servicing &technology october 1988/$2€¦ · deluxe carrying case ca -92 $9.95 new! scope...

The how-to magazine of electronics... AN INTERTEC PUBLICATION

Servicing &Technology OCTOBER 1988/$2.50

Servicing VCR servo systems Locating ESD hazards

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, 3871061287123

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Intermittents. We Hear You. Introducing The Heavy -Duty DMM With An Audible

Readout That Lets You Keep Both Eyes On The Job.

Intelligent design and solid construction make the new HD 150 Series the best DMMs in their class.

They're the latest in a distinguished line that began when Beckman Industrial pioneered heavy-duty DMMs with their distinctive yellow color. Many competitors have since imitated that color. As for

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The HD 150 Series attains new levels of

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Auto -ranging. Slim -styled for one - hand comfort and convenience. With auto -off to prolong battery life. Plus 2 fuses, PTC resistor and MOV for unsurpassed overload protection.

Audible readout. A "sound" reason to go with the HD 150

Series With this unique feature on the HD 153, you measure parame- ters by listening to a continuous variable tone. As the parameter you measure rises or falls, the tone's frequency increases or decreases,

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ideal for peaking and nulling, toa

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TIME

Intermittent alert. A key application of audible readout. The HD 153 pinpoints

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Logic function. The HD 153 detects Auto -ranging

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Easy to use. The HD 150

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A tilt -stand and Skyhook let you set or hang the DMM almost anywhere.

Built tough to work hard. The 111) 150

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Listening is believing. For a hands-on demo, see your distributor now. Learn why the HD 150 Series is the soundest DMM value

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Key Specifications

HD 151 HD 152 110 153

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Onc. © 1988 Beckman Industrial Corporation Specifications subject to change without notice Calm( is a registered trademark of General Electric Corporation.

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Contents

Page 10

FEATURES 10 A VCR repair case history-

the sequel By Victor Meeldijk If you've been servicing VCRs for long, you probably realize that a great number of VCR problems are mechanical, not electronic 70% of them, according to one repair shop. And one of the worst culprits is the rewind mechanism failure.

18 Servicing VCR servo systems By Stephen J. Miller Servo problems are easy to troubleshoot, right? They never do something like auto-stop before you can make a measurement. If only it were that easy. Try this servo diagostic device-it allows you to troubleshoot faster, easier and more accurately.

42 Prevention special Locating ESD hazards By Dan C. Anderson You might not think a little thing like a spark would have that big an effect on electronics, especially the sparks you can't even feel. It might surprise you to know that if you can feel a spark, it's packing at least a 3,500V punch. Can that

The how-to magazine of electronics...

GIGOTIIOA1O,

EASE ó j Goldst

GHV-12

The complaint with this VCR (see it was shutting itself off. On the test that the capstan was not running durin se yet

theine

unitt ,Would fast -forward or

Page 18

affect electronic components? You

bet-as little as 100V can cause failure in some devices.

46 Prevention special Preventive maintenance: Cleaning supplies for computer maintenance By Gil O'Brien. Computers are going to break down, especially if they aren't given a periodic cleaning. Whether you're doing routine maintenance on someone else's machine or you just want to keep your own up and running, there are certain supplies that can make the job easier for you and safer for the computer.

53 Build your own microwave oven test bottle By Donald P Hopkins If you've got a 1 -quart juice bottle and a couple of NE -2 lamps, you can rig up a quick way to check the radiation pattern inside a microwave oven.

DEPARTMENTS 4 Editorial

6 News

16 Technology The 16Mbit DRAM

17 Test Your Electronics Knowledge

31 Profax

Volume 8, No. 10 October 1988

6

49

50

52

56

58

60

62

64

66

68

Troubleshooting Tips

What Do You Know About Electronics? Thevenin's theorem

Books/Photofact

Products

Feedback

Audio Corner Servicing the compact disc player-Part I

Computer Corner Interfacing computers to the analog world-Part V

Video Corner Elements of video optics-Part III

Readers' Exchange

Advertisers' Index

ON THE COVER All those little moving parts in a VCR may look like alien territory to most electronics servicers. In fact, mechanical problems are the cause of a majority of VCR failures. The two most common problems-dirty heads and rewind mechanism failures-are mechanical problems any VCR servicer should be able to handle. (Concept and design by Barbara Miles, graphic designer.)

2 Electronic Servicing & Technology October 1988

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Editorial

What's the problem

with electronics

product design?

The audio system in my Japanese - made car is great. The sound is everything you could possibly want in a car audio system. It has AM/FM stereo with station seek, a stereo cassette with auto reverse and automatic program search. Wonderful. And I can preprogram up to five stations on both AM and FM so that, with a touch of a button, I have whatever station I want.

So what's the problem? Well, operating an auto radio has to be a tactile operation. In every other car I've owned, to operate the radio I would just lean over, eyes still on the road, and find the volume control, tuning knob or station preset buttons by touch.

The sound system in my new car is so wonderfully sleek that all the controls but the on/off/volume are electronic push buttons, mounted flush with the surface of the radio. When I reach over to change the station or perform some other operation, keeping my eyes on the road, I get no tactile clues at all. Even worse, if I touch the radio to try to get a clue, I might push one of the station preset buttons I didn't mean to push. Or the AM/FM selector button. Or one of the station tuning buttons.

So I find myself looking at the radio when I should be concentrating on the road. Unfortunately, the radio isn't really well -designed visually. Oh, it looks great, but no matter how many times I operate it I have to think about what I'm doing and what buttons to push. And as flat and sleek as the instrument panel is, when I'm driving down a normal city street with normal bouncing around, it's hard to get my finger on the right button because there's no place to rest my hand while tuning.

So is the current crop of consumer electronics not well designed? The answer is probably yes and no, depending on your point of view.

Take VCRs, for example. Many people think they're too complicated-a lot of consumers can't even hook them up. Once they are hooked up, a lot of consumers can't take full advantage of their marvelous features. The move toward using bar codes for programming a VCR to record a TV program is being made because thousands-perhaps millions- of people don't know how to operate the programming buttons on their VCRs.

The cry is to keep all the features but simplify the controls so that they're easier to operate and understand. No doubt there's merit in that. On the other hand, the very nature of the operation is that it's complex.

No doubt it's possible for the manufacturer to design products better in order to simplify some of these operations, but there's no getting around the fact that the more things a product is capable of doing, the more complex its operation will be. In the final analysis, then, it's not only that the machine is complicated but that the operating environment is complex as well. The machine is simply a reflection of that environment.

Consumer electronics manufacturers probably will be able to simplify the operation of their products-after all, the auto manufacturers did when they invent- ed automatic shift and other automatic controls. Still, when you ask a product to do a lot of things, it necessarily be- comes complex and complex to use, so not all of the blame should be placed on the shoulders of the manufacturers.

But let's not let the manufacturers off too easily. In many cases, they opt for the elegant electronics approach to manufacturing a product, which is not necessarily the best approach for the people who operate it. The "solution" to this problem probably rests with technological evolution. The complaints of consumers will no doubt prompt manufacturers to take steps to reduce the complexity of their products where possible and to consider the user and the conditions of use when engineering today's consumer -electronics technological marvels. Consumers also will gradually become more conversant with the in- tricacies of these devices.

In the meantime, servicing technicians are the people in the middle. You're probably going to run into situations where a customer calls you out for a "broken" VCR and you get to explain about the TV/VCR button. And of course, there will be those customers who think you personally designed these "dumb things." All you can do is what servicers always do-hope your next call is for a nice, intermittent TV shutdown problem.

_ 1 1


FLUKE AND PHILIPS - THE GLOBAL ALLIANCE IN TEST & MEASUREMENT

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How to rescue yourself from a landslide of

microprocessor board failures. Complementing traditional troubleshooting tools, the Fluke 9010A can help decrease your board repair times by 55-80%.

You've got your oscilloscopes, your logic analyzers and your signature analyzers. But Fluke offers a better way to troubleshoot: the tool you'll reach for most. It's the 9010A Troubleshooter, a versatile board tester that's so easy to use, you can start testing the very first day.

The Fluke 9010A has a proven track record in saving repair time and substantially reducing board float. In fact, it has become the microprocessor repair tool of choice for over 2800 companies worldwide, including the leading computer and electronics manufacturers.

Test the easy way: from the microprocessor socket.

To begin board repair, remove the microprocessor from its socket and insert the interface pod connector in its place. Each

element of the microprocessor kernel (the bus, ROM, RAM and I/O) can be tested with a few simple commands.

Fluke's patented emulation technology offers real time testing and complete vis-

ibility throughout the circuit. This lets you test even the tough problem areas, including DMA, disk, video, communications and peripheral controllers. All diagnostic mes- sages are presented in simple -to -understand English.

Comprehensive support from Fluke.

The 9010A supports over 50 micro- processors (including 180X, 6502, 680X, 680XX, 803X, 804X, 805X, 808X, 874X, 80X86, 9900, Z80, Z800X, 8751). And it is

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In addition to the 9010A, the leader in emu- lative board test technology also offers the 9100A Digital Test System for a fully automated repair solution; plus the 90 Series, a

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© Copyright 1988 John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc.

All rights reserved. Ad No O181-F9O1O.

JLJ J

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The 9010A Microsystems

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FLUKE Circle (5) on Reply Card

The how-to magazine of electronics...

News

Tektronix launches seminar schedule Tektronix has announced the

Measurement Application Series, a series of educational seminars designed to introduce test -and -measurement engineers and technicians to new technology and applications. Tektronix has prepared two of the seminars, which will cover the 2445B, 2465B and 2467B analog scopes and the DSO series of portable scopes.

For more information, contact the company at P.O. Box 500, Beaverton, OR 97077; 800 -TEK -WIDE, extension 3028.

Tegam solicits application information

Tegam is looking for information about special applications including the results of using the company's electrical and thermometric test meters. Customers can send two paragraphs describing the application and results, along with a reproducible 35mm photo of the application. If the application is accepted, the customer will be given the choice of a cash amount or a substan- tial percentage off the list price of any unit Tegam manufactures in exchange for the right to use that application.

EIA supports HDTV compatibility The Electronic Industries Association

Committee on Advanced Television (EIA ATV) has agreed that any system adopted for high -definition TV (HDTV) should be compatible with the current NTSC system now in operation in the United States. The committee has also agreed that the NTSC signal received by the home viewer must not be degraded by the HDTV system, and that the transition to HDTV must be smooth in order to protect both consumers' and broad- casters' investments.

Reader's survey predicts sales A recent Better Homes and Gardens

Consumer Panel survey of subscribers found that 12 % of the respondents own a portable video camera but 20% intend to buy one. Among those who intend to buy a portable video camera, 36% plan the purchase within the next year; 64 %

say it will be one to two years from now. The panel is composed of 1,000

subscribers who are demographically representative of the 7.4 million Better

Homes and Gardens magazine subscribers.

EIA/CEG plans HPL demonstration The Electronic Industries Associa-

tion's Consumer Electronics Group (EIA/CEG) Engineering Department and its Standards Committee will demonstrate a new technology, home products link or HPL, in a variety of home appliances. The demonstration will be held in booth number PT -13 at the 1989 Winter Consumer Electronics Show.

HPL is a communications standard developed for home automation. The standard has three aspects: the media, which are the physical carriers of the message; a control language, which will tell the appliance what to do; and an application language to allow products of different manufacturers to work together.

The 1989 Winter Consumer Elec- tronics Show will be held Jan. 7-10 at the Las Vegas Convention Center and surrounding hotels. For more information, contact the EIA/CEG at 2001 Eye St. N.W. , Washington, DC 20006; 202-457-4919.

UL proposes standards Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is

proposing two updated standards for recognition as American National Stan- dards by the American National Stan- dards Institute (ANSI). UL 961, the updated Standard for Safety for Hobby and Sports Equipment, covers electrically powered hobby and sports equipment rated 25OV or less. These requirements cover equipment intended for the home entertainment and amusement of adults. UL 1283, the updated Standard for Safe- ty for Electromagnetic Interference Fil- ters, covers EMI filters connected to 600V or lower potential circuits, including facility filters, cord -connected filters, direct plug-in filters and appliance filters used to attenuate unwanted radio - frequency signals generated from electromagnetic sources. UL is seeking review and comment to help develop a consensus upon which continued recognition of the standards can be based. Contact L.M. Cohen at UL, 333 Pfing- sten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096 (312-272-8800, ext. 2692) for a free copy. 65 v

ELEOTRODjO Servicing &Technology

Electronic Servicing & Technology is the "how-to" magazine for technicians who service consumer electronics equipment. This includes service technicians, field service personnel and avid servicing en- thusiasts who repair and maintain audio, video, computer and other consumer electronics equipment.

EDITORIAL

Nils Conrad Persson, Editor Carl Babcoke, Consumer Servicing Consultant Tom Cook, Senior Managing Editor Alisa Carter, Associate Editor Kathy Mickelson, Editorial Assistant James McWard, Editorial Assistant

CONSULTING EDITORS Homer L. Davidson, TV Servicing Consultant Christopher H. Fenton, Circuit Fabrication Consultant Victor Meeldijk, Components Consultant Kirk G. Vistain, Audio Consultant Sam Wilson, Electronics Theory Consultant

ART Kevin Callahan, Creative Director Barbara Miles, Graphic Designer

BUSINESS

Cameron Bishop, Group Vice President Eric Jacobson, Publisher Greg Garrison, Sales Manager Stephanie Hanaway, Promotions Manager Kelly Hawthorne, Promotions Coordinator Dee Unger, Advertising Business Manager Catherine Grave, Advertising Coordinator

ADVERTISING Regional advertising sales offices are listed in

classified pages.

ADMINISTRATION R.J. Hancock, President Doug Reimer, Circulation Vice President Jane J. Powell, Circulation Director Jo Ann DeSmet, Fulfillment Manager Barbara Clare, Reader Correspondent e Member, Audit Bureau

of Circulation

, nP Member, American rn Business Press

Member, Electronic

jNESDA Servicing Dealers Association

CORRESPONDENCE

Editorial, advertising and circulation correspondence should be addressed to: P.O. Box 12901, Overland Park. KS

66212-9981 (a suburb of Kansas City, MO); 913-888-4664. Home office fax: 913-888-7243. Home office telex: 42-4156 INTERTEC OLPK

SUBSCRIPTION PRICES: one year, $19.49; two years, $32.98 in the USA and its possessions. Foreign countries: one year,

$23.49; two years, $36.98. Single copy price: $2.50; back copies, $3.00. Adjustment necessitated by subscription termination to single copy rate. Allow 6 to 8 weeks for new

subscriptions.

PHOTOCOPY RIGHTS: Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use Is granted by intertec Publishing Corp. for libraries and others registered with Copyright Clearance Cen- ter (CCC), provided the base fee of $2 per copy of article Is paid directly to CCC, 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970.

Special requests should be addressed to Eric Jacobson, publisher. ISSN 0278-9922 $2.00 + 0.00

Electronic Servicing 8 Technology (ISSN 0278-9922) is pub- lished monthly for $19.49 per year by intertec Publishing Corp., 9221 Ouivira Road, Overland Park, KS 66215. Second- class postage paid at Shawnee Mission, KS and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to ELECTRONIC SERVICING & TECHNOLOGY, P.O. Box 12960,

Overland Park, KS 66212.

©1988 All rights reserved. atmac arm


SPIKES, SAGS & SURGES

WAVEFORM\tiIT SFIK

SURGE

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MODEL LAS -800 $699.85

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Digital scopes with a nU1 9.0881) t,T =0.0.5 ALM.' 0.212U cU2=0.80U SAUE cU2.0.001.1 f-7----^ *-3- E-; 1--- tttttrtrttttt,_

0.1C 26 SAMPLE 10.s

t,T=163.0.5 oU1.0.212U aT=256.4.5 SAUE AU2.0.08U SAUE

x

JIM. 0.88.1U t,T=358.7.5 oU2 4.8aU SAUE

,e}'tttt

{, 1 I I I rARWA.. ffflArAr!,.....N(NI ILlfI,f U !.((il. r---- X

ley lek 0.1E SAMPLE 18.5 0.1E SAMPLE 10.5

lek ek SAMPLE 10.5

Give up real-time capability for storage? Not with Tek! That's because analog capability is integral to low-cost Tek digital storage oscilloscopes. So you need only one instrument to make all your measurements efficiently. With no trade-offs.

It's another Tek advantage: analog and digital in one familiar, affordable package.

Select either mode at the

push of a button. With digital storage you can capture events which

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to see on conventional scopes.

Pre and post trigger events. Fast transients.

Copyright e, 1988. Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. TAD -903A

Single -shot events. Elusive glitches. Low -speed phenomena.

Four screen photos spliced end to end illustrate the benefit of full four -screen capture using the 2230's 4K record length.

Any waveform can be viewed for as long as you like. Or stored in 4K of memory for later analysis or comparison to other waveforms. And if

there's a question about a digital measurement, just push a button for real-time display analysis.

Mllt UlIs.IAL ÿl UHA(:L U.=I:ILI_USI;UI't I

real-time advantage. The affordable portables. These are the world's best-selling digital storage oscilloscopes. And with the new 50 MHz Tek 2210 joining the family, there's now an even better selection -in bandwidth, performance and price.

Select for advanced features such as 100 ns glitch capture at any sweep speed, CRT readout, measurement cursors, multiple acquisition modes and hardcopy output, plus optional GPIB or RS -232C interfaces and software.

These scopes are perfect for first-time digital users. And sea- soned operators will appreciate even more their versatility, convenience and value. All backed

CURSORS SPIA Y ONNff I áSAYF flFf

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ELR

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Features

Bandwidth

2230 2221 2220 2210

100 MHz 60 MHz 60 MHz 50 MHz

Max. Sam- pling Speed

20 MS/s 20 MS/s 20 MS/s 20 MS/s

Vertical Resolution

8-12 bits 8-10 bits 8 bits 8 bits

Record Length

4K 4K 4K 4K

Glitch Capture 100 ns 100 ns 100 ns No

CRT Readout/ Cursors

Yes Yes No No

GPIB/RS-232-C Options

Yes Yes Yes No

Warranty 3 -years on labor and parts including CRT

Price $4995 $3995 $2995 $2395

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Each scope offers a range of capabilities you'd expect to find only in much more expensive instruments.

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TéJctronbc COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE


A VCR repair case history the sequel By Victor Meeldijk

Becoming an electronics servicer doesn't necessarily mean you can forget about mechanics, especially when your field of expertise is VCR servicing. A typical New York city repair shop estimates that 70% of all VCR repairs involve mechanical problems. The most common problem is dirty heads. (For more information on cleaning VCRs, see "Maintenance and Cleaning of VCRs" in the May 1987 issue of ES&T.) The second most common VCR problem, according to the Electronic In- dustries Association (EIA), is rewind mechanism failures.

Meeldijk is the reliability/maintainability engineering manager at Diagnostic/Retrieval Systems.

The first VCR -repair case history, which appeared in the February 1988 issue, analyzed a fast -forward and rewind (FF/R) problem on a Fisher model FVH-510. This time, we'll take a look at a 2 -year -old Fisher model FVH-839 with similar problems.

Another FF/R problem As was the case in the first article, this

VCR didn't fast -forward or rewind properly. When FF/R modes were selected, it would take a few seconds for the tape to actually start moving, and the VCR eventually would not move tape at all. Then, after a few attempts at trying to rewind tape, the VCR would not start up. When the rewind mode was selected, the motor would start, then stop as if it had stalled out. Cue and review functions continued to work normally.

Figure 1 is a top view of the tape - transport mechanism showing the tape reels (Fisher part number 143-0-4104-00900, supply; and 143-0-4104-01100, take-up reel), gear idler (143-0-4904-00900) and idler spring (143-2-6604-04500). FF/R problems generally are caused by the idler tire, but if the idler spring has come loose, the same symptoms will occur. Cue and review functions continue to work because the reels are directly driven by a gear in the idler assembly rather than the idler tire.

To watch the motion of the reels and finger test the reel torque, you can fool the VCR into thinking a tape cassette has been inserted into the machine. First, unplug the VCR, take out the two screws on the left and right sides of the cover and, from the rear, lift the cover off the VCR. Next, place a piece of tubing or part of a multiwire coax cable jacket over the tape sensor. (See Figure 2.) Then, with the power on, press up on the levers on the top left and right sides of the cassette tape tray until the tray starts moving (use forefingers to push the levers and thumbs to push the tray).


Figure 3 shows the levers when the tray is in the lowered position. An alternate method is to insert a cassette but hold on to it so it is not pulled into the VCR as the tray lowers.

As soon as the tray is down, press down on the cassette sensor switch near the take-up reel. (See Figure 4.) If this is not done immediately, the tray will automatically return to the upper loading position. While depressing the cassette sensor switch, which will light the cassette picture on the loading door, press either the FF or R buttons to observe reel movement. If they are moving, you can test the torque by trying to slow down their movement with your forgers. If they stall easily, there will not be enough torque to move the cassette tape.

To return the tray to the up position, press down the cassette sensor switch and hit the eject button-quickly move your fingers out of the way after you hit the eject button.

If the rewind -stalling symptom is not immediately present, it is because the master cam has reset after the machine has been disconnected from the ac power. Running the VCR in the rewind mode when the tape does not move will cause the mode -select and master cam to move out of sync. When this happens, the recorder sounds and acts as if it is stalling in the rewind mode. When ac power is cycled off and on (using the power plug), the clicking noises heard when the VCR is plugged in is the transport mechanism resetting itself.

Once it has been verified that the idler tire has to be replaced, follow the disassembly steps in the sidebar. Unlike other VCRs, the idler assembly is mounted to the underside of the chassis, and the disassembly steps to reach it are lengthy. The disassembly steps listed in the table, however, do not follow those contained in the Fisher service manual. In the service manual, the idler/idler gear is removed after the capstan motor is removed. Reassembly involves align -

Figure 1. In this top view of the tape -transport mechanism, the idler is just visible underneath the chassis.

Figure 2. You can cover the tape sensor with a piece of cable jacket.

Figure 3. This photo shows the levers when the tray is in the lowered position.

October 1988 Electronic Servicing & Technology 11

ing the master cam and tension arm. Using the steps outlined in this article, you can avoid removing the capstan motor and making other alignments. When the old idler tire is removed, you will note that it has a smooth and shiny appearance. The new tire, on the other

Figure 4. The cassette sensor switch is located near the take-up reel.

Figure 5. The capstan motor and idler complete assembly are visible from the underside of the VCR.

hand, is dull and has a rough surface texture.

Temporary repairs Before replacing the idler tire, I at-

tempted a number of alternative repair methods. First I used a rubber

Figure 6. Move the harness wires out of the notch in the plastic reel assembly bracket.

Figure 8. Two tabs secure the plastic bracket to the chassis.

revitalizer, although they are not normally advertised for this purpose. After treatment, some initial tape slippage oc- curred (as evidenced by a slow -moving tape -footage counter), but then the VCR started to operate normally. However, this "fix" only lasted one day. The treat-

-41/27 .

A4.64, V) er4g4,t

t, \ \

G

4141

Figure 7. Remove the Phillips screw holding down the plastic reel assembly bracket.

Figure 9. To move the gear into an area where it can clear the chassis, turn the idler gear assembly to the left.


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1. Disconnect power from the VCR and remove the top cover. (Remove the two screws on each side of the unit, then lift the cover up from the rear.)

2. Remove the idler spring (Fisher P/N 143-2-6604-0450).

3. Lift off the stopper washer (143-2-6304-01800) that secures the take- up reel.

4. Holding onto the take-up reel sub - brake take-up assembly, slowly lift the reel out of the VCR. Be careful not to loosen the washer (143-2-6304-02900 or 0300 or 03100, depending upon adjustments made to the VCR) just under the reel. Slowly release the brake assembly so the spring (143-2-6604- 04300) doesn't fly loose. Note: the VCR uses a Hall -effect sensor and magnets embedded in the reel to send signals to the tape -footage counter.

5. Put the cover back on but do not screw it in place. Turn the VCR over and remove the screws securing the bottom cover. Lift the cover off from the front of the VCR.

VCR disassembly steps

6. With the cover removed, you can see the capstan motor and gear (idler complete) assembly (143-2-7504-00400 or 00600, depending upon the VCR). Refer to Figure 5. Remove the drive belt and work the harness wires out of the notch in the plastic reel assembly bracket. (See Figure 6.)

7. Shift the wire harness to expose the Phillips screw holding down the bracket. Use a number 2 screwdriver to remove it. (See Figure 7.)

8. Look for two tabs that secure the plastic bracket to the chassis. Figure 8 shows the left -side tab. Press in on the tab and lift the bracket until the tab clears the chassis. You cannot take out the plastic bracket because of the wire harness.

9. Remove the stopper washer (143-2-630401500) holding the idler gear assembly (143-2-6304-00600) and turn the assembly to the left to move the gear into an area where it can clear the chassis. Lift the assembly out of the VCR (refer to Figure 9). As with the reel assembly, be careful not to lose the

washer under the idler gear assembly (refer to Figure 10).

10. Remove the stopper washer (143-2-630401500) holding the idler (complete -143-0-4904-00900). Turn the idler wheel to the left, which will free it from the chassis, and lift it out of the VCR. With the idler wheel out of the machine, the tire can be removed and replaced. Replacement tire dimensions are 0.985 OD, 0.885 ID and 0.120 thick. Complete idler assemblies can also be purchased from various repair -part companies, if necessary.

11. To reassemble the VCR, follow the disassembly steps in reverse order. When replacing the idler wheel on the shaft, make sure that the gear is to the left and that the left arm of the "wishbone" is on the left side of the metal (brass) attached to the idler arm control. (See Figure 5.) It is also recommended that you grease the idler and reel shafts during reassembly.

Figure 10. Be careful not to lose the washer under the idler gear assembly.

ment was repeated with the same results; after the tire dries out, slippage starts again.

For the second repair, I used an O- ring from a faucet repair kit. The O-ring was, however, a little too small; this problem, coupled with the ring's smooth surface, made it an unworkable substitute. Next, I tried cutting a rubber grommet to size using a hobby knife. This tire worked for a few FF/R cycles, but it proved to be too soft and disintegrated, leaving residue on the idler. A neoprene hose washer worked much better and would be an excellent temporary substitute except that it is almost impossible to cut the inside of the washer perfectly round. Although the washer works, the cassette tape is unevenly packed onto the reel. It does not appear at this point that there is an acceptable substitute for a properly manufactured idler tire. ESF


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Technology

The I6Mbît DRAM

Recent advances in memory - chip design have resulted in vast improvements in memory capacity within this decade. For example, at the beginning of the 1980s, mainstream memory capacity was 64kbits. Today, however, lMbit capacity -16 times the capacity of 64K-is dominant in the market, and 4Mbit capacity should become available in the near future.

Even higher capacity chips eventually should be available. In fact, Toshiba has already developed an experimental 16Mbit dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chip. The device can memorize more than 2 million alphanumeric characters, which would allow the contents of the New York Times newspaper (about 64 pages) to be stored on a 12mmx17.5mm chip.

The experimental device integrates about 34 million elements (transistors and capacitors) on a single chip. Its access time (the time required to read one bit of information) is typically 7Ons-70 billionths of a second. Toshiba applied 0.7 -micron microlithographic technology to the new device, compared with 0.8 -micron rule, which will be used in the company's 4Mbit DRAM.

:::>: 2nd -LAYER ALUMI UM

Figure 1. The 16Mbit DRAM uses a stacked trench capacitor cell structure to eliminate the electric leakage between capacitors. The polysilicon layer on the side walls of the trench allows impurities to be diffused thinly and evenly.

A new structure of basic elements In order to reduce the chip size and

increase its reliability, Toshiba research- ers developed a new structure of memory cell (a basic element to memorize one bit of information) called a stacked trench capacitor cell (STT). This structure eliminates the electric

leakage between capacitors, which will cause errors in stored information. In the case of the 16Mbit DRAM, the distance between the adjacent capacitors, in which information is stored in the form of electric charges, is much narrower than that of the 4Mbit DRAM because of its higher integra- tion. Therefore, it was difficult to avoid the electric leakage.

Although the trench structure was developed for the 4Mbit DRAM, the 16Mbit DRAM also has a polysilicon layer on the side walls of the trench, through which the doping of impurities is carried out. With the polysilicon layer, impurities can be diffused thinly and evenly, possibly eliminating the leak current.

In addition to random access capabilities, the newly developed chip has a high-speed serial - access mode that makes possible quick writing and reading of serial information.

With conventional random- access operation, a microprocessor freely assigns an address to every bit of information stored in the chip, and each address must be designated again when the information is read. A designated address must be cleared each time before another bit is read. This process is too slow for reading serial information such as TV picture signals and sound signals.

The serial -access mode of the new device divides the memory area into two sections and automatically stores serial information (of up to 2,048 bits) by every four

bits on each section alternately. Only the first bit of information requires an address. Consequently, the mode takes only lOns to write and read serial information. At present, the most advanced commercially available memory chips, specialized for handling serial information and applied to VCRs, take a minimum of 3Ons to perform the same task.

Because of the large memory capacity and its quick write/read capabilities for serial information, the 16Mbit DRAM could be used for future high - definition TVs or other high-speed im- age/graphic processing systems. However, the new chip will take several more years for completion and application. OSV vv


Test your electronics knowledge

By Sam Wilson, CET

1. Is the following statement correct? "When an electric current flows through a resistor, the amount of heat generated is in accordance with Watt's law." A. Correct B . Incorrect

2. Which of the following is an advantage of a Kelvin bridge over a

Wheatstone bridge? A. A Kelvin bridge can be used over a wider range of temperatures. B. The lead resistance of the component being measured is balanced out with the Kelvin bridge.

3. What is the advantage of an elec- trostatic voltmeter over a digital voltmeter being used with a high -voltage probe?

4. Name two components that can be used to make a parametric amplifier.

5. The voltage across the resistor in Figure A is A. maximum at resonance. B . minimum at resonance.

6. The voltage across the resistor in Figure B is A. maximum at resonance. B . minimum at resonance.

7. The tall antenna that you see at an AM broadcast station is an example of a A. Hertz antenna. B. Marconi Antenna.

8. On a certain TV receiver, some of the stations are received with poor

color but the other stations have good color. Investigate A. the color killer. B . the antenna system C . the offending TV stations.

9. Mobile telephone service started in A. 1940. B . 1960. C . 1976.

D. 1982.

10. In the phase -locked loop system in Figure C, the frequency at the VCO output is A. 6,250kHz. B . 1,250kHz.

Wilson is the electronics theory consultant for ES&T.

\//'\./ FIGURE A

L

221

FIGURE B

/\/\1\i' fl

IC( 1 1

1,250kHz

PHASE DETECTOR

0

=5

VCO

DIVIDE BY 5

FIGURE C

LOW-PASS FILTER

AMPLIFIER

VCO OUTPUT

Answers are on page 59


Servicing VCR servo systems By Stephen J. Miller

When was the last time a VCR servo problem drove you up the wall? Does it seem like just yesterday? No surprise-servo problems can be difficult to troubleshoot for a variety of reasons. Often the motor involved will either refuse to run at all or will run ex- tremely fast. These conditions often will cause the unit to auto-stop before measurements can be made. Also, because servo circuits are loop circuits with the outputs feeding back or controlling the inputs, all servo voltages and waveforms often will be incorrect in defective equipment.

In short, when they are broken, servos can be dogs to troubleshoot. For- tunately, a method is available to speed up your troubleshooting. With a device that I have built, and that is described

Miller is a senior bench technician for a Lancaster, PA, repair company.

in this article, dubbed the servo diagnostic device, you can break the vicious loops, manually control the circuit, and quickly find the defective components. The use of the device for servo servicing has two main advantages. First, inserting the device allows the technician to split the circuit in half for a quick determination of the problem's location. If the problem is in the motor section, replacement is usually indicated because these motors often are only available as a complete assembly. The second advantage is that, by manually controlling the motor with the diagnostic device, you can monitor various servo signals under actual operating conditions.

How servos work Before getting into the device, let's

review how servo circuits operate. Videotape technology requires the

motors to be precisely speed- and phase - controlled in order to reproduce good video and audio. Should the drum motor's speed or phase be incorrect, the audio will be OK but the picture will be out of sync. If the capstan speed is wrong, both an out -of -sync picture and garbled, off -pitch audio will result. Problems with the capstan phase usually won't hurt the audio, but either a snow bar will float through the picture (EP mode) or an alternating display of a clear picture and a snow field will result (SP mode). The snow bars or fields are caused by the video heads wandering in- to either the wrong azimuth track or a guard band.

Figure 1 is a simplified block diagram of the capstan servo. Two separate types of motor control are used: speed control and phase control. The speed - control circuit compares the speed of the capstan motor to a reference frequency

FG HEAD

CTL HEAD

VERTICAL SYNC

CTL PULSE

GENERATOR

REC

AMP -x

Y

FRONT- PANEL

TRACKING CONTROL

REFERENCE SIGNAL FROM

MASTER CLOCK

SPEED COMPARATOR

PWM

PHASE COMPARATOR

PWM

PB

INTEGRATOR

MATRIX

INTEGRATOR

30Hz FROM MASTER CLOCK

REC

AMP

MOTOR CONTROL VOLTAGE

Figure 1. A simplified block diagram of the capstan servo. Two separate types of motor control are used: speed control and phase control. The speed -control circuit compares the speed of the capstan motor to a reference frequency and adjusts the motor speed until they are exactly alike. The phase -control circuit performs a similar task, but it is concerned with the motor phase.


and adjusts the motor speed until they are exactly alike. The phase -control circuit performs a similar task, but it is concerned with the motor phase. Motor speed and phase are interdependent quantities, so it is useful to consider speed control as a coarse adjustment and phase control as a fine adjustment of the motor's rotation.

A pick-up coil placed near the edge of the capstan flywheel gives a relative indication of motor speed. This coil, commonly referred to as the frequency generator or FG head, generates pulses as a series of magnets embedded in the flywheel are moved past it. The frequency of these pulses directly indicates the motor speed-the faster the motor turns, the higher the FG frequency will be.

Referring back to the block diagram, this FG signal is amplified and then sent to a variable -frequency division block before being applied to the speed - comparison block. This variable - frequency division block is regulated by the system -control section of the VCR. The division rate is changed depending on what speed the unit is in (SP, LP or EP) or for special effects such as speed search. Dividing -down the FG signal allows the reference signal to the speed - control block to be kept constant while still allowing the VCR to speed -control a number of different tape -transfer rates.

The speed -comparison block compares the divided -down FG signal with a reference signal. It then outputs a signal proportional to the error that ex- ists between the two inputs. This error signal is an ac waveform called a pulse - width modulated or PWM signal. In a PWM system, the magnitude of the error signal is proportional to the width of the ac pulses. The frequency of the PWM signal never changes; only the width of the pulses is varied in response to errors. If both inputs to the comparison block are identical, the PWM output is a 50%-50% duty -cycle waveform. Should an error exist, the comparison circuit will vary the duty cycle in response to that error.

The integrator block, sometimes called a low-pass filter, integrates or

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averages the PWM signal into a dc voltage. This dc voltage represents the magnitude of the error signal. Figure 2 shows three PWM waveforms: (a) the motor turning too slow, (b) the motor turning exactly on speed, and (c) the motor turning too fast. By finding the average of the pulse trains, we can see that the dc output voltage would be 25% of the peak voltage for the first case, 50 % of the peak for the second case, and 75 % of the peak for the third case. In a properly operating VCR, this dc output voltage will be centered around 50% of peak with momentary rises and falls to correct for errors.

The next block matrixes together the dc speed -error voltage with a dc phase - error voltage. This combined error voltage is amplified and then sent to the motor as a control voltage to vary the motor speed and phase.

The phase -control circuits In the playback mode, the phase -

control circuit compares a pulse from the tracking monostable multivibrator (MMV) with the pulse coming from the control or CTL head. This CTL pulse is used in playback to phase -control the capstan so that the proper video head is centered on the correct track at all times. The tracking MMV is keyed by a pulse from the drum motor called a drum PG pulse. This keying signal syn- chronizes the two servos. Varying the front -panel tracking control advances or delays slightly the tracking MMV pulse to allow the viewer to adjust the servos slightly for a snow -free picture. After the phase -control PWM is integrated, it is applied to the matrix circuit previous- ly described.

Because of the importance of a good CTL pulse for proper servo operation, cleaning the CTL head should be the first troubleshooting step for capstan phase -control or speed -selection problems.

Phase -control PWM outputs are commonly set to a default 50%-50% duty cycle. After the speed loop locks onto the proper speed, the phase loop is allowed to vary from the default setting. This arrangement keeps the phase loop from interfering with the speed loop's attempt to correct a speed error. Therefore, it is common to find 50%-50% duty -cycle waveforms on the phase PWM output terminals whenever the speed loop is not locked, even in the stop mode. This arrangement is normal and does not indicate a problem.

In the record mode, the phase -control PWM block receives both a divided - down sample of the FG signal and a 30Hz reference signal from the master clock. Therefore, in record, the capstan servo phase -adjusts the capstan motor to a 30Hz reference signal. Also, vertical sync pulses are used to key a CTL pulse -generator circuit to record a CTL pulse train on the bottom edge of the tape during record.

The drum servo The drum -servo block diagram is

shown in Figure 3. Because the drum motor turns at a constant speed regardless of the tape speed, the drum servo is much simpler than the capstan servo. In the speed -control loop, an FG head is used to develop a signal that is proportional to motor speed. The FG signal is fed to a speed -control PWM and then to an integrator in the same manner in which the CTL pulse is fed to the capstan servo.

The drum phase -control loop uses a drum -phase generator or PG head to produce a signal that indicates drum phase. PG pulses are generated by either a PG head and a pair of magnets mounted on the rotor or by Hall -effect elements in the motor. PG pulses are 30Hz in frequency.

Thus each pulse represents one revolution of the motor. These pulses

are amplified and then sent to the PG monostable multivibrator (PG MMV) block. In the PG MMV block, the PG pulses are used to trigger a monostable multivibrator whose duty cycles are adjustable. The output of the PG MMV is used both for drum -phase control and as a head -switching signal.

The on- and off -time duty cycles of the PG MMV are adjusted so that head switching occurs at 6.5 horizontal lines before vertical sync. This adjustment en- sures that the critical vertical sync in- terval is free of switching noise, yet the switching point is low enough on the screen to be hidden in the overscan of the CRT.

In the playback mode, the phase - control PWM receives the PG MMV signal and a 30Hz reference signal from the master clock. It outputs a PWM signal in accordance with the phase rela- tionship of these two inputs. In the record mode, the two inputs are the PG MMV and a specially shaped vertical sync pulse. In record, then, the drum - phase loop locks the drum -motor phase to the same phase as the vertical sync in the signal being recorded.

Servicing older VCRs Older VCRs have similar servo cir-

cuits except for the control blocks. In- stead of PWM outputs, the older servos used sample -and -hold circuits that provided a dc output. Figure 4 provides an example of a sample -and -hold comparator. One input to the comparator is either a ramp or a trapezoidal waveform. The other is a narrow sampling pulse. The dc output of this comparator is equal to the instantaneous dc voltage of the ramp waveform at the moment the sampling pulse occurs. In normal operation, the sampling pulse arrives at the approximate mid -point of the ramp. Therefore, if the two inputs drift out of phase, the sampling point will walk either up or down the ramp, causing a

Figure 2. The integrator block, sometimes called a low-pass filter, integrates or averages the PWM signal into a dc voltage. This dc voltage represents the magnitude of the error signal. This figure shows three PWM waveforms: (a) the motor turning too slow, (b) the motor turning exactly on speed, and (c) the motor turning too fast.


PG HEAD

FG HEAD

AMP

HEAD SWITCHING

SIGNAL TO HEAD AMP

AMP

PG SHIFTER CONTROL

PG MMV

VERTICAL SYNC

AMP

REFERENCE SIGNAL FROM

MASTER CLOCK

SPEED COMPARATOR

PWM

PHASE COMPARATOR

PWM

PULSE SHAPER

PB

REG \

INTEGRATOR

MATRIX

INTEGRATOR

30Hz REFERENCE

FROM MASTER CLOCK

AMP

MOTOR CONTROL VOLTAGE

Figure 3. The drum -servo block diagram. Because the drum motor turns at a constant speed regardless of the tape speed, the drum servo is much simpler than the capstan servo.

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REFERENCE INPUT

COMPARISON INPUT

SAMPLING PULSE

GENERATOR

RAMP GENERATOR

SAMPLE AND HOLD

COMPARATOR

dc OUTPUT

N MDC OUTPUT 1 1 VOLTAGE ,

n n1 J L-_1 l__J L

Figure 4. Instead of PWM outputs, older servos used sample -and -hold circuits that provided a dc output. In a sample -and -hold comparator, one input to the comparator is either a ramp or a trapezoidal waveform. The other is a narrow sampling pulse. If the two inputs drift out of phase, the sampling point will walk either up or down the ramp, causing a corresponding change in output voltage.

R,

POSITIVE 2.2kº R,1 (V.,) LEAD

10kº POT

10k52, 10 -TURN R, CONTROL VOLTAGE 4.7kº OUTPUT LEAD

R. S, 2.2kº

GROUND

R, 100º,

10 TURN LEAD

b 10kº POT

R. 2Mº

C, O.OpF

Figure 5. The schematic diagram for the servo diagnostic device. R3 provides coarse speed adjustment while R4 allows fine speed adjustment. R2 and R7 provide adjustments of minimum and maximum voltage. S1 is a DPDT center -off switch that provides three operation modes: kick-start, run and stop. R1, R5 and R8 provide current limiting during kick-start operation. The network comprised of R5, R7 and C1 forms a current -limiting filter.

421'4 9 BJJ361534 J3 c31 302929 27 26^S24 1C201

TDB314P-03 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9,0 il 2 31415161719192021

BA728

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P2D04

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6 D. FG

5 PG -

4 PG

MaB

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D. CONI

P2D03

8 C. COST

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Figure 6. This capstan motor -drive IC for a GE VCR requires two power -supply inputs: +5V on pin 13 and +12V on pin 24. In addition, three other inputs are required for operation: a torque -direction signal on pin 11, a reference voltage on pin 15, and a speed -control signal on pin 16.

corresponding change in output voltage. In servicing servo circuits in older

VCRs, always perform the entire servo alignment before troubleshooting or replacing components. A large number of these units simply need their servo alignment touched up. Two examples are the Sony SL -5000 series and the RCA VKT series. I have repaired many of these machines by simply realigning the servo circuits. Another important point is to always perform the servo alignment after replacing parts in the servo circuits of these older machines. The newer PWM machines have few if any servo alignment adjustments.

How the diagnostic device works So far, we have described the servo

circuits up to the control voltages feeding the drive ICs. Individual parts for these motor assemblies often are not available, so we must treat them as black boxes. All you need to do is provide the motor with the proper inputs and monitor its performance. If it doesn't perform normally, it must be replaced. Figure 5 shows the schematic diagram for the servo diagnostic device. R3 provides coarse speed adjustment while R4 allows fine speed adjustment. R2 and R, provide adjustments of minimum and maximum voltage. These resistors, which are preset during construction of the device, center the adjustment range of the voltage divider to approximately half of V, , which is the operating point used by most VCRs.

SI is a DPDT center -off switch that provides three operation modes: kick- start, run and stop. Sia is closed in the high position. Sib is closed in the low position. However, in the run position, neither section of Si is closed and therefore neither R2 nor R7 is by- passed. The run position is the normal operating position of the diagnostic device with the high and low positions being used only to either kick-start or stop the motor. Directly proportional IC systems use high to kick-start, run for normal operation, and low to stop the motor. Inversely proportional IC systems use low to kick-start, run for normal operation, and high to stop the motor.

R1, R5 and RS provide current limiting during kick-start operation. The network comprised of R5, R, and CI forms a current -limiting filter. (Compo- nent specifications and part numbers are available in Table 1. Adjustment pro- cedures are available in Table 2.) The


only critical components are R, and R4,

which must be 10 -turn linear taper pots. The basic function of my device is to

provide a stable, precisely variable reference voltage. Breaking the servo loop at the motor -control voltage point and inserting the device allows you to troubleshoot the servo circuit quickly and accurately. The first step generally is to kick-start the motor to get it

rotating and then determine if it will run at the correct speed. Failure of the motor to perform properly points to the motor as the defective component. After the motor has been cleared, the device allows the VCR to be run with an actual tape while real-time normal operating conditions exist. With S, in the center -off position, both switches are open and the device is in the run position. With S,, closed, the device's output voltage is forced into a higher - than -run state. This higher -than -run voltage will kick-start those servo circuits whose motor speed is directly proportional to the control voltage; the voltage will stop those circuits whose motor speed is inversely proportional to the control voltage. With Si, closed, the output voltage is forced lower than normal. Again, depending on the particular VCR, this will either kick-start or stop the motor.

R, is normally set to mid -range in- itially. R, is adjusted until the output voltage corresponds to a motor speed of slightly faster than normal SP speed.

Table 1

Parts list Part Specifications R1, R8 2.2K2 (1/4W, 5%) R2, R, 10k4 trimmer pot R3 10kQ2, 10 -turn pot

(Clarostat 73JA series) R4 100Q, 10 -turn pot

(Clarostat 73JA series) R5 4.7k4 (1/4W, 5%) R6 2M4 (1/4W, 5%) C1 0.1µF Mylar S1 DPDT center -off

Table 2 Adjustment procedure

Step 1: Place R3 and R4 to mechanical center.

Step 2: Apply +5V from positive input to ground.

Step 3: Connect a DVM between the output lead and ground.

Step 4: Place S1 in the low position and adjust R2 for 0.75V.

Step 5: Place S1 in the high position and adjust R7 for 3V.

For inversely proportional machines, this voltage would be lower than the normal SP voltage of 2.5V. An input of approximately 2.3V works well. After connecting the device and pressing play, I would place the switch in the low position momentarily to kick-start the motor before returning the switch to the run position. If the motor is OK, audio and video playback should be faster than normal. Coarse and fine controls (R, and R4) are then adjusted to slow the capstan down to the correct speed.

Machines with directly proportional drive ICs would use an initial voltage setting that is higher than the normal SP voltage. These machines also will use the high switch position for kick starting.

To understand how the device works with both proportional drive ICs and in- verse drive ICs, you need to understand how the motor -drive circuits of VCRs operate. Figure 6 shows a capstan motor -drive IC for a GE VCR. This

Main article continued on page 28.

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The complaint with this VCR (see Figure 8) was that it was shutting itself off. On the test bench, I observed that the capstan was not running during the play mode, yet the unit would fast -forward or rewind properly. In- serting the diagnostic device, I found that the capstan motor was capable of operating with the correct speed and torque. Checking the FG input signal on pin 5 of IC201, I found an abnormal ac waveform of much too high a frequency. Furthermore, this waveform existed even in the stop mode with the capstan flywheel sta- tionary. Tracing the circuit back, I found that IC203 was oscillating. Momentarily flexing the board caused the oscillation to stop, and close inspection of the foil side disclosed a poor solder joint to pin 7 of plug P2D03. This pin is the low side of the FG head, and with this open connection, the circuit broke into oscillation. Repairing this solder joint returned the VCR to normal operation.

xy;

MGA HS -348ÚR

This VCR (see F' Plaint that it Figure 9) also

that the headwas eating tapes. arrived with the com-

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motor tuas not n the bench, I found stalled, the ca iUnning. With the loading Posts

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Main article continued from page 25. motor -drive IC requires two power - supply inputs: +5V on pin 13 and +12V on pin 24. In addition, three other inputs are required for operation: a torque -direction signal on pin 11, a reference voltage on pin 15, and a speed - control signal on pin 16. The torque - direction input is a tri -state digital input that tells the drive IC which direction to spin the motor-OV signifies forward, 2.5V signifies stop and 5V signifies reverse. The reference input is a constant 2.5Vdc level to which the speed -control signal will be compared. The drive IC compares the speed - control and reference inputs, then adjusts the motor speed in accordance with the degree of difference between them. The larger the difference, the faster the motor speed. The particular IC shown in Figure 6 decreases motor speed as the speed -control voltage increases; it increases motor speed as the speed - control voltage decreases. In other words, the higher the speed control voltage, the slower the motor.

These drive ICs are very high -gain devices in that very small changes in the speed -control voltage correspond to large changes in motor speed. Therefore, to manually control the motor accurately, you must be able to adjust the speed -control voltage in very small increments. To accomplish this, the diagnostic device has to be a precisely adjustable voltage divider network.

With the device, I can fine-tune the speed -control voltage with a degree of precision exceeding ±0.01 volts. At first glance, you might think that the device could be replaced with a simple variable bias box. However, no bias box is going to supply vernier adjustment.

The choice of components in the diagnostic device was dictated by several design criteria. The voltage divider network had to be fairly low -impedance to

prevent the possibility that the drive IC might load down the device. The need for precision control mandated both the 100:1 ratio between the coarse and fine adjust posts and the use of 10 -turn controls. In theory, C) could be eliminated from this dc circuit. However, I have included it for filtering purposes. In the real world, stray ac signals are floating everywhere. Because of the fairly long

Continued on page 41.

Using the kick-start function In case you were wondering, kick-

starting is not dangerous or damaging to the VCR. In fact, all VCRs automatically kick-start the motors each time they are started. Kick-starting is necessary to overcome the friction in a stopped motor. The kick-start procedure involves momentarily starting the motor at a faster than normal speed and then letting it coast down to the correct operating point. For instance, look at the GE VCR in Figure 6. If I apply exactly 2.3V to the speed -control input with the motor stopped, nothing would happen. However, if I apply 2.3V and momentarily spin the capstan flywheel with my finger, the motor will take off and run. Because this IC increases motor speed as speed - control voltage decreases, I can electrically kick-start the motor by momentarily starting the motor with a lower than normal voltage. With the diagnostic device, this is accomplished by placing the switch in the low position. The procedure is

really just equivalent to starting the motor in fast -forward speed to get it going.

To illustrate kick start, refer to Figure 8. IC203 contains a summing speed - control voltage amplifier (the op -amp on pins 12, 13 and 14). Pin 12 is the capstan phase -control voltage input; pin 13 is the capstan speed -control voltage input. In the stop mode, Q2, is on and keeps pin 12 low. This keeps the op -amp output low and the motor stopped. When the system - control circuit commands the capstan to turn, Q2, turns off and pin 12 floats to the default value of 2.5V. Because the motor is stopped, pin 13 of IC203 is low. With pin 12 at 2.5V and pin 13 at OV, the output pin 14 will be at Vcc or 9V. This output will cause the motor to begin turning rapidly. IC201 then senses the motor speed and adjusts pin 13 of IC203 until the capstan speed is correct. Thus VCRs automatically provide their own kick- start. The diagnostic device simply mimics this feature.

(P2002 MAIN C.B.A. SERVO SECTION)

P2601

9 © ® © 2

8 +5V 7

7 REF. VOLTAGE 6 ERROR 5

S RCC b

4 GND 7 3 VM B

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17 1b i5

TORQUE COMMAND

t t 3 DIFF S

111-0- TORQUE SELECT

POSITION SIGNAL PROCESS

TORQUE DIRECTION CONTROL

Figure 7. A general flowchart for troubleshooting with the device. Voltage -control logic varies from manufacturer to manufacturer.


HITACHI CT3020W/CT3020B MAIN SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 3033

Product safety should be considered when component replacement is made in any area of a receiver. Components marked with a I

and shaded areas of the schematic diagram designate sites where safety is of special significance. It is recommended that only exact cataloged parts be used for replacement

To SELECTOR P W B

TO SELECTOR P W B

L

of these components.

Use of substitute replacement parts that do not have the same safety characteristics as recommended in factory service information may create shock, fire, excessive x-radiation or other hazards.

This schematic is for the use of qualified technicians only. This instrument contains no user -serviceable parts.

The other portions of this schematic may be found on other Profax pages.

Reprinted by permission of the Hitachi Corporation of America Copyright 1988, Electronic Servicing & Technology, P.O. Box 12901, Overland Park, KS 66212.

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--4 39D1 VIF AMP I

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To SELEE µ0R

B

MTS TERMINAL

TO POWER P W B

,DISPLAY

1ST

G4

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II -4 2200P

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DC ATT FM DET

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M 0435 520

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C4 2 0/23

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0405 820"

IC 201 MS1340P

IGN01 G2

I SYNC) G1

0421 2SC458 ®/©

AUDIO BUFFER

0423 2SC1983®/C / Y®

4 OUT

I+ 12'i

R434 470

8423 57K

R421 R422 270

220 0420 R444 330 7.6V

II -VK

2 5V

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T

8420 I

C421 11i 47/14

0425 BO I 350K

C43t 410/16

8426

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16.7

0423

0421 19 3V

2

00022 C437 100P

0420 0435 2SA844©/® 00161

0424 100000 '4.74 0426

660

1C42 I

»OP

C4231 47/25

0420 *06B

0429 ISK 0

0 5v

8427 2.2Kf

0 356 2SA 844 ®/ BLACK PEAK OFT

D352 0351

M 132076

8362#0365 C357

2K 162076

R36 6.2

M2ne12deruspRvggH schematics

R432 22 11/2w1

C426 1000/25

7V C427 470/160

5442 y 0424 10 20302 -

C1y 11 eV

2SC1983 O II1/60 R30! / Y IIo

S.OUT TC.128 l"eR433 i 1 0.

156 CIl2

October 1988 Hitachi

Color TV

CONTROL P. W. B.

C .0354 411364 12V R36! 92 1Q 22/16S10oK 92V/

0357 28C458 ©/© 8365

SLACK LEVEL 6.54

8366 I SK IN

11365 I16359 3.34 Z I K 0357 I 104

8351

#

8352 IK

36,,

0351 2SC458®/©/© VIDEO SUFFER

0353 560 X115

C351 100P

R368

L352 12VM

OL 35/ 0353 - PM46E

R313 240 DELAY

LIME

4--I F-- 0 352

L SSl 2SA8440/56, t364 0356 VIDEO BUFFER

C 2P i 2#.2K 3320 R356 82P T 90 7111

""'"0.4v M 0320 12K

0321 2K

0307 2SC 458 ®/©/QD

SYNC DRIVER

0359

0353 I r 2SC458 y

0367 VIDEO MP 01341200-e

BAIN 5.44 AA #323

3316 IK 330P

12

D35E 162075

L ! R37o C65S0/25

1K , 0305

0364,0355 '# -

+Y 0368 2ßC468 ®/©/®

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5

8371 226

Al e A7 0305

0308 OO

2SC458 ®/©/ Iv

C304 47725

t113.6 2SC458 ®/a® 2ßC468®/ Co/® î 760 L3o6 VIDEO AMP

LACK LEVEL CON/EC U r' 96#0

0551 IC 501

23C465®/©/0 VIDEO 0HA11436A 2ß02A

3V

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1+34v

PLLSEI

610

Ge

I -213V G9

IAC12v1

(RELAY)

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I+12vI G5

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(420V)

IMP)

16801

J2

J4

J1

J3

Z1

C 909 97 470/16

1 RL 901

D903 Hi" *065

0913

t76 12W)

5

0412 0033

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R 624

220/16

0519 104

05v ay ry 4y 12V 5V

0033

8.244

4 9V

NS -

0 4

20741

+140

1C 701

Z5

Z3

Z4

Z2

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C907 100/160

11703 54-11

5.86 #737

0701

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1501

04112 0501 41,0 1K

C503 220P

ei 25

0502 1004

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10/25

50. 131303

5

0320 0 01

0 4V

PEDESTAL CLAMP

001

9V

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R623 e 694*

1500P

o

330

082

10/25

R7094 070138 C708 180 180

0 5V

A, 0701

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C702 j 1/50 7.28

10000/ 500

0919

0701457

a 702 11101455

27K

0.0181/43044. *AS

44 »OP/MN

4 0726

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33K II/ MI

10/100 0704

3033 PROFAR (UM Manufacturers schematics

IAan ri pR©gm schematics

3034

HITACHI CT3020W/CT3020B MAIN SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Reprinted by permission of the Hitachi Corporation of America Copyright 1988, Electronic Servicing & Technology, P.O. Box 12901, Overland Park, KS 66212.

8158 500-8 BRIGHTNESS

R154 10K-8

COLOR

R155 56K*

8153

2 7K slsl

8156 rOK-B

TINT I R137 3 3.9KK

- }

- 18152 S._yy R 171

IK

RISI 3.9K

O R164

UMM

Rte? 10K -B BASS

F3

R 16 10K -e

TR sLE

F1

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F2

F5 F4 BRIGHTNESS) I sun BRIGHT

6 D304 152076

#:%7 N

0303 32076

+12VI

Iv. HOLD) 1 121 (COLORI ISTI TIMI IG140)

n ® O O On Cloe

8311 5K -B SUB BRICHT

R312 2713

20502 HZ -12

2519 270P rIT

1 Ì7ÓF 1-

20 503,

2ioso

HZ -12

_co,o 4 7/25

R316 C320 -L.-4 2702 T Ttr

C3r7 OSr rAT

D302 92076

R314 66K

9.3V 10V

R311 # !90

Cl13 2200/16

TP -43 71i523 .56K

6.5V (2V

VIDEO AMP 1

1c517. 0.01

11 eV

VC

q' 1503 p12PN 'R528

R33209 3

3 V 720

L502á L 501 12 PHo 12ßS

6527 i 0521 2702

C522 270P

R524 39«

72

DEMO

DC TINT

TO OTHER PART OF SCHEMATIC

R5O6 27K i1Á

V 3.6V

8510 1.2K

4 --Ver-

3 6V

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12509 22P C 50 I 4

T39 P I 272 R513í

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C513 33P C514

C 515 /50

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y O9/{25

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0033

R51e 2.2 K

v 20 501

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1 511 6 5.y

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11V 2K

Re77 12K

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G OUT Peer 71V 5K

TO RGBPWB

v1 A63J0C OIX A634AT31X

7 2V

16 2V

L851 l2oKH d R864

2K

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R517 5 2K

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0307 152076 152473n ff

8512 50K -B 2122_222£

RSI' SS

750 y ß51e OK

9ov R609

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()son 152076

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11/4w)

C606 loop/ 500 O.5v

R6pB 0601 2SDI459

0602 2SD1459 ei®

40V

I C609

Mr

0305 152076

U/. R532 12K

0306 52076 152473H

Iv

R330 000

t R333 10K

RB59 5K-8

R853 5K-9

R-BKO

RBSI RBSB

240 200-8 R850 R=0ß1V

305

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20301 HZ -11

pum/©

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M4

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o

TI

T2

T2

mr

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£R5617 5K 1/4W1

N 0606 100/100

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7 0

13515 «61e TIZTRr3 $ 4 71 7630

11/46I 11/2W1 15K CENT !rw1

I

R732

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L708 SCENT C721 ® 0.ís/200

6629 330 3901

11/2W I

1M

C 720 22II0"6

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754 A

0701 awes

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8711

_ 1 ) 0 O

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i, Y

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I

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m 0703 RMIZ z

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200v)

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Zenith CM -139/B-3 (I) SD2511G/SD2581H

Product safety should be considered when component replacement is made in any area of a receiver. The shaded areas of the schematic diagram designate the components in which safety is of special significance. It is recommended that only exact cataloged parts be used for replacement of these components.

Use of substitute parts that do not have the same safety characteristics

as recommended in factory service information may create shock, fire, excessive x-radiation or other hazards.

This schematic is for the use of qualified technicians only. This instrument contains no user -serviceable parts.


DAG

ONO

TO 2A3

DEGAUSSER COIL

CRT YOKE

V H

ANODE

TO 353

3T8

1--1 TO 3T8

I I I I

006022[11044

9-467 VIDEO OUTPUT

R5142

05100 DRIVER

05103 OUTPUT

BLUE

05104

Q5101 DRIVER

OUTPUT

CRT

SOCKET

FILAMENT

R5145

GREEN

05105 OUTPUT

05102 bRIVER

NO POS

(3:4) 11141

(1:2)

_} SETU POS

(4:1 (3:2)

R5148

1 5L

2 RM 3

5.3

G2

FOCUS

R51Á7

05106

4M R5102 BLUE

'ZS R5RED

O 6C2

TO MAIN SCHEMATIC TO MAIN SCHEMATIC 2C5 2A3

V 'M R5100 GREEN

Reprinted by permission of Zenith Video Tech Corporation Copyright 1988, Electronic Servicing & Technology, P.O. Box 12901, Overland Park, KS 66212.

5Â3

3.L

TO MAIN SCHEMATIC 3A5

TO MAIN SCHEMATIC ANODE 30kV (519) 26kV (518)

TO MAIN SCHEMATIC 3S3

TO MAIN SCHEMATIC 3x5

MAIN SCHEMATIC

MID FOCUS

AIR


3034 Manufacturers schematics

Manutacturerf Room schematics

3034




00050,Z[MOOi

IF, AUDIO, CHROMA,

LUMA, SWEEP, AND

POWER SUPPLY

VIDEO OUT. CV

L2288

LUMA

DELAY

L2276

R2172

VERT

HEIGHT




IIL

V HIGH

CVa III --t

L2376

R2390

12378 ,

COMP ST

~, II 1 SYNC

I I RC OSC

V. SYNC

PIX CNTR

COLOR

2N° CHROMA OUT

-iI ACC

CHROMA FIL

OSC OUT

APC FIL

OSC

OSC "C'

TINT

CHROMA DEM

42

4

3 40

4

10

11

12

16

8

39

38

37

36

35

34

33

32

31

30

29

28

27

26

25

19 24

20 23

21 22

TO CRT 5C2

2C5

0

V RAMP

0

RC OSC

4.5V REF

C2118

VDC

VERT

NOISE PROC

FORCED MODE H. FINE DELAY

H. OUT

October 1988




TO CRT YOKE V

*_1_1*

MODE SE

IN NORM

CLAMP

ABL

CR3276

TX3251 1_7

I"4,;1.0 49r--

.aaa 2

I C3276

TX3205

TO CRT 5A3

SAS B

FIL X

0 ©

-3 000 LIN

LX3262

H-OUTPUT

Zenith CM -139/ B-3 (I)

Color TV




WIDTH Lx3261

TO CRT YOKE H

*

TP2

FILAMENT 'M CR3487 RX3237

CR3472

RX3224

VIDEO. CI

2N0 H. APC

FLY BACK

+8V FE)

BLK LEVEL

PIO

+8V FL

BLUE

RED

GRN

SHARP

LUMAL

'M

LUMAC

1 lD QD r- LX2377

LX2277 HIP

287

CHROMA SET UP

IN NORM

2J

2A7

O - ó x_

ry

0060 0 0 0 ®00©00 2A7

ó Ñ 4.1

0 2C7

3064.0400I

RX3222 RX3209 RX3218

Rx3219

SHUTDOWN 1 LATCH

SHUTDOWN TEST POINT

CR3206 r CRX

AL 3204

m CR

3469 RX3200

12V REG

9X3464

CR3467

0 3A8

=CRX3200

5V REG

A3

900e0rZEN06,

9-518 9-519

EX3201 4

Vo 93408

RX3261 - VIV

. /TX3204 c

_L. O - 3E4 ANODE o 4E3

30kV(519) 26kV(518)

3217

FOCUS

G2

3x5

3C4

* JUMPER

e TO COLOR SENTRY (NOT SHOWN)

AT K-8

TO SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY (NOT SHOWN)


TO CRT ANODE

TO CRT MID AIR

TO CRT 3x5





3034 PAOFflH Manufacturers schematics

Manui PR©pme schematics

3034




pQ 4

_I- -IL:

ON/OFF POWER CONTROL

- IR SIGNAL

W 6A7 7

J B

50 _Ope © c

0 ó O 000,O4Z[NO56

á -© m

0I- ---"0

WZ 12 Y --, o

L

0 © ©

© ©O

ANT

O VHF / UHF

CAN ANTENNA

INPUT

175-2277 TUNER/

TUNER CONTROL

NC

NC 6G4




4M

¡__D_ ___-.-

6K5

TO EX3201 AT (MAIN MODULE) 0-25

TO STEREO DECODER 9G6

0 0 AFC OUT

7 OREV AGC

_a_ DETr

IN

3K

BAND PASS

L1204

LX1201

t1Ö1

IF IN

J1201

IF IN

r 4B4 -

4.0V

DEI

B

IF

IF IN

3 IF IN

27

I 1

28

2

16

AGC

GATE PHASE ADJ

R1213

22

APC

18 -Mti-13-NVM4, 17

VIDEO AGC eZ 20

19

25

24

OSC

ADJ

Li 230

R1244 ZERO

CARRIER

ADJUST

L1209

LIM ADJ I AFC

23 -ran 12 A L 1 TP .Ì

L1210

l b GD °VIDEO

IAIx, R2131

AGC DELAY

_E11 = 8 5V I ó

d

01230

U1402

fL i

3.20 I 2.5V 2.5V

DETECTOR

L1426

1 O DECOUPLING

3.2T 6 2 1 6 7

8 IC1451 - AUDIO DET - AMP

4 5 121314 15 10

1 1 t L 17.0V

Ve1.A

8.5V 8.5V 8.5V 7.5V

áy ci ó COMP

TO STEREO DECODER 9D4

i4jR17/1 "L N - BAJID r-^ tRu 1

16

IC1703

2 10

D.LX E7PAM:101

e 3


Product safety should be considered when component replacement is made in any area of a receiver. The shaded areas of the schematic diagram designate the components in which safety is of special significance. It is recommended that only exact cataloged parts be used for replacement of these components.

Use of substitute parts that do not have the same safety characteristics as recommended in factory service information may create shock, fire, excessive x-radiation or other hazards.

This schematic is for the use of qualified technicians only. This instrument contains no user -serviceable parts.


TO SPEAKERS (NOT SHOWN)

964

TP

87ARTOt1

9-59 9 STETKo oECODER A AUDIO 44111

I (l 19L4

St filter

1.up filter cop vco

Manufacturers' il pill" schematics

October 1988 Schematic

Hitachi CT3020W/CT3020B 3033

Zenith CM -139/B-3 (I) SD2511G/SD2581H 3034

TO TUNER/TUNER CONTROL 6G4

2l 27

'PLOT CAI L-R,LAPaL-S1'.-5Co Cy4CIL LeVeL R Ise e 422 ezi t (

STEREO

L.E.D.

Pi 33 32 31 -,Psi I.C. 1601

STEREO DECODER

Ow4 RI901

AUDIO PRE-SET

/f

2C H 20 I

Jy 22 234 17 2é

TO MAIN SCHEMATIC 4C9

6 4 IC1401 43 CET. 11 1p - 9--

14 3

IC 1901 VOL -8K

1011E A EXTEND

0 STEREO

L 13 19

16

6

4.8 1402

9J7

2R


9F6 16

16

©©

©

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