sepsis: current diagnosis treatment guidelines · 2019-11-22 · • septic shock was redefined as...

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Sepsis: Current Diagnosis & Treatment Guidelines California Academy of PAs: Summer Conference 2019 Gerald Kayingo, PhD. , PAC. University of CaliforniaDavis Be able to recognize & appropriately manage a patient who presents with sepsis Discuss current diagnostic & treatment options for sepsis Be able to prevent nosocomial infections Learning Outcomes: Let us start with a case 80yearold pt brought to the ED confused & fatigued. Patient was well up until one week ago when he complained of frequent urination prompting a visit to his PC who prescribed “some type of antibiotic” and advised him to increase fluids. Last 3 days he has not eaten much (25%), is more fatigued, and per daughter noted to be somewhat confused and unwilling to get out of the bed this am. Past medical history: hypertension, osteoporosis, DM. Initial Vital Signs: » T: 38.0 (100.4) » HR: 114 » RR: 24 » BP: 100/60 » S a O 2 : 96% on room air » Finger Stick: 110 mg/dl (MA)

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Page 1: Sepsis: Current Diagnosis Treatment Guidelines · 2019-11-22 · • Septic shock was redefined as “hypotension not responsive to fluid resuscitation,” with the added requirement

Sepsis: Current Diagnosis &  Treatment Guidelines 

California Academy of PAs: Summer Conference 2019

Gerald Kayingo, PhD. , PA‐C.University of California‐Davis

• Be able to recognize & appropriately manage a patient who 

presents with sepsis

• Discuss current diagnostic & treatment options for sepsis

• Be able to prevent nosocomial infections

Learning Outcomes:

Let us start with a case

• 80‐year‐old pt brought to the ED confused & fatigued. Patient was well up until one week ago when he complained of frequent urination prompting a visit to his PC who prescribed “some type of antibiotic” and advised him to increase fluids. Last 3 days he has not eaten much (25%), is more fatigued, and per daughter noted to be somewhat confused and unwilling to get out of the bed this am. Past medical history: hypertension, osteoporosis, DM.

Initial Vital Signs:» T: 38.0 (100.4) » HR: 114 » RR: 24 » BP: 100/60» SaO2: 96% on room air » Finger Stick: 110 mg/dl (MA)

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• Appearance: confused, moderately lethargic elderly male in NAD.

• Skin: warm, intact, capillary refill 3‐4 sec, no clubbing, cyanosis, or signs of cellulitis

• Heart: tachycardic, regular, S1+S2+, no murmurs.

• Lungs: tachypnea, good air entry bilateral, clear throughout.

• Abdomen: normal bowel sounds, mildly tender flank, bilaterally, no organomegaly. 

• Back and Extremities: no edema, pulses 1+ symmetrical throughout.

• Neurological: GCS 12 with some repetitive questioning, otherwise CN II‐XII intact, sensation 

intact, strength intact 4/5 to upper and lower extremities. No signs of meningitis. 

Physical Exam 

Background • Infections & sepsis are the leading cause of death in non‐cardiac ICUs

• Account for approximately 40% of all ICU expenditures

• Common infectious syndromes in the ICU are: ventilator‐associated pneumonia catheter‐related bloodstream  urinary tract infections. 

• Etiology includes nosocomial and community‐acquired pathogens

What is Sepsis  • Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory  response syndrome that results from an 

infection

Sepsis is defined as a  Life‐threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection

• Septic Shock: Subset of sepsis with circulatory & cellular/metabolic dysfunction associated with higher risk of mortality

Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis‐3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287

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What is Septic Shock?  

• Septic Shock refers to: Subset of sepsis with circulatory & cellular/metabolic dysfunction associated with higher risk of mortality

JAMA. 2016;315(8):801‐810. 

• What is the difference between sepsis and septic shock?Mortality: Septic shock patients have greater risk of mortality 

Definition and Terminology  

• Sepsis definition has  undergone chainages since the inception of standardized definitions in 1991.1

• Definition has shifted away from the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria previously utilized. 2

• 2016, Society of Critical Care Medicine & the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine task force + expert consensus process, agreed on updated definitions.3

• 1. Chest.1992;101(6):1644‐1655. 2.  Crit Care Med.2003;31(4):1250‐2156,  3.  JAMA. 2016;315(8):801‐810

Definition and Terminology  • The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (“Sepsis‐3”) redefined sepsis as “life‐threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.”3

• Septic shock was redefined as “hypotension not responsive to fluid resuscitation,” with the added requirement for vasopressors to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg and a lactate > 2 mmol/L. 

• Definitions were adopted by the 2016 Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock. 4

• 3.  JAMA. 2016;315(8):801‐810, 4Crit Care Med. 2017;45(3):486‐552.

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Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score

Respiration system 

Cardiovascular system (Hypotension, mean arterial pressure MAP)

Nervous system (Glasgow Coma Score)

Liver (Bilirubin mg/dL)

Kidneys (Creatinine or urine output)  

Coagulation (Platelets )

Evolution of Sepsis definition Sepsis Category  Sepsis‐3 2001 Sepsis  CMS SEP‐1

Sepsis  SOFA score ≥ 2 + suspected infection 

2 of 4 SIRS criterial + suspected infection 

2 of 4 SIRS criteria + suspected infection 

Severe Sepsis  Not applicable  Sepsis + Organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion, or hypotension 

Sepsis + sepsis‐induced organ dysfunction 

Septic Shock  Vasopressor requirements to maintain MAP ≥ 65 mm Hg + serum lactate level > 2mmol/L in the absence of hypovolemia 

Sepsis‐induced hypotension persisting after adequate IV fluid resuscitation + presence of perfusion abnormalities or organ dysfunction  

‐Lactate > 4mmol/L‐SBP <90 mmHg, not responsive to fluids  OR‐MAP < 70 mmHg not responsive to IV fluids 

Sepsis  bedside definition 

• Among patients with suspected infection;

• SOFA score ≥ 2 (or a change from baseline ≥  2)

Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score

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quick SOFA (qSOFA) score Bedside assessment tool for sepsis screening 

The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (“Sepsis‐3”) also derived a bedside assessment tool for sepsis screening in patients with infection who are not in intensive care units (ICUs). 

This is called the quick SOFA (qSOFA) score

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Quick SOFA SCORE: qSOFA 

A bedside tool to identify patients with suspected infection who are at greater risk for a poor outcome outside the intensive care

Presence of 2 or more qSOFA points near the onset of infection is associated with a greater risk of death or prolonged intensive care unit stay.

Reference: qSOFA :: What is qSOFA?". www.qsofa.org. Retrieved 2019-07-18

Which Screening Tool to Use

SIRS, SOFA, LODS, qSOFA

SOFA & LODS superior in the ICUqSOFA great outside the ICUSIRS not great, out of favor

What Pathogens Cause Sepsis  

The spectrum of sepsis causing pathogens is rapidly 

changing from predominantly gram‐negative 

organisms to gram‐positive organisms 

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How to Recognize Sepsis  • Common clinical features for sepsis are

• Fever (>38.3 C)• Hypothermia (<36 C)• Heart rate  (>90 bpm)

• Tachypnea 

• Altered mental status 

• Edema 

• Hyperglycemia (plasma glucose >120mg/dL)

How to Recognize Sepsis  • Sepsis causes inflammatory, metabolic, coagulation alterations. Laboratory evaluations may reveal:Leukocytosis (WBC count >12000/µL)Leukopenia (WBC count <4,000/ µL)Plasma C‐reactive protein Plasma procalcitonin 

How to Recognize Sepsis  • Hemodynamic and tissue perfusion changes in a septic patient may includeArterial hypotension Hyperlactatemia (>1 mmol/L)Decreased capillary refill 

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What to do when sepsis is suspected? • When sepsis is suspected, clinicians should rapidly administer broad‐spectrum antibiotics 

• Surviving sepsis campaign bundle recommends the following:Measure and monitor lactate levelObtain blood cultures prior to administration of antibioticsBegin rapid administration of crystalloid to manage  hypotension and elevated lactate (>4 mmol/L)

Apply vasopressors if patient is hypotensive during or after fluid resuscitation to maintain mean arterial  pressure (MAP) ≥65 mm Hg  

Treatment Guidelines & Best Practices 

Sources: Surviving Sepsis Campaign 

Society of critical care medicine 

Recommendations:

Sepsis and septic shock are medical emergencies: It is recommended that treatment and resuscitation begin immediately

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Initial Resuscitation

–Start early‐ (give antibiotics)

–Correct hypovolemia

–Restore perfusion pressureAt least 30ml/kg of intravenous crystalloid fluid be given within the first 3 hours.Additional fluids be guided by  frequent reassessment of hemodynamic status.

Recommendations on Antibiotics • Administration of IV antimicrobials be initiated as soon as possible after recognition and within 1 h for both sepsis and septic shock. 

• Use empiric broad‐spectrum therapy with one or more antimicrobials to cover all likely pathogens.

Recommendations on Antibiotics • Administration of IV antimicrobials be initiated as soon as possible after recognition and within 1 h for both sepsis and septic shock. 

• Use empiric broad‐spectrum therapy with one or more antimicrobials to cover all likely pathogens.

• Recommended that empiric antimicrobial therapy be narrowed once pathogen identification and sensitivities are known

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Recommendations on Antibiotics • Combination therapy should not be routinely used for on‐going treatment of most other serious infections, including bacteremia and sepsis without shock

(Weak recommendation; low quality of evidence)

• Recommended against combination therapy for the routine treatment of neutropenic sepsis/bacteraemia

(Strong recommendation; moderate quality of evidence)

Recommendations on Vasoactive Agents  

• Use norepinephrine as the first choice vasopressor 

Recommendations on Steroids 

• Advised against using intravenous hydrocortisone to treat septic shock patients if adequate fluid resuscitation and vasopressor therapy are able to restore hemodynamic stability.

• If hemodynamic stability is not achievable, then use intravenous hydrocortisone at a dose of 200 mg per day. (Weak recommendation; low 

quality of evidence)

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Recommendations on Glucose Control 

• Start insulin dosing when 2 consecutive blood glucose levels are >180 mg/dL. 

• Target an upper blood glucose level ≤180 mg/dL rather than an upper target blood glucose ≤110 mg/dL.

• Monitor glucose values every 1 to 2 hrs until stable 

Recommendations on Nutrition  

Advise against the administration of early parenteral nutrition 

alone or parenteral nutrition in combination with enteral 

feedings (but rather initiate early enteral nutrition) in critically 

ill patients with sepsis or septic shock who can be fed enterally. 

Key Points • Sepsis is a prevalent  life‐threatening condition  and a leading cause of death globally 

• Sepsis results when the body’s response to infection causes life‐threatening organ 

dysfunction. 

• Septic shock is sepsis that results in tissue hypoperfusion, hypotension and elevated 

lactate levels

• Sepsis management is complicated requiring early recognition, management of 

infection, hemodynamic issues, and other organ dysfunctions

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Key Points • Important to start resuscitation early with source control, 

intravenous fluids & antibiotics.

• Frequently assess patients’ volume status throughout the 

resuscitation period. 

• Guide resuscitation to normalize lactate in patients with 

elevated lactate levels as a marker of tissue hypoperfusion

Key Resources 

• European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) 

• The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC)

Let us Revisit Our Case

80‐year‐old pt brought to the ED confused & fatigued. Patient was well up until one week ago when he complained of frequent urination prompting a visit to his PC who prescribed “some type of antibiotic” and advised him to increase fluids. Last 3 days he has not eaten much (25%), is more fatigued, and per daughter noted to be somewhat confused and unwilling to get out of the bed this am. Past medical history: hypertension, osteoporosis, DM2.

Initial Vital Signs:» T: 38.0 (100.4) » HR: 114 » RR: 24 » BP: 100/60» SaO2: 96% on room air » Finger Stick: 110 mg/dl (MA)

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• Appearance: confused, moderately lethargic elderly male in NAD.

• Skin: warm, intact, capillary refill 3‐4 sec, no clubbing, cyanosis, or signs of cellulitis

• Heart: tachycardic, regular, S1+S2+, no murmurs.

• Lungs: tachypnea, good air entry bilateral, clear throughout.

• Abdomen: normal bowel sounds, mildly tender flank, bilaterally, no organomegaly. 

• Back and Extremities: no edema, pulses 1+ symmetrical throughout.

• Neurological: GCS 12 with some repetitive questioning, otherwise CN II‐XII intact, sensation 

intact, strength intact 4/5 to upper and lower extremities. No signs of meningitis. 

Physical Exam 

• What are you going to do in the first five 5 mins?

• What labs are you going to order?

• What are your treatment goal?

Management of this Patient?

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Acknowledgements  

European Society of Intensive Care Medicine and the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) 

The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC)

UC Davis Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing