service-life engineering examples for new and existing...
TRANSCRIPT
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Service-Life Engineering Examples for New and Existing Bridges
Paul G. Tourney, P.E.Neal S. Berke, Ph.D., FACI, FASTM
Tourney Consulting GroupKalamazoo, MI
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Key Industry Trends
• Service life requirements and extensions
• Design-build contracts (Not always low bid)
• Design-build-operate contracts
• New technologies in market– Reinforcing systems (coated, alloy, and non-metallic) – Surface treatments– Inhibitors– SCMs and blended systems
• Industry moving from prescriptive to performance- based specifications
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Service Life Engineering
• Drives innovation within industry
• Effective to sort through wide range of protection systems (past, present, and future)
• Necessary to implement comprehensive performance- based specifications
• Excellent tool for asset management programs
• Validated modeling tools are available
• Require increased (not decreased) understanding of materials
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Time
Det
erio
ratio
n
Cor
rosi
on
ASRCo
mbi
ned
Sulfate AttackDEF
Deterioration Mechanisms
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Service Life Simulation
Time
Dam
age
(Cos
t)
Transport of chlorides
Corrosion Initiation
Initial physical damage Repair
event reduces damage
End of Economic Service Life
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Initiation Propagation Repair
Economic Limit
Barrier system life
Potential End of Operational Service Life
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End of Serviceability
NewConstruction
ChlorideContamination
Period
CorrosionInitiation
CorrosionDamage
TIME
Dam
age
Service Life Performance(Base Case)
Ref. Tuutti
X
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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End of Serviceability Repairs
NewConstruction
ChlorideContamination
Period
CorrosionInitiation
CorrosionDamage
I
TIME
Dam
age
3
2
Service Life Performance(Repetitive Repair Case)
Ref. Tuutti
X
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Repair
NewConstruction
Extended ChlorideContamination
Period
CorrosionInitiation
CorrosionDamage
RepairedCondition
TIME
Dam
age
Ref. Tuutti
End of Serviceability
Service Life Performance(Protection and Repair Case)
X
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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NewConstruction
Extended ChlorideContamination
Period
CorrosionInitiation
SlowerCorrosionDamage
TIME
Dam
age
Ref. Tuutti
End of Serviceability
Service Life Performance(High Level Protection Case)
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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New Durability Design Methodology
DesignService Life Objectives
Local ExposuresLocal Materials
DesignService Life Objectives
Local ExposuresLocal Materials
Construction
Assess VariationQA / QC
Construction
Assess VariationQA / QC
BiddingEvaluationSelection
BiddingEvaluationSelection
Value Engineering
ProposalsEvaluationsApprovals
Value Engineering
ProposalsEvaluationsApprovals
Service Life
Modeling
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Simplified History of SLM
Gut Feel
ExcelDatasheets
Hand Calculation
s
Empirical Spreadsheet
s•Grace•Virginia Tech•Many Others
DuraModel®Life 365Version 1.0
DuraPGulf
Life 365Version 2.0
ConcreteWork s
4SightNIST
STADIUM®
SIMCO
Fickian Models
Multiple Mechanism Models
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Concrete Testing (Durability)Resistance-Based Testing Criteria w/o SLM
• Resistance is not permeability.
• How are wet – dry exposures addressed?
• How are admixtures that modify hydrophobic properties or reduce electrical resistance considered?
• How are innovations supported?? (D-B and D-B-O Contracts)
– New rebar types (12 types of SS, 3 types of ECR, Galvanized, Alloys, etc.)
– New admixtures, new SCMs, new surface technologies
• How are these tests alone supporting “real” performance –based specifications?
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Concrete Testing (Durability)Diffusion-Based Testing Criteria for SLM
• Resistance tests do not determine permeability.
• ASTM C1556 Bulk Diffusion– Saturated concrete exposures only
– Field determinations questionable at best (possible to determine two or more De for same concrete)
• How are admixtures that modify hydrophobic properties or reduce electrical resistance considered?
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Concrete Testing (Durability)Multiple Mechanistic Testing Criteria for SLM
• Porosity determines permeable voids (ASTM C642)
• Ion migration determine multiple ion species diffusion in saturated concrete (Modified ASTM C1202)
• Drying Test (Modified ASTM E96) determine moisture transport.
• Pore solution determination or estimation (per NIST) provides electroneutrality and binding parameters.
• How are admixtures that modify hydrophobic properties or reduce electrical resistance considered?
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Transport Testing:• Porosity
• Ion Migration
• Moisture Transport
• Pore Solution Chemistry
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Modified ASTM Test Methods
ASTM E96M
ASTM C1202
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Concrete MaterialsCement / SCM Chemistry
AggregatesAdmixtures
Concrete MaterialsCement / SCM Chemistry
AggregatesAdmixtures
Reinforcing SystemBlack Steel
CoatedGalvanized
Alloys
Reinforcing SystemBlack Steel
CoatedGalvanized
Alloys
Transport PropertiesMoisture
Ion DiffusivityBinding
ASR SusceptibilityF/T Resistance
Transport PropertiesMoisture
Ion DiffusivityBinding
ASR SusceptibilityF/T ResistanceElement Geometry
Concrete CoverCorners and Joints
Element GeometryConcrete Cover
Corners and Joints
Surface TreatmentsSealers and Coatings
Overlays
Surface TreatmentsSealers and Coatings
Overlays
Exposure ConditionsCl-, SO4 , Alkali Loading
MoistureTemperatures
Exposure ConditionsCl-, SO4 , Alkali Loading
MoistureTemperatures
Corrosion Initiation Modeling
Corrosion InitiationModeling
STADIUM®STADIUM®
Life 365Life 365
OtherOther
Engineering Assessment
• Propagation• Damage Index• Iterations• Life Cycle
Cost Analysis• Recommend
Service Life Engineering Process
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Sakonnet River Bridge, RIDOT
75 Year Service Life Requirement:• Localized Stainless Steel• Localized Galvanized Steel• Localized Corrosion Inhibitor
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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East End Bridge, KYDOT
100 Year Service Life Requirement:• Localized Stainless Steel• High Performance Membrane• Micro Composite Alloy
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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Ford Island Bridge, Pearl Harbor, HI
Construction Variance Problems • Initiated Performance Specification• Require Service Life Modeling
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U.S. Navy Marine Concrete Specification
UFGS-03 31 29
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Pier 5 – Portsmouth, VA
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Engineer: Moffatt NicholContractor: SkanskaPrecast Concrete: Bayshore Precast ProductsRM Concrete: Commercial Ready Mix Products
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University of Kentucky
U.S. Navy Modular Hybrid Pier (MHP)
P-B Specifications and SLE
U. S. Department of State Embassy Projects
Abu DhabiDubaiRowandaAstana, KazDjibouitEcuadorSenegal
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Cleveland Clinic – Abu Dhabi
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Service Life Engineering (Existing Structures)
• Requires a quality condition assessment– Detailed exposure profiles
• Moisture
• Contamination
– Understanding of in-place concrete properties• Transport properties (including resistivity)
– Corrosion survey
• Review of potential options for repair
• Conduct service life modeling
• Life-Cycle Analysis and Recommendations
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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71 Bridges, City of St. Louis
Asset Management Program
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Sometimes it is obvious there is no modeling needed.
Engineering towards replacement or cathodic protection is required.
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Validation Testing of Protection Options
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Cathodic Protection System Options
Galvanic Anode
Impressed Current
Spray Arc Metalizing
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Summary• Service life requirements is a growing trend.
• Design-Build contracts need service life engineering.
• Service life engineering can be the basis of innovation, performance-based specifications, and asset management programs.
• Material science understanding will be required. No simple solutions to complex situations.
• Service life modeling techniques exist with a varying level of detail and complexity.
• New construction and maintenance of existing structures are using this engineering process.
AASHTO – T9 – Norfolk, VA , May 16, 2011
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3401 Midlink DriveKalamazoo, MI 49048
(269)384-9980www.tourneyconsulting.com
Paul Tourney ([email protected])Dr. Neal Berke ([email protected])