of free plebiscite in accordance with UN resolutions;UN resolutions;

4.4. APHC should be recognized as representative APHC should be recognized as representative of the Kashmiri people;of the Kashmiri people;

5.5. Free movement of people & goods between Free movement of people & goods between two parts of Kashmir by removing two parts of Kashmir by removing administrative obstacles.administrative obstacles.

B)- FOR NE- INDIA & OTHER PARTSB)- FOR NE- INDIA & OTHER PARTS

1.1. Instead of accusing & blaming others, India Instead of accusing & blaming others, India should foster close relations with countries should foster close relations with countries bordering North-East India. It should settle its bordering North-East India. It should settle its border disputes with those neighbouring border disputes with those neighbouring countries. countries.

2.2. As Indian Constitution allows the creation of a As Indian Constitution allows the creation of a new state, consequently, where there is demand new state, consequently, where there is demand of a new state on the basis of language, culture or of a new state on the basis of language, culture or ethnicity, the same should be created.ethnicity, the same should be created.

3.3. WWithdrawl of forces from North-East India & other ithdrawl of forces from North-East India & other disturbed regions, & resort to a political solution.disturbed regions, & resort to a political solution.

4.4. Steps to address socio-economic problems of Steps to address socio-economic problems of people of region.people of region.

5.5. More autonomy to states & empowerment of local More autonomy to states & empowerment of local populationpopulation

C)- C)- FOR INDIAN PUNJABFOR INDIAN PUNJAB1.1. Sikh community be given respect, honour, & trust.Sikh community be given respect, honour, & trust.2.2. The issue of diversion of Punjab rivers water in The issue of diversion of Punjab rivers water in

violation of Indian Constitution to bordering Hindu-violation of Indian Constitution to bordering Hindu-dominated non-riparian states should be settled on dominated non-riparian states should be settled on priority basis. priority basis.

3.3. Steps to eradicate massive corruption in Indian Steps to eradicate massive corruption in Indian Punjab.Punjab.

4.4. Neutral & independent high level commission be Neutral & independent high level commission be constituted to thoroughly probe BLUE-STAR constituted to thoroughly probe BLUE-STAR operations for fixing responsibilities of those involved operations for fixing responsibilities of those involved in brutal killing of thousands of Sikhs in cold blood & in brutal killing of thousands of Sikhs in cold blood & attack on Golden Temple.attack on Golden Temple.

5.5. Still there are Sikhs who are in the custody of Still there are Sikhs who are in the custody of Intelligence agencies. They should be released Intelligence agencies. They should be released immediately.immediately.

6.6. Political & administrative reforms (like introduced in Political & administrative reforms (like introduced in Bihar) should be introduced in Punjab as well.Bihar) should be introduced in Punjab as well.

D)-MISC. RECOMMENDATIONSMISC. RECOMMENDATIONS

1.1. Seps to do away with notorious caste-Seps to do away with notorious caste-system- (Legislation);system- (Legislation);

2.2. Effective accountability mechanismEffective accountability mechanism to to control Corruption;control Corruption;

3.3. Diversion of defence budget for Diversion of defence budget for betterment & uplift of people;betterment & uplift of people;

4.4. Tricle down impact of eco. growth to Tricle down impact of eco. growth to troubled areas troubled areas

****************************************

BASIC FACTS ABOUT POP. & LANGUAGESBASIC FACTS ABOUT POP. & LANGUAGES (1/6)(1/6)

NAME OF STATE

POPULATION MAJOR LANGUAGES

Arunchal Pradesh

705,158 Adi, Apatani, Bhoti, Khampti, and Nishi (None of these languages, except Khampti, had any script.)

Nagaland 1,9990,036. Number of tribes-17 (Each tribe speaks its own language). Artificial language known as Nagamese, based on the Assamese language,has evolved as a common link language. Nagamese is not the mother tongue of any of the tribes nor is it a written language

Mizoram 888,573 Mizo language spoken by about 77% of the people is the official language of Mizoram. The minority languages are Chakma, Lakher, Pawi, any Kuki tribes, Hmar, Hindi, Nepali, Paite, etc.

Tripura 3,199,203 The official languages of the state are English, Bengali and Kokborok.

Meghalaya 2,318,822 Khasi, Garo, Hajong, Rabha, Koch, Synteng, Mikir, Bodo Kachari. English is the official language of the State

Assam 26,638,407 Bodos have developed their language in Devanascript. The Deuris, Tiwas & Ravas have adopted the Assamiya script for developing their respective languages.

SOURCE: Dipankar Banerjee, Myanmar and Northeast-India, Delhi Policy Group, Delhi, 1997, p-11.

TARIPURA-POPULATION & % AGE OF MAJOR TRIBESTARIPURA-POPULATION & % AGE OF MAJOR TRIBES

NAME OF THE TRIBE

TOTAL POPULATION

PROPORTION TO THE TOTAL ST POPULATION

All Scheduled Tribes 1,774,026 100%

Naga 1,741,692 98.

Kuki 20,195 1.1

Garo 1,582 0.1

NAGALAND-SCHEDULED TRIBE (ST) POPULATION OF NAGALAND (2/6)

Tripuri 543,848 54.7

Riang 165,103 14.6

Jamatia 74,949 7.5

Chakma 64,293 6.5

Halam (Kuki) 47,245 4.8

Mag 30,385 3.1

Munda 12,416 1.2

SOURCE: Office of the Registrar General, 2001, Census, India

POPULATION OF MAJOR NAGA TRIBES POPULATION OF MAJOR NAGA TRIBES (3/6)(3/6)


Ao 231823 13.2

Sema 241806 13.9

Konyak 243758 14.0

Angami 124696 7.2

Lotha 148210 8.5

Phom 115389 6.6

Chakesang 134646 7.7

Sangtam 83714 4.8

Yimchunger 75983 4.4

Zeliang 71871 4.1

Chang 60885 3.5

MEGHALAYA - SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION MEGHALAYA - SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION (4/6)(4/6)

NAME OF THE TRIBE

TOTAL POPULATION


All Scheduled Tribes 1,992,862 100%

Khasi 1,123,490 56.4

Garo 689,639 34.6

Hajong 31,381 1.6

Rabha 28,153 1.4

Koch 21,381 1.1

Synteng 18,342 0.9

Mikir 11,399 0.6

Any Kuki tribes 10,085 0.5


MIZORAM - SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION MIZORAM - SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION (5/6)(5/6)


NAME OF THE TRIBE

TOTAL POPULATION


All ST Tribes 839,310 100%

Any Mizo (Lushai) Tribes 646,117 77

Chakma 71,282 8.5

Pawi 42,230 5.0

Lakher 36,018 4.3

Any Kuki Tribes 21,040 2.5

Hmar 18,155 2.2

Khasi 1,514 0.2

Any Naga Tribes 1,194 0.1

Synteng 419 **

Dimasa 95 **

Garo 74 **

Mikir 18 **

Man (Tai Speaking) 3 **

ASSAM - SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION ASSAM - SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION (6/6)(6/6)


NAME OF THE TRIBE

TOTAL POPULATION


All STs 1. 3,308,570 100%

Boro 1,352,771 40.9

Miri 587,310 17.8

Mikir 353,513 10.7

Rabha 277,517 8.4

Kachari 235,881 7.1

Lalung 170,622 5.2

Dimasa 110,976 3.4

Deori 41,161 1.2

SEPARATIST GROUPS IN NAGALANDSEPARATIST GROUPS IN NAGALAND (1/2)(1/2) S. No Name of Group /Organisation

01 National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah) - NSCN(IM)

02 National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)- NSCN (K)

03 Naga National Council (Adino) - NNC (Adino)

04 Tripura Liberation Organisation Front (TLOF)

05 United Bengali Liberation Front (UBLF)

06 Tripura Tribal Volunteer Force (TTVF)

07 Tripura Armed Tribal Commando Force (TATCF)

08 Tripura Tribal Democratic Force (TTDF)

09 Tripura Tribal Youth Force (TTYF)

10 Tripura Liberation Force (TLF)

11 Tripura Defence Force (TDF)

12 All Tripura Volunteer Force (ATVF)

13 Tribal Commando Force (TCF)

14 Tripura Tribal Youth Force (TTYF)

15 All Tripura Bharat Suraksha Force (ATBSF)

16 Tripura Tribal Action Committee Force (TTACF)

17 Socialist Democratic Front of Tripura (SDFT)

SEPARATIST GROUPS IN ASSAM - SEPARATIST GROUPS IN ASSAM - (2/2)(2/2) S. No Name of Group /Organisation

01 Bodo Liberation Tigers (BLT)

02 Dima Halom Daogah (DHD)

03 Karbi National Volunteers (KNV)

04 Rabha National Security Force (RNSF)

05 Koch-Rajbongshi Liberation Organisation (KRLO)

06 Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)

07 Karbi People's Front(KPF)

08 Tiwa National Revolutionary Force (TNRF)

09 Bircha Commando Force(BCF)

10 Bengali Tiger Force (BTF)

11 Adivasi Security Force (ASF)

12 All Assam Adivasi Suraksha Samiti (AAASS)

13 Gorkha Tiger Force(GTF)

14 Barak Valley Youth Liberation Front (BVYLF)

15 Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA)

16 Muslim United Liberation Front of Assam (MULFA)

17 Muslim Security Council of Assam (MSCA)

COMPARISON BETWEEN NORTH INDIA AND SOUTH INDIA (1/3)

North India South India

Per capita income Rs. 8433 Rs. 13629

Literacy 59% 74%

Per capital expenditure on public health

Rs.92 Rs.127

Proportion of households with

electricity49% 74%

COMPARISON -COMPARISON -2/32/3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Income(Rs00)

Literacy(%)

Health(Rs) Electricity(%)

North India

South India

The remote tribal lands of Manipur The remote tribal lands of Manipur state are still tilled by oxen (3/3)state are still tilled by oxen (3/3)

THE SEVEN SISTER THE SEVEN SISTER STATESSTATES

MAJOR THREAT -1FREEDOM STRUGGLE

MAJOR THREAT-2THE RED CORRIDOR

MAJOR THREAT-3 SILIGURI CORRIDOR

INDIA’S THREAT PERCEPTION – (2/2)

separatist movements in india by sardar zafar mahmud khan

Education