sergey l. bud’ko...second-order phase transitions –continuous in the first derivative –exhibit...
TRANSCRIPT
Novel Materials and Ground States
Thermal analysis –
heat capacity
590B F09
Sergey L. Bud’ko
Detour –
phase transitions of 2 ½
order
Heat capacity
(Сергей Леокадьевич Будько)
Novel Materials and Ground States
2 ½
order phase transition
First-order phase transitions–exhibit a discontinuity in the first derivative
of the free energy with a thermodynamic variable.
Second-order phase transitions–continuous in the first derivative–exhibit discontinuity in a second derivative
of the free energy.
Paul Ehrenfest:
Novel Materials and Ground States
2 ½
order phase transitionaka: electronic topological transition (ETT), Lifshitz
transition
also:
Novel Materials and Ground States
2 ½
order phase transition
electronic DOS
parameter:
thermodynamic potential
T=0, no scattering
Novel Materials and Ground States
2 ½
order phase transition
low temperature, no scattering
ALSO other control parameters
Li-Mg alloy
Novel Materials and Ground States
2 ½
order phase transition
LSCO high-Tc
SC
QCP in heavy fermions
New box –
the same good old taste
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity
Cp
= (dQ/dT)p
= T(∂S/∂T)p
Q –
heat, S -
entropy
Cv
= (dQ/dT)v
= T(∂S/∂T)v
Cp
– Cv
= TVβ2/kT
β
–
volume thermal expansion, kT
–
isothermal volume compressibility
For solids Cp
~ Cv
Usually we measure Cp
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?
* Useful knowledge for useful (structural) materials –
how easy to cool down
* To learn something about electrons and phonons
T -> 0:
Cp
= γT + βT3
(no magnetism)
γ
~ N(0)(1 + λ) -
electronic density of states
λ
-
measure of e-e
(and e-ph) interactions, m*/m0
= (1 + λ)
γ
> 400 mJ/mol K2
–
“heavy fermions”
–
an enormous, separate research field that entertains number of us
ΘD
= (1944/β)1/3
-
Debye temperature
(use right units)
tells you something about stiffness of the lattice, helps to understand BCS superconductors [Tc
~ ΘD
exp(-1/N(0)V)]
Novel Materials and Ground States
Lattice heat capacity –
Debye and Einstein
Einstein –
single frequency
Debye –
elastic continuum
(T << ΘD
)
(T >> ΘD
)
Novel Materials and Ground States
Lattice heat capacity –
Debye and Einstein
Debye
Einstein
One can also use realistic phonon DOS and calculate Cp
Einstein Debye
Blackman “realistic”
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?
•To learn something about magnons
Ferro (ferri) magnets
isotropic
anisotropic
Antiferromagnets
isotropic
anisotropic
And need to remember contributions from electrons and phonons: Cp
= γT + βT3
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?
•To learn something about superconductors
Cs
~ exp(-1.76Tc
/T) BCS
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?
•To learn something about superconductors
BCS value (3.53)
phenomenological (1970s)α-model:2Δ0
/kB
Tc
–
fitting parameter;temperature dependence of SC gap –
BCS;can calculate thermodynamic properties.
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?
•To learn something about superconductors MgB2
Two-gap superconductor
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?
•To learn something about superconductors MgB2
Two-gap superconductor
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?
•To learn something about superconductors
BCS superconductors with paramagnetic impurities
BCS
PM impurities La-Gd
jump in specific heat
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?
•To learn something about superconductorsIron-arsenides
ΔCp
~ Tc3
Smart person might be able to make sense out of this
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?•To learn something about crystal electric field (Schottky
anomaly)
maximum:
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?•To learn something about spin glasses
Scaling hypothesis
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?•To learn something about spin glasses
1/T
Tmax
~ 1.5 Tf
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
WHY?•To learn something about magnetic transitions
HoNi2
B2
C
Also can play entropy game and evaluate degeneracy of the ground
state
ΔSm
= R ln N
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•relaxation (QD PPMS)
simple
more realistic
fit with two exponents
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•relaxation (QD PPMS)
calibrated heater and thermometer
sophisticated temperature control and fitting software
need to measure addenda (platform + grease) every time
need to calibrate heater and thermometer in magnetic field
need to shape your sample
vertical 3He platform may oscillate in magnetic field
remember about torque
assembly is fragile
measurements take long time
not good for 1st
order phase transitions
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•ac modulation
τ1
–
sample to bath;
τ2
–
response time of the sample
if
τ2
<< 1/w << τ1
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•ac modulation
after Andreas Rydh
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•ac modulation Commercial chips
with membrane
(this is a commercial thermal conductivity gauge)
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•ac modulation Commercial chips
with membrane
you are invited to play with it…
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•ac modulation
after Andreas Rydh
differential cell
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•ac modulation
after Andreas Rydh
differential cell
need to have (at least primitive) thin film technology and lithography
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•ac modulation
fast
scalable, good for small sample
accurate (relative measurements)
easy to put on rotator
can use e.g. in pressure cells
hard to get absolute values
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•ac modulation –
under pressure
Novel Materials and Ground States
Heat capacity –
HOW?•ac modulation –
under pressure
Bridgman cell-heater and thermometer are at ambient pressure
for DAC –
laser heating with thermocouple as sensor
Novel Materials and Ground Statesafter Andreas Rydh
Novel Materials and Ground States
Reading: Quantum Design Manual and refs therein
E.S.R. Gopal, Specific heats at low temperatures.
A.Tari, Specific heat of matter at low temperatures.
T.H.K. Barron and G.K. White, Heat capacity and thermal expansion at low temperatures.
Review of Scientific Instruments –
search on “heat capacity…”